Rulers

Generated from source last updated October 23, 2005



Rulers of England
Name Reign Life Notes
From To Born Died
House of Wessex
King  Egbert 802 839 770? 839
  • In his reign, Wessex became the most important kingdom in England
King  Aethelwulf 839 855 ? 858
  • Son of Egbert
  • Overthrown by Aethelbald in 855
King  Aethelbald 855 860 ? 860
  • Deposed his father, Aethelwulf
  • Married his widowed step-mother, Judith in 858
King  Aethelbert 860 866 830? 866
  • Son of Aethelwulf
King  Aethelred 866 871 ? 871
  • Son of Aethelwulf
King  Alfred  "the Great" 871 899 849 899
  • Son of Aethelwulf
King  Edward  "the Elder" 899 924 879 924
  • Son of Alfred the Great and Queen Elswith
King  Athelstan 924 940 895? 940
  • Son of Edward the Elder
King  Edmund  "the Magnificent" 940 946 921 946
  • Son of Edward the Elder and Edgith
King  Eadred 946 955 ? 955
  • Son of Edward the Elder and Edgith
  • Broutht Northumbria under the English crown
King  Eadwig  "All-Fair" 955 959 ? 959
  • Son of Edmund the Magnificent and St. Aelfgith
  • Split the kingdom with his brother Edgar
Saint  Edgar  "the Peaceable" 959 975 943 975
  • Son of Edmund the Magnificent and Saint Aelfgith
  • Considered first King of all England.
King  Edward II  "the Martyr" 975 978 963 978
  • Son of Saint Edgar
  • Murdered by partisons of Aethelred the Unready at Corfe Castle in 978
King  Aethelred  "the Unready" 978 1016 968 1016
  • Son of Saint Edgar
  • Abandoned the thrown to Svein Forkbeard 1013-14
King  Edmund  "Ironside" 1016 1016 ? 1016
  • Son of Aethelred the Unready
  • Unsuccessfully defended London from Canute in 1016
Saint  Edward  "the Confessor" 1042 1066 1003 1066
  • Restored Wessex Line
  • Son of Aethelred the Unready
  • Recalled to the throne on the death of Hardiknute
King  Harold II 1066 1066 1022 1066
  • Restored Wessex Line
  • Designated by Saint Edward on his deathbed
  • Died at the Battle of Hastings
Danish Line
King  Svein  "Forkbeard" 1014 1014 960? 1014
  • King of Denmark
King  Canute  "the Great" 1016 1035 995 1035
  • Son of Svein Forkbeard and Gunhild
  • King of Denmark
King  Harald  "Harefoot" 1035 1040 ? 1040
  • Illegitimate son of Canute
  • Regent for Hardicanute, 1036-1037
King  Hardicanute 1040 1042 1018? 1042
  • Legitimate son of Canute the Great
  • King of Denmark
Norman Line
King  William I  "the Conqueror" 1066 1087 1028? 1087
  • Illegitimate son of Robert, Duke of Normandy
King  William II  "Rufus" 1087 1100 1056? 1100
  • Second son of William the Conqueror
King  Henry I 1100 1135 1068? 1135
  • Youngest son of William the Conqueror
King  Stephen 1135 1154 1067? 1154
  • Nepheew of Henry I
Queen  Matilda 1141 1141 1073? 1167
  • Daughter of Henry Beauclerc
  • Widow of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V
  • Never crowned. Briefly seized power from Stephen in 1141.
Plantagenet-Angevin
King  Henry II  "Curtmantle" 1154 1189 1133 1189
  • Son of Matilda and Geoffrey the Fair, Count of Anjou
  • Considered the greatest English king
King  Richard I  "the Lionheart" 1189 1199 1157 1199
  • Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
King  John 1199 1216 1167 1216
  • Younger brother of Richard I.
King  Henry III 1216 1272 1207 1272
  • Son of King John and Isabella of Angouleme
King  Edward I  "Longshanks" 1272 1307 1239 1307
  • Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence
  • Known as "the Hammer of the Scots"
King  Edward II 1307 1327 1284 1327
  • Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile.
  • Deposed and murdered in 1327 by Queen Isabella and Mortimer
King  Edward III 1327 1377 1312 1377
  • Son of Edward II and Isabella of France
King  Richard II 1377 1399 1367 1400
  • Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent"
  • Grandson of Edward III
  • Deposed by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399
Plantagenet-Lancastrian
King  Henry IV 1399 1413 1367 1413
  • Son of John of Gaunt
  • Grandson of Edward III
King  Henry V 1413 1422 1387 1422
  • Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun
King  Henry VI 1422
1470
 1461
1471
 1421 1471
  • Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois
  • Edward IV ruled 1461-1470
Plantagenet-Yorkist
King  Edward IV 1461
1471
 1470
1483
 1442 1483
  • Son of Richard, Duke of York, and descended from Edward III through his mother
  • His reign was interrupted by the restoration of the Lancasterian Henry IV in 1470
King  Edward V 1483 1483 1470 1483
  • Son of Edward III and Elizabeth Woodville
  • Never crowned
  • Imprisoned with his brother Richard, Duke of York, and murdered on the order of Richard III.
King  Richard III  "Crookback" 1483 1485 1452 1485
  • Son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville
  • Killed at Bosworth Field in battle against Henry Tudor
House of Tudor
King  Henry VII 1485 1509 1457 1509
  • Son of Edmond Tudor and Margaret Beaufort
  • He had no solid claim to the succession
King  Henry VIII 1509 1547 1491 1547
  • Son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York
King  Edward VI 1547 1553 1537 1553
  • Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Queen  Lady Jane Grey  "The Nine-Days Queen" 1553 1553 1537 1554
  • Great grand-daughter of Henry VII
  • Offered in opposition to Mary I in 1553, but never crowned
Queen  Mary I 1553 1558 1516 1558
  • Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Queen  Elizabeth I 1558 1603 1516 1603
  • Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyn
House of Stuart
King  James I 1603 1625 1566 1625
  • Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Darnley
  • Great great grand-son of Henry VII
  • James VI of Scotland
King  Charles I  "the Martyr" 1625 1649 1600 1649
  • Son of James I and Anne of Denmark
  • Deposed and executed by the Parliament, 1649
King  Charles II 1660 1685 1630 1685
  • Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France
  • Restored in 1660 after the Interregnum
King  James II 1685 1688 1633 1701
  • Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France
  • Deposed and exiled to France by William III, 1688
Queen  Mary II 1688 1694 1662 1694
  • Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde
  • Husband and co-regent of William III
Queen  Anne 1702 1714 1665 1714
  • Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde
  • First monarch of Great Britain
Interregnum
Lord Protector  Oliver Cromwell 1649 1658 1599 1658
  • Cromwell ruled with Parliament 1649-1653
Lord Protector  Richard Cromwell 1658 1659 1626 1712
  • Son of Oliver Cromwell. Never had effective control.
House of Orange
King  William III  "of Orange" 1688 1704 1650 1704
  • Son of William II of Orange and nephew of Charles II
  • Coregent with his wife, Mary II, until her death in 1694
  • Prince of Orange
  • Stadtholder of Holland
House of Brunswick
King  George I 1714 1727 1660 1727
  • Great grandson of Charles I
  • Duke-Elector of Brunswick-Lueneburg
  • Succeeded according to the Act of Settlement of 1701
King  George II 1727 1760 1683 1760
  • Son of George I and Sophia of Celle
King  George III  "Farmer George" 1760 1820 1738 1820
  • Son of Frederick, Price of Wales and Sophia of Saxe-Gotha
  • Grandson of George II
  • The Prince of Wales, later George IV, ruled as Regent 1811-1820
King  George IV 1820 1830 1762 1830
  • Son of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
King  William IV 1830 1837 1765 1837
  • Son of George III and Charlotte
Queen  Victoria 1837 1901 1819 1901
  • Daughter of the Duke of Kent and Princess Viktoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
  • Grand-daughter of George III
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha/Windsor
King  Edward VII 1901 1910 1841 1910
  • Son of Victoria and Prince Albert
King  George V 1910 1936 1865 1936
  • Son of Edward VII and Alexandra (daughter of the King of Denmark)
King  Edward VIII 1936 1936 1894 1972
  • Son of George V
  • Abdicated, 1936
King  George VI 1936 1952 1895 1952
  • Son of George V and Queen Mary
Queen  Elizabeth II 1952 ... 1926 ...
  • Daughter of George VI


Rulers of France
Name Reign Life Notes
From To Born Died
Salian
King  Clodian 428 448 ? ?
  • King of Salian Franks
Merovingian
King  Meroveus 448 456 411? 456
  • Founder Merovingian Dynasty
King  Childeric I 456 481 ? 481
  • Son of Meroveus
  • King of Franks
King  Clovis I 481 511 466 511
  • Son of Childeric I
King  Childebert I 511 558 449 558
  • Son of Clovis I; King of Paris
  • Kingdom in 4 parts
King  Thierry I 511 534 ? 534
  • Son of Clovis I; King of Austrasia
  • Kingdom in 4 parts
King  Clodimir 511 524 ? 524
  • Son of Clovis I; King of Orleans
  • Kingdom in 4 parts
King  Clothaire I 511 561 497 461
  • Fourth Son of Clovis I; King of Soissons and France
  • Kingdom in 4 parts
King  Charibert 561 567 ? 567
  • Son of Clothaire I; King of Paris
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Guntram 561 593 ? 593
  • Son of Clothaire I; King of Orleans and Burgundy
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Chilperic I 561 584 ? 584
  • Son of Clothaire I; King of Neustria at Soissons
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Sigebert I 561 575 ? 575
  • Son of Clothaire I; King of Austrasia at Metz
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Childebert II 575 596 570 596
  • Son of Sigebert I; King of Austrasia and Burgundy
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Clothaire II 613 628 584 628
  • Son of Chilperic I; sole King
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Dagobert I 628 638 602 638
  • Son of Clothaire II; sole King
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Clovis II 638 656 633 656
  • Son of Dagobert I
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Dagobert II 656 679 652 679
  • King of Austrasia
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Clothaire III 656 670 652 670?
  • King of Neustria
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Childeric II 670 673 ? 673
  • Son of Clovis II; sole King
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Thierry III 673? 691 652? 691
  • Son of Clovis II; King of Burgundy
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Clovis III 691 695 681 695
  • Son of Clovis II; King of Neustria
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Childebert III 695 711 ? ?
  • King of Neustria
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Dagobert III 711 715 699 715
  • King of Neustria
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Chilperic II 715 720 ? 720
  • Son of Childeric II
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Thierry IV 720 737 712? 737
  • Son of Dagobert III
  • Second division of the kingdom
King  Childeric III 742 752 ? 755
  • Son of Chilperic II; deposed by Pepin the Short
  • Second division of the kingdom
Carolingian
King  Pepin  "the Short" 752 768 714? 768
  • Son of Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)
King  Charlemagne 768 814 742 814
  • Son of Pepin the Short
King  Louis I  "le Debonnaire" 814 840 778 840
  • Son of Charlemagne
King  Charles I  "the Bald" 840 877 823 877
  • Younger son of Louis I, le Debonnaire
King  Louis II  "the German" 877 879 846 879
  • Son of Charles the Bald
King  Louis III  "the Stutterer" 879 882 863 882
  • Son of Louis II
King  Charles II  "the Fat" 882 888 832? 888
  • Son of Louis the German
King  Eudes 888 893 857? 893
  • Count Eudes of Paris was elected King at Compiegne
King  Charles III  "the Simple" 893 923 879 929
  • Son of Louis the Stammerer
King  Raoul 923 936 ? 936
  • Elected King by the nobles
King  Louis IV 936 954 921? 954
  • Son of Charles III, the Simple
King  Lothair 954 986 941 986
  • Son of Louis IV
King  Louis V  "the Indolent" 986 987 966? 987
  • Son of Lothair
Capetian
King  Hugh Capet 987 996 939? 996
  • Son of Hugh the Great
King  Robert II  "the Pious" 996 1031 971? 1031
  • Son of Hugh Capet
King  Henry I 1031 1060 1011? 1060
  • Son of Robert II
King  Philip I  "the Amorous" 1060 1108 1052? 1108
  • Son of Henry I
King  Louis VI  "the Fat" 1108 1137 1078? 1137
  • Son of Philip I
King  Louis VII  "the Young" 1137 1180 1120? 1180
  • Son of Louis VI
King  Philip II  "Augustus" 1180 1223 1165 1223
  • Son of Louis VII
King  Louis VIII 1223 1226 1187 1226
  • Son of Philip II, Augustus
Saint  Louis IX 1226 1270 1215? 1270
  • Son of Louis VIII
King  Philip III  "the Bold" 1270 1285 1245 1285
  • Son of Louis IX
King  Philip IV  "the Fair" 1285 1314 1268 1314
  • Son of Philip III
King  Louis X  "the Quarrelsome" 1314 1316 1289 1316
  • Son of Philip IV
King  John I 1316 1316 1316 1316
  • Son of Louis X and Clemence
  • Born after his father's death
  • Lived only 7 days
King  Philip VI  "the Tall" 1316 1322 1293 1322
  • Second son of Philip IV
King  Charles IV  "the Fair" 1322 1328 1294 1328
  • Youngest son of Philip IV, the Fair
Valois
King  Philip VI  "the Fortunate" 1328 1350 1293 1350
  • Son of Count Charles of Valois
King  John II  "the Good" 1350 1364 1319 1364
  • Son of Philip VI
King  Charles V  "the Wise" 1364 1380 1337 1380
  • Son of John II
King  Charles VI  "the Well-Beloved" 1380 1422 1368 1422
  • Son of Charles V
King  Charles  "the Victorious" 1422 1461 1403 1461
  • Son of Charles VI
King  Louis XI 1461 1483 1423 1483
  • Son of Charles VII
King  Charles VIII  "the Affable" 1483 1498 1470 1498
  • Son of Louis XI
King  Louis XII  "the Father of His People" 1498 1515 1462 1515
  • A descendant of the younger son of Charles V
King  Francis I 1515 1547 1494 1547
  • Son of Charles, count of Angouleme
King  Henry II 1547 1559 1519 1559
  • Son of Francis I
King  Francis II 1559 1560 1544 1560
  • Eldest son of Henry II
Regent  Catherine de' Medici 1560 1563 1519 1589
  • Regent for Charles IX
King  Charles IX 1560 1574 1550 1574
  • Second son of Henry II
King  Henry III 1574 1589 1551 1589
  • Third son of Henry II
Bourbon
King  Henry IV  "the Great" 1589 1610 1553 1610
  • Son of Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre
Regent  Marie de' Medici 1610 1617 1573 1642
  • Regent for Louis XIII
King  Louis XIII  "the Well-Beloved" 1610 1643 1601 1643
  • Son of Henry IV
Regent  Anne of Austria 1643 1651 1601 1666
  • Regent for Louis IV
King  Louis XIV  "the Great" 1643 1715 1638 1715
  • Son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria
Regent  Philip of Orleans 1715 1723 1674 1723
  • Regent for Louis XV.
King  Louis XV  "the Well-Beloved" 1715 1774 1710 1774
  • Great-grandson of Louis XIV
King  Louis XVI  "the Last" 1774 1792 1754 1793
  • Grandson of Louis VI
  • Deposed in 1792, beheaded in 1793
King  Louis XVII 1792 1795 1783 1795?
  • The Dauphin, son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
  • Never crowned
  • Presumed murdured or died of disease in 1795
King  Louis XVIII 1814 1824 1755 1824
  • Brother of Louis XVI
  • Proclaimed April 11, 1814 after the fall of Napoleon
King  Charles X 1824 1830 1757 1836
  • Brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII
  • Deposed in 1830.
Napoleonic
Emperor  Napoleon I 1804 1814 1769 1821
  • Effectively rules as First Consul, 1799-1804
  • Proclaimed himself Emperor, 1804
  • Overthrown by the allied forces in 1814
Emperor  Napoleon II 1814 1814    
  • Never crowned
Emperor  Napoleon III 1852 1871 1809 1871
  • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
  • President of the 2nd Republic, 1848-1852
Orleans
King  Louis Philippe  "the Citizen King" 1830 1848 1773 1850
  • Son of Philippe, Duc d'Orleans (Philippe Egalite
  • Deposed in 1848.


Bishops of Rome
Name Reign Life Notes
From To Born Died
Saint  Peter  "Prince of the Apostles"  (Simon) 32 67 12? 67  
Saint  Linus 67 76 ? 76  
Saint  Anacletus 76 88 ? 91?
  • Also called "Anencletus" and "Cletus" although it is not certain these names refer to the same Bishop
  • Supposed to have been martyred
Saint  Clement I 88 97 ? 97?  
Saint  Evaristus 97 105 ? 107?
  • Also called "Aristus"
Saint  Alexander I 105 115 ? 116?  
Saint  Sixtus I 115 125 ? 125?
  • Also known as "Xystus"
Saint  Telesphorus 125 136 ? 136?  
Saint  Hyginus 136 140 ? 140?  
Saint  Pius I 140 155 ? 155?  
Saint  Anicetus 155 166 ? 166?  
Saint  Soter 166 175 ? 175?  
Saint  Eleutherius 175 189 ? 189?  
Saint  Victor I 189 199 ? 199?  
Saint  Zephyrinus 199 217 ? 217?  
Saint  Callistus I 217 222 ? 222?  
Saint  Hipploytus 217 235 ? 236?
  • Anti-Pope
  • One of the Fathers of the Church and the only anti-pope to be venerated as a saint. Elected in opposition to St. Callistus I whom he accused of being a Monarchian heretic. Continued the schism in opposition to Urban I and St. Pontian. The Imperial government, during the persecution of Emperor Maximin Thrax, exiled both Hippolytus and Pontian to Sardinia, where they were reconciled. Apparently, to end the schism they both abdicated.
Saint  Urban I 222 230 ? 230  
Saint  Pontian 230 235 ? ?
  • Abdicated in 235
Saint  Anterus 235 236 ? 236
  • Reigned about 40 days
Saint  Fabian 236 250 ? 250  
Saint  Cornelius 251 253 ? 253  
Pope  Novatian 251 258 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Consecrated bishop in opposition to St. Cornelius. The major point in dispute (besides disappointed ambition on Novatian's part) was his opposition to the policy St. Cornelius pursued as regarded those Christians who lapsed during the persecution of Emperor Decius. The Pope insisted on restoring the "lapsi" to communion after doing suitable penance. Novatian demanded permanent excommunication from the Church.
Saint  Lucius I 253 254 ? 254  
Saint  Stephen I 254 257 ? 257  
Saint  Sixtus II 257 258 ? 258
  • Also known as "Xystus"
Saint  Dionysius 260 268 ? 268  
Saint  Felix I 269 274 ? 274  
Saint  Etychian 275 283 ? 283  
Saint  Caius 283 296 ? 296  
Saint  Marcellinus 296 304 ? 304  
Saint  Marcellus I 308 309 ? 309
  • The persecutions of Diocletion prevented election of a successor to Marcellinus until about 306, but it is not known why two more years passed before the election of Marcellus
Saint  Eusebius 309 310 ? 311
  • Reigned for about 4 months
Pope  Heraclitus 309 309 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • His schism appears to have been similar to the of Novatian's. He and Eusebius were both exciled to Sicily
Saint  Miltiades 311 314 ? 314
  • Also known as "Melchiades"
  • There was a lapse between the exile of Eusebius and the election of Miltiades
Saint  Sylvester I 314 335 ? 335  
Saint  Marcus 336 336 ? 336
  • Reigned for about 10 months
Saint  Julius I 337 352 ? 352  
Pope  Liberius 352 366 ? 366  
Pope  Felix II 355 365 ? 365
  • Anti-Pope
  • Was accepted as Pope during the exile of Liberius
Saint  Damasus I 366 384 304? 384  
Pope  Ursinus 366 367 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition to Damasus I by the followers of Liberius
Saint  Siricius 384 399 334? 399  
Saint  Anastasius I 399 401 ? 401  
Saint  Innocent I 401 417 ? 417  
Saint  Zosimus 417 418 ? 418  
Saint  Boniface I 418 422 ? 422  
Pope  Eulalius 418 419 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition to Boniface I. The schism lasted only 4 months but was quite violent.
Saint  Celestine I 422 432 ? 432  
Saint  Sixtus III 432 440 ? 440
  • Also known as "Xystus"
Saint  Leo I  "the Great" 440 461 ? 461  
Saint  Hilarius 461 468 ? 468
  • Also known as "Hilarus"
Saint  Simplicius 468 483 ? 483  
Saint  Felix III 483 492 ? 492  
Saint  Gelasius I 492 496 ? 496  
Pope  Anastasius II 496 498 ? 498  
Saint  Symmachus 498 514 ? 514  
Pope  Laurentius 498 505 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition to Symmachus. The Emperor Theodoric decided in the favor of Symmachus.
Saint  Hormisdas 514 523 ? 523
  • Father of Pope Silverius
Saint  John I 523 526 ? 526  
Saint  Felix IV 526 530 ? 530
  • Election influenced by Theodoric
Pope  Boniface II 530 532 ? 532
  • Named by Felix IV as his successor
Pope  Dioscorus 530 530 ? 530
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition to Boniface but died a few weeks later
Pope  John 533 535 ? 535
  • There was a period of 4 months between the death of Boniface II and the election of John II.
Saint  Agapetus I 535 536 ? 536
  • Also called Agapitus
Saint  Silverius I 536 537 ? ?
  • Son of Pope Hormisdas
  • Deposed and exiled by Belisarius in 537
Pope  Vigilius 537 555 ? 555
  • Chosen by Boniface II as his successor
Pope  Pelagius I 556 561 ? 561  
Pope  John III 561 574 ? 574  
Pope  Benedict I 575 579 ? 579
  • Also called "Bonosus"
Pope  Pelagius II 579 590 ? 590  
Saint  Gregory I  "the Great" 590 604 540? 604  
Pope  Sabinian 604 606 ? 606  
Pope  Boniface III 607 607 ? 607
  • There was a lapse of almost a year after the death of Sabinian
Saint  Boniface IV 608 615 ? 615
  • There was a lapse of 9 months after the death of Boniface III
Saint  Adeodatus I 615 618 ? 618  
Pope  Boniface V 619 625 ? 625  
Pope  Honorius I 625 638 ? 638  
Pope  Severinus 640 640 ? 640
  • Reigned 2 months
  • There was a 2-year delay from his election in 638 to his ascension because he refused to sign the Ecthesis
Pope  John IV 640 642 ? 642  
Pope  Theodore I 642 649 ? 649  
Saint  Martin I 649 655 ? 655
  • Exiled in 653
Saint  Eugene I 655 657 ? 657  
Saint  Vitalian 657 672 ? 672  
Saint  Adeodatus II 672 676 ? 676  
Pope  Donus 676 678 ? 678
  • Also called Domnus
Saint  Agatho 678 681 578? 681  
Saint  Leo II 682 683 ? 683
  • There was a lapse of more than a year after the death of Agatho
Saint  Benedict II 684 685 ? 685  
Pope  John V 685 686 ? 686  
Pope  Conon 686 687 ? 687  
Saint  Sergius I 687 701 ? 701
  • Elected after the parties split between Theodore and Pashal
Pope  Theodore 687 687 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition of Pashal
Pope  Pashal 687 687 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • He and Theodore were both elected and then rejected in favor of St. Sergius
Pope  John VI 701 705 ? 705  
Pope  John VII 705 707 ? 707  
Pope  Sisinnius 708 708 ? 708
  • Reigned about 3 weeks
Pope  Constantine 708 715 ? 715  
Saint  Gregory II 715 731 ? 731  
Saint  Gregory III 731 741 ? 741  
Saint  Zachary 741 752 ? 752  
Pope  Stephen II 752 752 ? 752
  • Died 4 days after election
  • Because he died before being consecrated, some lists" (including the Vatican's official list) omit him.
Pope  Stephen III 752 757 ? 757  
Saint  Paul I 757 767 ? 767
  • Brother of Stephen II
Pope  Stephen IV 767 772 ? 772  
Pope  Constantine 767 769 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Forcibly seated by a Tuscan army before the election of Stephen IV.
  • He was a layman and this usurption caused the Laterine Council to settle that the Pope must be a priest.
Pope  Philip 768 768 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected by the Lombards in opposition to Stephen IV. Overthrown by stephen's allies, also Lombards.
Pope  Adrian I 772 795 ? 795  
Saint  Leo III 795 816 ? 816  
Pope  Stephen V 816 817 ? 817  
Saint  Paschal I 817 824 ? 824  
Pope  Eugene II 824 827 ? 827  
Pope  Valentine 827 827 ? 827
  • Reigned 40 days
Pope  Gregory IV 827 844 ? 844  
Pope  Sergius II 844 847 ? 847
  • Was in power in 846 when the Saracens almost sacked Rome
Pope  John 844 844 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Briefly supported over Sergius by the Roman crowd before being shut in prison
Saint  Leo IV 847 855 ?  
Pope  Benedict III 855 858 ? 858  
Pope  Anastasius  "the Librarian" 855 855 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • A scholar learned in both Greek and Latin. After the death of St. Leo IV in 855, Anastasius, with Frankish support, tried to make himself Pope in rivalry to the lawful Pope Benedict III. The violent hostility of the Romans thwarted him. Anastasius was treated leniently by Benedict and rehabilitated by Nicholas I, whom he served faithfully.
Saint  Nicholas I  "the Great" 858 867 ? 867  
Pope  Adrian II 867 872 ? 872  
Pope  John VIII 872 882 815? 882  
Pope  Marinus I 882 884 ? 884  
Saint  Adrian III 884 885 ? 885  
Pope  Stephen VI 885 891 ? 891  
Pope  Formosus 891 896 816? 896  
Pope  Boniface VI 896 896 ? ?
  • Reigned 15 days
  • It is not known if he died or was deposed
Pope  Stephen VII 896 897 ? 897  
Pope  Romanus 897 897 ? 897
  • Reigned about 4 months
Pope  Theodore II 897 897 ? 897
  • Reigned 20 days in December
Pope  John IX 898 900 ? 900  
Pope  Benedict IV 900 903 ? 903  
Pope  Leo V 903 903 ? 903
  • Probably reigned about 30 days
  • Deposed and imprisoned by his brother Christopher
Pope  Christopher 903 904 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Brother of Leo V whom he deposed. Thrown in prison himself by the Romans
Pope  Sergius III 904 911 ? 911  
Pope  Anastasius III 911 913 ? 913  
Pope  Lando 913 914 ? 914
  • Reigned about 6 months
Pope  John X 914 928 ? 928  
Pope  Leo VI 928 928 ? 928
  • Reigned about 7 months
Pope  Stephen VIII 929 931 ? 931  
Pope  John XI 931 935 ? 935
  • Perhaps the bastard son of Sergius III
Pope  Leo VII 936 939 ? 939  
Pope  Stephen IX 939 942 ? 942  
Pope  Marinus II 942 946 ? 946  
Pope  Agapetus II 946 955 ? 955  
Pope  John XII 955 963 ? 964
  • His election was forced by the Romah nobility of whom he was one
  • Deposed by Otto the Great on charges of sacrilege, simony, perjury, murder, adultery, and incest in 963
Pope  Leo VIII 963 964 ? 964
  • Election forced by Otto the Great
  • Deposed after a few months' reign
Pope  Benedict V  "Grammaticus" 964 964 ? 965
  • Elected by the Romans in May, overthrown by Otto I in June
Pope  John XIII 965 972 ? 972  
Pope  Benedict VI 973 974 ? 974
  • There was a lapse of 4 months after the death of John XIII
  • Murdured by the Roman nobility and Boniface VII
Pope  Benedict VII 974 983 ? 983  
Pope  John XIV  (Peter Campanora) 983 984 ? 984
  • Imprisoned and probably murdered by Boniface VII
Pope  Boniface VII 974
980
984
 974
980
985
 ? 985
  • Anti-Pope
  • Twice anti-pope. In 974, supported by the Roman clan of the Crescentii, Boniface was elected Pope. He soon had the lawful Pope Benedict VI murdered. The outraged Romans expelled Boniface, who fled to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 980, while Benedict VII was absent, the usurper briefly seized Rome. Again expelled. In 984, with Byzantine support, Boniface again seized Rome, had John XIV murdered, and installed himself as "pope" until he died in 985.
Pope  John XV 985 996 ? 996  
Pope  Gregory V  (Bruno of Carinthia) 996 999 970? 999
  • Cousin of Otto III
Pope  John XVI  (John Philagathus) 997 998 ? 998
  • Anti-Pope
  • Raised by Crescentius in opposition to Gregory V in 997, deposed and mutilated by Otto III in 998
Pope  Sylvester II 999 1003 945? 1003
  • Also called Gerbert
Pope  John XVII  (Sicco) 1003 1003 ? 1003
  • Reigned about 5 months
  • Raised by John Crescentius
Pope  John XVIII  (Phasianus) 1003 1009 ? 1009
  • Raised by John Cresentius
Pope  Sergius IV 1009 1012 ? 1012
  • Also called "Peter Pig Snout" (Bucca Porci)
Pope  Benedict VIII 1012 1024 ? 1024
  • A layman
  • Brother of John XIX
Pope  Gregory 1012 1012 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
Pope  John XIX  (Romanus) 1024 1032 ? 1032
  • A layman
  • Brother of Benedict VIII
Pope  Benedict IX 1032
1047
 1045
1048
 1012? ?
  • Nephew of Benedict VIII and John XIX
  • Deposed but recovered throne in 1044
  • Sold throne to Gregory VI in 1045
  • Briefly seized papacy again on the death of Clement II
Pope  Sylvester III 1045 1045 ? 1045
  • Anti-Pope
  • Scholars debate over whether or not he was truly an anti-pope
  • Selected to replace Benedict IX when he was deposed.
Pope  Gregory VI 1045 1046 ? 1047
  • Purchased papacy from Benedict IX
  • Voluntarily resigned
Pope  Clement II 1046 1047 ? 1047
  • Raised by Henry III to fix the mess caused by Benedict IX
Pope  Damasus II  (Poppo) 1048 ? 1048
  • Ruled for 23 days
Saint  Leo IX  (Bruno) 1049 1054 1002 1054  
Pope  Victor II  (Gebhard) 1055 1057 1018? 1057  
Pope  Stephen X  (Frederick) 1057 1058 1001? 1057  
Pope  Nicholas II  (Gerhard of Burgandy) 1058 1061 ? 1061
  • Vested papal election in the College of Cardinals
Pope  Benedict X 1058 1059 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected before Nicholas II, but forced out
Pope  Alexander II 1061 1073 ? 1073  
Pope  Honorius II 1061 1072 ? 1072
  • Anti-Pope
  • Bishop of Parma
  • Raised by the Holy Roman Empress Anna in opposition to Alexander II
Saint  Gregory VII  (Hildebrand) 1073 1085 1020? 1085
  • Died in exile at Salerno
Pope  Clement III  (Guibert) 1084 1100 ? 1100
  • Anti-Pope
  • Archbishop of Ravenna
  • Set up by Henry IV in opposition ot Gregory VII
Blessed  Victor III  (Dauferius) 1086 1087 1026? 1087  
Blessed  Urban II  (Otho of Lagery) 1088 1099 1046 1099  
Pope  Paschal II 1099 1118 ? 1118  
Pope  Theodoric 1100 1100 ? 1100
  • Anti-Pope
  • Successor of Clement III
Pope  Albert 1102 1102 ? 1102
  • Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded Theodoric
Pope  Sylvester V  (Maginulf) 1105 1111 ? 1111
  • Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded Aleric
Pope  Gelasius II  (John of Gaeta) 1118 1119 ? 1119  
Pope  Gregory VIII  (Maurice Burdinus) 1118 1121 ? 1112
  • Anti-Pope
  • Set up by Henry V in opposition to Gelasius II
Pope  Callistus II  (Guido of Burgandy) 1119 1124 ? 1124  
Pope  Honorius II  (Lamberto Scannabecchi) 1124 1130 ? 1130  
Pope  Celestine II  (Teobaldo Boccadipecora) 1124 1124 ? ?
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected by the Cardinals but immediately deposed by Roberto Frangipani
Pope  Innocent II  (Gregorio Papereschi) 1130 1143 ? 1143  
Pope  Anacletus II  (Pietro Pierleone) 1130 1138 ? 1138
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected by a rival party of cardinals 3 hours after Innocent II
Pope  Victor IV 1138 1138    
  • Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded Anacletus II, soon resigned
Pope  Celestine II  (Guido del Castello) 1143 1144 ? 1144
  • Reigned about 6 months
Pope  Lucius II  (Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso) 1144 1145 ? 1145
  • Reigned about 11 months
  • May have died from wounds suffered in battle.
Blessed  Eugene III  (Bernardo Pignatelli) 1145 1153 ? 1153  
Pope  Anastasius IV 1153 1154 ? 1154  
Pope  Adrian IV  "The English Pope" 1154 1159 1100? 1159  
Pope  Alexander III  (Orlando Bandinelli) 1159 1181 ? 1181  
Pope  Victor IV  (Octavian) 1159 1164 ? 1164
  • Anti-Pope
  • The anti-popes of the years 1159-1180 were the creatures of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I during his long quarrel with Pope Alexander III.
Pope  Paschal III 1164 1168 ? 1168
  • Anti-Pope
Pope  Callistus III 1168 1178 ? 1178
  • Anti-Pope
Pope  Innocent III 1179 1180 ? 1180
  • Anti-Pope
Pope  Lucius III 1181 1185 ? 1185  
Pope  Urban III  (Uberti Crevelli) 1185 1187 ? 1187  
Pope  Gregory VIII  (Alberto di Morra) 1187 1187 1110? 1187
  • Reigned about 2 months
Pope  Clement III  (Paolo Scolari) 1187 1191 ? 1191  
Pope  Celestine III  (Giacinto Bobone di Orsini) 1191 1198 1106? 1198  
Pope  Innocent III  (Lotario de' Conti) 1198 1216 1160 1216
  • Nephew of Clement III
Pope  Honorius III  (Cencio Savelli) 1216 1227 ? 1227  
Pope  Gregory IX  (Ugolino of Segni) 1227 1241 1145 1241  
Pope  Celestine IV  (Gofredo Castiglioni) 1241 1241 ? 1241
  • Reigned 15 days
Pope  Innocent IV  (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi) 1243 1254 ? 1254  
Pope  Alexander IV  (Rinaldo Conti) 1254 1261 ? 1261  
Pope  Urban IV  (Jacques Pantaleon) 1261 1264 1198? 1264  
Pope  Clement IV  (Guido le Gros) 1265 1268 ? 1268  
Blessed  Gregory X  (Teobaldo Visconti) 1271 1276 1210 1276
  • A layman
Blessed  Innocent V  (Petrus a Tarentasia) 1276 1276 1225 1276
  • Reigned about 6 months
Pope  Adrian V  (Ottobuonno Fieschi) 1276 1276 ? 1276
  • Nephew of Innocent IV
  • Reigned for 1 month
Pope  John XXI  (Petrus Juliani) 1276 1277 ? 1277  
Pope  Nicholas III  (Giovanni Gaetani Orsini) 1277 1280 1216? 1280
  • There was a vacancy of 6 months after the death of John XXI
Pope  Martin IV  (Simon de Brie) 1281 1285 ? 1285
  • There was a vacancy of 6 months after the death of Nicholas III
Pope  Honorius IV  (Giacomo Savelli) 1285 1287 1210? 1287  
Pope  Nicholas IV  (Girolamo Masci) 1288 1292 ? 1292  
Saint  Celestine V  (Pietro di Murrone) 1294 1294 1215 1296
  • There was a vacancy of 2 years and 3 months after the death of Nicholas IV because of a Guelph-Ghibelline conflict in the Holy College
  • Abdicated after reigning 5 months
Pope  Boniface VIII  (Benedetto Gaetano) 1294 1303 1235? 1303  
Blessed  Benedict XI  (Nicholas Boccasini) 1303 1304 1240 1304
  • Reigned about 9 months
Pope  Clement V  (Bertrand de Got) 1305 1314 1264 1314
  • Avignon Pope
  • There was a vacancy of 11 months after the death of Benedict XI because of a split between Italian and French cardinals
Pope  John XXII  (Jacques d'Euse) 1316 1334 1249 1334
  • Avignon Pope
  • There was a vacancy of 2 years and 3 months after the death of Clement V again on a French-Italian split
Pope  Benedict XII  (Jacques Fornier) 1334 1342 ? 1342
  • Avignon Pope
Pope  Clement VI  (Pierre Roger) 1342 1352 1291 1352
  • Avignon Pope
Pope  Innocent VI  (Etienne Aubert) 1352 1362 ? 1362
  • Avignon Pope
Pope  Urban V  (Guillaume de Grimoard) 1362 1370 1310 1370
  • Avignon Pope
Pope  Gregory XI  (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) 1370 1378 1331 1378
  • Avignon Pope
Pope  Urban VI  (Bartolomeo Prignano) 1378 1389 1318? 1389
  • Possibly poisoned in 1389
  • Roman Pope
Pope  Clement VII  (Robert de Geneve) 1378 1394 ? 1394
  • Avignon Pope
  • Anti-Pope
  • His election in opposition to Urban VI precipated the "Great Western Schism"
Pope  Boniface IX  (Piero Tomacelli) 1389 1404 ? 1404
  • Roman Pope
Pope  Benedict XIII  (Pedro de Luna) 1394 1423 1328 1423
  • Avignon Pope
  • Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded Clement VII
Pope  Innocent VII  (Cosimo de' Migliorati) 1404 1406 1336? 1406
  • Roman Pope
Pope  Gregory XII  (Angelo Carrario) 1406 1415 1327? 1415
  • Roman Pope
Pope  Alexander V  (Pietro Philarghi) 1409 1410 1339? 1410
  • Anti-Pope
  • Elected in opposition to both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII
Pope  John XXIII  (Baldassare Coss) 1410 1415 1370? 1419
  • Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded Alexander V
  • Abdicated in 1415
Pope  Martin V  (Oddone Colonna) 1417 1431 1368 1431
  • Elected at the Council of Constance, which ended the Western Schism
Pope  Clement VIII  (Gil Sanchez Munoz y Carbon) 1423 1429 ? ?
  • Avignon Pope
  • Counter Anti-Pope
  • Succeeded John XXIII
  • Submitted to Martin V in 1429
Pope  Benedict XIV  (Bernard Garnier) 1425 1430 ? 1433?
  • Avignon Pope
  • Counter Anti-Pope
Pope  Eugene IV  (Gabriello Condulmaro) 1431 1447 1388 1447  
Pope  Felix V 1439 1449 1383 1451
  • Anti-Pope
  • Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
  • In 1439 the schismatic Council of Basle elected him, largely because the council desired as Pope a man of piety, wealth, and international standing. Amadeus accepted election with hesitation and was soon disillusioned. In 1449, with Charles VII of France acting as mediator, Felix V submitted to the lawful Pope Nicholas V. Appointed cardinal bishop of St. Sabina.
Pope  Nicholas V  (Tomasso Parentucelli) 1447 1455 1397 1455  
Pope  Callistus III  (Alfonso de Borgia) 1455 1458 1378 1458  
Pope  Pius II  (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini) 1458 1464 1405 1464  
Pope  Paul II  (Pietro Barbo) 1464 1471 1417 1471  
Pope  Sixtus IV  (Francesco della Rovere) 1471 1484 1414 1484  
Pope  Innocent VIII  (Giovanni Battista Cibo) 1484 1492 1432 1492  
Pope  Alexander VI 1492 1503 1431 1503
  • Nephew of Callistus III
Pope  Pius III  (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini) 1503 1503 1439 1503  
Pope  Julius II  (Giuliano della Rovere) 1503 1513 1443 1513
  • Nephew of Sixtus IV
Pope  Leo X  (Giovannide Medici) 1513 1521 1475 1521  
Pope  Adrian VI  (Adrian Dedel) 1522 1523 1459 1523  
Pope  Clement VII  (Giulio de' Medici) 1523 1534 1478 1534
  • Cousin of Leo X
Pope  Paul III  (Alessandro Farnese) 1534 1549 1468 1549  
Pope  Julius III  (Giammaria Ciocchi del Monte) 1550 1555 1487 1555  
Pope  Marcellus II  (Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi) 1555 1555 1501 1555
  • Reigned for about a month
Pope  Paul IV  (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa) 1555 1559 1476 1559  
Pope  Pius IV  (Giovanni Angelo Medici) 1559 1565 1499 1565
  • Of the Milanese Medici, not related to the Florentine family
Saint  Paul V 1566 1572 1504 1572  
Pope  Gregory XIII  (Ugo Buoncompagni) 1572 1585 1502 1585  
Pope  Sixtus V  (Felice Peretti) 1585 1590 1521 1590  
Pope  Urban VII  (Giambattista Castagna) 1590 1590 1521 1590  
Pope  Gregory XIV  (Nicolo Spondrati) 1590 1591 1535 1591
  • Reigned about 10 months
Pope  Innocent IX  (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti) 1591 1591 1519 1591  
Pope  Clement VIII  (Ippolito Aldobrandini) 1592 1605 1536 1605  
Pope  Leo XI  (Alessandro Octaviano de' Medici) 1605 1605 1535 1605
  • Cousin of Leo X
Pope  Paul V  (Camillo Borghese) 1605 1621 1550 1621  
Pope  Gregory XV  (Alessandro Ludovisi) 1621 1623 1554 1623  
Pope  Urban VIII  (Maffeo Barberini) 1623 1644 1568 1644  
Pope  Innocent X  (Giambattista Pamfili) 1644 1655 1574 1655  
Pope  Alexander VII  (Fabio Chigi) 1655 1667 1599 1667  
Pope  Clement IX  (Giulio Rospigliosi) 1667 1669 1600 1669  
Pope  Clement X  (Emilio Altieri) 1670 1676 1590 1676  
Blessed  Innocent XI  (Benedetto Odescalchi) 1676 1689 1611 1689  
Pope  Alexander VIII  (Pietro Ottoboni) 1689 1691 1610 1691  
Pope  Innocent XII  (Antonio Pignatelli) 1691 1700 1615 1700  
Pope  Clement XI  (Giovanni Franceso Albani) 1700 1721 1649 1721  
Pope  Innocent XIII  (Michelangelo Dei Conti) 1721 1724 1655 1724  
Pope  Benedict XIII  (Pietro Franceso Orsini) 1724 1730 1649 1730
  • Cousin of Clement X
Pope  Clement XII  (Lorenzo Corsini) 1730 1740 1652 1740  
Pope  Benedict XIV  (Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini) 1740 1758 1675 1758  
Pope  Clement XIII  (Carlo della Torre Rezzonico) 1758 1769 1693 1769  
Pope  Clement XIV  (Lorenzo Ganganelli) 1769 1774 1705 1774  
Pope  Pius VI  (Giovanni Angelico Braschi) 1775 1799 1717 1799  
Pope  Pius VII  (Barnaba Chiaramonti) 1800 1823 1740 1823  
Pope  Leo XII  (Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga) 1823 1829 1760 1829  
Pope  Pius VIII  (Francesco Xaverio Castiglione) 1829 1830 1761 1830  
Pope  Gregory XVI  (Bartolomeo Alberto Cappelari) 1831 1846 1765 1846  
Blessed  Pius IX  (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferratti) 1846 1878 1792 1878  
Pope  Leo XIII  (Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci) 1878 1903 1810 1903  
Saint  Pius X  (Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto) 1903 1914 1835 1914  
Pope  Benedict XV  (Giacomo della Chiesa) 1914 1922 1854 1922  
Pope  Pius XI  (Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti) 1922 1939 1857 1939  
Pope  Pius XII  (Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli) 1939 1958 1876 1958  
Blessed  John XXIII  (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) 1958 1963 1881 1963  
Pope  Paul VI  (Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini) 1963 1978 1897 1978  
Pope  John Paul I  (Albino Luciani) 1978 1978 1912 1978
  • Reigned 33 days
Pope  John Paul II  (Karol Jozef Wojtyla) 1978 2005 1920 2005  
Pope  Benedict XVI  (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) 2005 ... 1927 ...  


Holy Roman Emperors
Name Reign Life Notes
From To Born Died
Carolingian
Emperor  Charles I  "the Great (Charlemagne)" 800 814 742 814
  • Son of Pepin the Short
  • Crowned Imperator Romanorum by Pope Leo III
  • The title was later changed to Imperator Romanum gubernans Imperium to avoid offending the Byzantine emperor
Emperor  Louis I  "the Pious" 814 840 778 840
  • Third son of Charlemagne
  • Crowned by Pope Stephen V
Emperor  Lothair I 843 855 795 855
  • Son of Louis the Pious and Irmengarde
  • Achieved the throne by the Treay of Verdn (843) after a struggle with his brothers, Louis the German and Charles the Bald
  • Crowned by Pope Pashal I
Emperor  Louis II 855 875 825 875
  • Son of Lothair I
  • Crowned by Pope Sergius II
Emperor  Charles II  "the Bald" 875 877 823 877
  • Son of Louis the Pious
  • Crowned by Pope John VII
Emperor  Charles III  "the Fat" 881 887 832? 887
  • Son of Louis the German
Emperor  Arnulf of Carinthia 896 899 850 899
  • Bastard son of Carloman of Bavaria, nephew of Charles the Fat
  • Crowned by Pope Formosos
  • Retained the German provinces as Imperial territories, but lost France
Emperor  Louis III  "the Blind" 901 905 880? 928
  • Son of Boso of Provence and Irmingard (daughter of Louis II)
  • Crowned by Pope Benedict IV
  • Deposed by Berenger in 905
Emperor  Berengar of Friuli 915 924 ? 924
  • Son of Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela (Daughter of Louis the Pious)
  • Crowned by Pope Stephen VI
Spoleto
Emperor  Guy of Spoleto 891 894 ? 894
  • Crowned by Pope Stephen VI
Emperor  Lambert of Spoleto 894 898 ? 898
  • Son of Guy of Spoleto
  • Crowned by Pope Stephen VI
Ottonian (Saxon)
Emperor  Otto I  "the Great" 962 973 912 973
  • Son of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim
  • Crowned by Pope John XII, restoring the title after a lapse of 40 years
Emperor  Otto II 967 983 955 983
  • Son of Otto I and Adelaide
  • Co-emperor with his father 967-973
Emperor  Otto III 996 1002 980 1002
  • Son of Otto II and Theophanu
  • Crowned by his cousin, Pope Gregory V
Saint  Henry II 1014 1024 972 1024
  • Son of Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria
  • Cousin of Otto III
  • Crowned by Pope Benedict VIII
Salian (Frankish)
Emperor  Conrad II 1027 1039 990 1039
  • Son of Henry of Speyer and Adelheid
  • Crowned by Pope John XIX
Emperor  Henry III  "the Black" 1046 1056 1017 1056
  • Son of Conrad II
  • Crowned by Pope Clement II
Emperor  Henry IV 1084 1105 1050 1106
  • Son of Henry III and Agnes de Poiteau
  • Abdicated in 1105
Emperor  Henry V 1111 1125 1081 1125
  • Son of Henry IV
  • Married Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England
Supplinburger
Emperor  Lothair III 1133 1137 1075 1137
  • He is sometimes called Lothair II and sometimes Lothair III, depending on whether Lothair II of Lotharingia is included in the sequence of German kings)
Hohenstaufen
Emperor  Frederick I  "Barbarossa" 1155 1190 1122 1190
  • Crowned by Pope Adrian IV
Emperor  Henry VI 1191 1197 1165 1197
  • Son of Barbarossa and Beatrice of Burgandy
  • Crowned by Pope Celestine III
Emperor  Frederick II 1220 1250 1194 1250
  • Son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily
Welf
Emperor  Otto IV  "Otto of Brunswick" 1209 1215 1182? 1218
  • Son of Henry the Lion and Matilda Plantangenet
  • Deposed by the Diet of Nuremberg in favor of Frederick II
Luxembourg
Emperor  Henry VII 1312 1313 1275 1313
  • Son of Count Henry III of Luxembourg
  • Crowned by Pope Clement V
Emperor  Charles IV 1355 1378 1316 1378
  • Son of John the Blind and grandson of Henry VII
Emperor  Sigismund 1410 1437 1368 1437
  • Son of Charles IV
  • His older brother, Wenceslaus, was "King of the Romans" but never had the implerial title.
Wittelsbach
Emperor  Louis IV  "the Bavarian" 1328 1347 1282 1347
  • Son of Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria and Beatrix von Silesia-Glogau
  • Crowned by Sciarra Colonna, a Roman senator
Emperor  Charles VII  "Albert" 1742 1745 1697 1745
  • Son of Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria and Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska
Habsburg
Emperor  Frederick III 1440 1493 1415 1493
  • Son of Duke Ernest the Iron of Austria and Cymburgis of Masovia (who brought the "Hapsburg Lip" into the bloodline)
  • Crowned by Pope Nicoloas V
Emperor  Maximilian I 1493 1519 1459 1519
  • Son of Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal
  • Was not crowned, but "assented to" by the Pope
Emperor  Charles V 1530 1556 1500 1558
  • Son of Philip of Aragon and Joana of Castile
  • Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
  • Gransdon of Maximilian I and Marie of Burgandy
  • Abdicated in favor of his brother Ferdinand in 1556
  • Emperor-elect 1519-1530
Emperor  Ferdinand I 1556 1564 1503 1564
  • Brother of Charles V
Emperor  Maximilian II 1564 1576 1527 1576
  • Son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia
Emperor  Rudolf II 1576 1612 1552 1612
  • Son of Maximilian II and Maria (daughter of Charles V)
Emperor  Matthias 1612 1619 1557 1619
  • Brother of Rudolph II
Emperor  Ferdinand II 1619 1637 1578 1637
  • Son of Duke Charles II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria
Emperor  Ferdinand III 1637 1657 1608 1657
  • Son of Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria (same name as his grandmother)
Emperor  Leopold I 1658 1705 1640 1705
  • Son of Ferdinand III and Maria Anna of Spain
Emperor  Joseph I 1705 1711 1668 1711
  • Son of Leopold I and Eleanora, Countess Palatine
Emperor  Charles VI 1711 1740 1685 1740
  • Son of Leopold I and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg
Emperor  Francis I 1745 1765 1708 1765
  • Son of Duke Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and Elizabeth Charlotte of Orleans
Emperor  Joseph II 1765 1790 1741 1790
  • Son of Francis I and Maria Theresa (daughter of Charles VI)
Emperor  Leopold II 1790 1792 1742 1792
  • Son of Francis I and Maria Theresa
Emperor  Francis II 1792 1806 1768 1835
  • Son of Leopold II and Maria Luisa of Spain
  • The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved after Napoleon defeated Francis at Austerlitz in 1806. Francis regained the title "Emperor of Austria"