Mind Control: The Current
Situation In July of 1991, two inmates died at the Vacaville
Medical Facility. According to prison officials at the time, the two
may have died as a result of medical treatment, that treatment was the
use of mind control or behavior modification drugs. A deeper study
into the deaths of the two inmates has unraveled a mind-boggling tale
of horror that has been part of
California penal history for a long time, and one that caused national
outcries years ago.
In August of 1991, the Sentinel presented a graphic
portrait of some of the mind control experiments that have been
allowed to continue in the United States. On November 1974 a U.S.
Senate Sub-committee on Constitutional Rights investigated
federally-funded behavior modification programs, with emphasis on
federal involvement in, and the possible threat to individual
constitutional rights of behavior modification, especially involving
inmates in prisons and mental institutions.
The Senate committee was appalled after reviewing
documents from the following sources:
The Neuro-Research Foundation's study entitled "The
Medical Epidemiology of Criminals."
The Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence at
UCLA.
The Closed Adolescent Treatment Center.
Senate Investigations of the History of US Mind Control
(Based on Testimony before the Senate Sub-Commmittee on Constitutional
Rights)
A national uproar was created by various articles in
1974, which prompted the Senate investigation. But after all these
years, the news that two inmates at Vacaville may have died from these
same experiments indicates that though a nation was shocked in 1974,
little was done to end the experimentations. In 1977, a Senate
subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, chaired by Senator Ted
Kennedy, focussed on the CIA's testing of
LSD on unwitting citizens. Only a mere handful of people within the
CIA knew about the scope and details of the program.
To understand the full scope of the problem, it is
important to study its origins. The Kennedy subcommittee learned about
the CIA Operation MK-Ultra through the testimony of Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb. The purpose of the program, according to his testimony, was
to "investigate whether and how it was possible to modify an
individual's behavior by covert means".
Claiming the protection of the National Security Act,
Dr. Gottlieb was unwilling to tell the Senate subcommittee what had
been learned or gained by these experiments.
He did state, however, that the program was initially
engendered by a concern that the Soviets and other enemies of the
United States would get ahead of the U.S. in this field.
MK-ULTRA Past and Present
(From testimony and files obtained under Freedom Of
Information Act)
Through the Freedom of Information Act, researchers are
now able to obtain documents detailing the M.K.-Ultra program and
other CIA behavior modification projects in a special reading room
located on the bottom floor of the Hyatt Regency in Rosslyn, VA.
The most daring phase of the M.K.-Ultra program involved
slipping unwitting American citizens LSD in real life situations. The
idea for the series of experiments originated in November 1941, when
William Donovan, founder and director of the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS), the forerunner of the CIA during World War Two. At
that time the intelligence agency invested $5000 for the "truth drug"
program. Experiments with scopolamine and morphine proved both
unfruitful and very dangerous. The program tested scores of other
drugs, including mescaline, barbituates, benzedrine, cannabis indica,
to name a few.
The U.S. was highly concerned over the heavy losses of
freighters and other ships in the North Atlantic, all victims of
German U-boats. Information about German U-boat strategy was
desperately needed and it was believed that the information could be
obtained through drug-influenced interrogations of German naval
P.O.W.s, in violation of the Geneva Accords.
Tetrahydrocannabinol acetate, a colorless, odorless
marijuana extract, was used to lace a cigarette or food substance
without detection. Initially, the experiments were done on volunteer
U.S. Army and OSS personnel, and testing was also disguised as a
remedy for shell shock. The volunteers became known as "Donovan's
Dreamers". The experiments were so hush-hush,
that only a few top officials knew about them. President Franklin
Roosevelt was aware of the experiments. The "truth drug" achieved
mixed success.
The experiments were halted when a memo was written:
"The drug defies all but the most expert and search analysis, and for
all practical purposes can be considered beyond analysis." The OSS did
not, however, halt the program. In 1943 field tests of the extract
were being conducted, despite the order to halt them. The most
celebrated test was conducted by Captain George Hunter White, an OSS
agent and ex-law enforcement official, on August Del Grazio, aka Augie
Dallas, aka Dell, aka Little Augie, a New York gangster.
Cigarettes laced with the acetate were offered to Augie
without his knowledge of the content. Augie, who had served time in
prison for assault and murder, had been one of the world's most
notorious drug dealers and smugglers. He operated an opium alkaloid
factory in Turkey and he was a leader in the Italian underworld on the
Lower East Side of New York. Under
the influence of the drug,
Augie revealed volumes of information about the
underworld operations, including the names of high ranking officials
who took bribes from the mob. These experiments led to the
encouragement of Donovan. A new memo was issued: "Cigarette
experiments indicated that we had a mechanism which offered promise in
relaxing prisoners to be interrogated."
When the OSS was disbanded after the war, Captain White
continued to administer behavior modifying drugs. In 1947, the CIA
replaced the OSS. White's service record indicates that he worked with
the OSS, and by 1954 he was a high ranking Federal Narcotics Bureau
officer who had been loaned to the CIA on a part-time basis.
White rented an apartment in Greenwich Village equipped
with one-way mirrors, surveillance gadgets and disguised himself as a
seaman. White drugged his acquaintances with LSD and brought them back
to his apartment. In 1955, the operation shifted to San Francisco. In
San Francisco, "safe houses" were established under the code name
Operation Midnight Climax.
Midnight Climax hired prostitute addicts who lured men from bars back
to the safehouses after their drinks had been spiked with LSD. White
filmed the events in the safehouses. The purpose of these "national
security brothels" was to enable the CIA to experiment with the act of
lovemaking for extracting information from men.
The safehouse experiments continued until 1963 until CIA
Inspector General John Earman criticized Richard Helms, the director
of the CIA and father of the M.K.-Ultra project. Earman charged the
new director John McCone had not been fully briefed on the M.K.-Ultra
Project when he took office and that
"the concepts involved in manipulating human behavior are found by
many people within and outside the Agency to be distasteful and
unethical." He stated that "the rights and interest of U.S. citizens
are placed in jeopardy". The Inspector General stated that LSD had
been tested on individuals at all social levels, high and low, native
American and foreign."
Earman's criticisms were rebuffed by Helms, who warned,
"Positive operation capacity to use drugs is diminishing owing to a
lack of realistic testing. Tests were necessary to keep up with the
Soviets." But in 1964, Helms had testified before the Warren
Commission investigating the assassination of
President John Kennedy, that "Soviet research has consistently lagged
five years behind Western research".
Upon leaving government service in 1966, Captain White
wrote a startling letter to his superior. In the letter to Dr.
Gottlieb, Captain White reminisced about his work in the safehouses
with LSD. His comments were frightening. "I was a very minor
missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly in the
vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun," White wrote. "Where else
could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat,
steal, rape and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the
all-highest?"
The CIA and the Mafia
(Testimony before the 1951 Sub-Committee on Organized
Crime and other public sources.)
Though the CIA continued to maintain drug experiments in
the streets of America after the program was officially canceled, the
United States reaped tremendous value from it. With George Hunter
White's connection to underworld figure Little Augie, connections were
made with Mafia king-pin
Lucky Luciano, who was in Dannemore Prison.
Luciano wanted freedom, the Mafia wanted drugs, and the
United States wanted Sicily. The date was 1943. Augie was the
go-between between Luciano and the United States War Department.
Luciano was transferred to a less harsh prison and began
to be visited by representatives of the Office of Naval Intelligence
and from underworld figures, such as Meyer Lansky. A strange alliance
was formed between the U.S. Intelligence agencies and the Mafia, who
controlled the West Side docks in New York. Luciano regained active
leadership in organized crime in
America.
The U. S. Intelligence community utilized Luciano's
underworld connections in Italy. In July of 1943, Allied forces
launched their invasion of Sicily, the beginning push into occupied
Europe. General George Patton's Seventh Army advanced through hundreds
of miles of territory that was fraught with
difficulty, booby trapped roads, snipers, confusing mountain
topography, all within close range of 60,000 hostile Italian troops.
All this was accomplished in four days, a military "miracle" even for
Patton.
Senate Estes Kefauver's Senate Sub committee on
Organized Crime asked, in 1951, how all this was possible. The answer
was that the Mafia had helped to protect roads from Italian snipers,
served as guides through treacherous mountain terrain, and provided
needed intelligence to Patton's army. The
part of Sicily which Patton's forces traversed had at one time been
completely controlled by the Sicilian Mafia, until Benito Mussolini
smashed it through the use of police repression.
Just prior to the invasion, it was hardly even able to
continue shaking down farmers and shepherds for protection money. But
the invasion changed all this, and the Mafia went on to play a very
prominent and well-documented role in the American military occupation
of Italy.
The expedience of war opened the doors to American drug
traffic and Mafia domination. This was the beginning of the Mafia-U.S.
Intelligence alliance, an alliance that lasts to this day and helped
to support the covert operations of the CIA, such as the Iran-Contra
operations.
In these covert operations, the CIA would obtain drugs
from South America and Southeast Asia, sell them to the Mafia and use
the money for the covert purchase of military equipment. These
operations accelerated when Congress cut off military funding for the
Contras.
One of the Allies' top occupation priorities was to
liberate as many of their own soldiers from garrison duties so that
they could participate in the military offensive. In order to
accomplish this, Don Calogero's Mafia were pressed into service, and
in July of 1943, the Civil Affairs Control Office of the U.S. Army
appointed him mayor of Villalba and other Mafia
officials as mayors of other towns in Sicily.
As the northern Italian offensive continued, Allied
intelligence became very concerned over the extent to which the
Italian Communists' resistance to Mussolini had driven Italian
politics to the left. Community Party membership had doubled between
1943 and 1944, huge leftist strikes had shut down factories and the
Italian underground fighting Mussolini had risen to almost 150,000
men. By mid-1944, the situation came to a head and the U.S. Army
terminated arms drops to the Italian Resistance, and started
appointing Mafia officials to occupation administration posts. Mafia
groups broke up leftists rallies and reactivated black market
operations throughout southern Italy.
Lucky Luciano was released from prison in 1946 and
deported to Italy, where he rebuilt the heroin trade. The court's
decision to release him was made possible by the testimony of
intelligence agents at his hearing, and a letter written by a naval
officer reciting what Luciano had done for the Navy. Luciano was
supposed to have served from 30 to 50 years in prison. Over 100 Mafia
members were similarly deported within a couple of years.
Luciano set up a syndicate which transported morphine
base from the Middle East to Europe, refined it into heroin, and then
shipped it into the United States via Cuba. During the 1950's,
Marseilles, in Southern France, became a major city for the heroin
labs and the Corsican syndicate began to
actively cooperate with the Mafia in the heroin trade. Those became
popularly known as the French Connection.
In 1948, Captain White visited Luciano and his narcotics
associate Nick Gentile in Europe. Gentile was a former American
gangster who had worked for the Allied Military Government in Sicily.
By this time, the CIA was already subsidizing Corsican and Italian
gangsters to oust Communist unions from the Port of Marseilles.
American strategic planners saw Italy and southern
France as extremely important for their Naval bases as a
counterbalance to the growing naval forces of the Soviet Union.
CIO/AFL organizer Irving Brown testified that by the time the CIA
subsidies were terminated in 1953, U.S. support was no longer needed
because the profits from the heroin traffic was sufficient to sustain
operations.
When Luciano was originally jailed, the U.S. felt it had
eliminated the world's most effective underworld leader and the
activities of the Mafia were seriously damaged. Mussolini had been
waging a war since 1924 to rid the world of the Sicilian Mafia.
Thousands of Mafia members were convicted of crimes and forced to
leave the cities and hide out in the mountains.
Mussolini's reign of terror had virtually eradicated the
international drug syndicates. Combined with the shipping surveillance
during the war years, heroin trafficking had become almost nil. Drug
use in the United States, before Luciano's release from prison, was on
the verge of being entirely
wiped out.
Mind Control Experiments Conducted in Our Name
The U.S. government has conducted three types of
mind-control experiments: Real life experiences, such as those used on
Little Augie and the LSD experiments in the safehouses of San
Francisco and Greenwich Village; experiments on prisoners, such as in
the California Medical Facility at Vacaville; experiments conducted in
both mental hospitals and the Veterans
Administration hospitals.
Such experimentation requires money, and the United
States government has funneled funds for drug experiments through
different agencies, both overtly and covertly.
The Role of the Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration
(Reportorial Sources, Including the Washington Post) One
of the funding agencies to contribute to the experimentation is the
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), a unit of the U.S.
Justice Department and one of President Richard Nixon's favorite pet
agencies. The Nixon Administration was, at one time, putting together
a program for
detaining youngsters who showed a tendency toward violence in
"concentration" camps.
According to the Washington Post, the plan was authored
by Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker. Health, Education and Welfare Secretary
Robert Finch was told by John Erlichman, Chief of Staff for the Nixon
White House, to implement the program. He proposed the screening of
children of six years of age for
tendencies toward criminality. Those who failed these tests were to be
destined to be sent to the camps. The program was never implemented.
LEAA came into existence in 1968 with a huge budget to
assist various U.S. law enforcement agencies. Its effectiveness,
however, was not considered too great. After spending $6 billion, the
F.B.I. reports general crime rose 31 percent and violent crime rose 50
percent. But little accountability was required of LEAA on how it
spent its funds.
LEAA's role in the behavior modification research began
at a meeting held in 1970 in Colorado Springs. Attending that meeting
were Richard Nixon, Attorney General John Mitchell, John Erlichman,
H.R. Haldemann and other White House staffers. They met with Dr.
Bertram Brown, director fo the National Institute of Mental Health,
and forged a close collaboration
between LEAA and the Institute. LEAA was a product of the Justice
Department and the Institute was a product of HEW.
LEAA funded 350 projects involving medical procedures,
behavior modification and drugs for delinquency control. Money from
the Criminal Justice System was being used to fund mental health
projects and vice versa. Eventually, the leadership responsibility and
control of the Institute began to deteriorate and their scientists
began to answer to LEAA alone.
The Role of the National Institute of Mental Health
(Source: Court Records and US Senate Subcommittee on
Constitutional Rights)
The National Institute of Mental Health went on to
become one of the greatest supporters of behavior modification
research. Throughout the 1960's, court calenders became blighted with
lawsuits on the part of "human guinea pigs" who had been experimented
upon in prisons and mental institutions. It was these lawsuits which
triggered the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights
investigation, headed by Senator Sam Erwin. The subcommittee's
harrowing report was virtually ignored by the news media.
The Department of Defense
(Source: CIA Documents released under FOIA and
Subcommittee Testimony)
Thirteen behavior modification programs were conducted
by the Department of Defense. The Department of Labor had also
conducted several experiments, as well as the National Science
Foundation. The Veterans' Administration was also deeply involved in
behavior modification and mind control. Each of
these agencies, including LEAA, and the Institute, were named in
secret CIA documents as those who provided research cover for the
MK-ULTRA program.
Eventually, LEAA was using much of its budget to fund
experiments, including aversive techniques and psychosurgery, which
involved, in some cases, irreversible brain surgery on normal brain
tissue for the purpose of changing or controlling behavior and/or
emotions.
Senator Erwin questioned the head of LEAA concerning
ethical standards of the behavior modification projects which LEAA had
been funding.
Erwin was extremely dubious about the idea of the
government spending money on this kind of project without strict
guidelines and reasonable research supervision in order to protect the
human subjects. After Senator Erwin's denunciation of the funding
polices, LEAA announced that it would no longer fund medical research
into behavior modification and psychosurgery.
Lobotomies Performed on Black Activists
(Committee Testimony)
Despite the pledge by LEAA's director, Donald E.
Santarelli, LEAA ended up funding 537 research projects dealing with
behavior modification. There is strong evidence to indicate
psychosurgery was still being used in prisons in the 1980's.
Immediately after the funding announcement by LEAA, there were 50
psychosurgical operations at Atmore State Prison in Alabama. The
inmates became virtual zombies. The operations, according to Dr. Swan
of Fisk University, were done on black prisoners who were considered
politically active.
Veteran's Administration Practices
(Committee Testimony)
The Veterans' Administration openly admitted that
psychosurgery was a standard procedure for treatment and not used just
in experiments. The VA Hospitals in Durham, Long Beach, New York,
Syracuse and Minneapolis were known to employ these products on a
regular basis. VA clients could typically be subject to these behavior
alteration procedures against their
will. The Erwin subcommittee concluded that the rights of VA clients
had been violated.
LEAA also subsidized the research and development of
gadgets and techniques useful to behavior modification. Much of the
technology, whose perfection LEAA funded, had originally been
developed and made operational for use in the Vietnam War.
Private Companies Involved
Companies like Bangor Punta Corporation and Walter Kidde
and Co., through its subsidiary Globe Security System, adapted these
devices to domestic use in the U.S. ITT was another company that
domesticated the warfare technology for potential use on U.S.
citizens. Rand Corporation executive Paul Baran warned that the influx
back to the United State of the Vietnam
War surveillance gadgets alone, not to mention the behavior
modification hardware, could bring about "the most effective,
oppressive police state ever created".
Some of the Players
One of the fascinating aspects of the scandals that
plague the U.S. Government is the fact that so often the same names
appear from scandal to scandal. From the origins of Ronald Reagan's
political career, as Governor of California, Dr. Earl Brian and Edward
Meese played key advisory roles. Dr. Brian's name has been linked to
the October Surprise and is a central
figure in the government's theft of PROMIS soft ware from INSLAW.
Brian's role touches from the Cabazon Indian scandals to United Press
International. He is one of those low-profile key figures.
And, alas, his name appears again in the nation's
behavior modification and mind control experiments. Dr. Brian was
Reagan's Secretary of Health when Reagan was Governor. Dr. Brian was
an advocate of state subsidies for a research center for the study of
violent behavior. The center was to begin operations by mid-1975, and
its research was intended to shed light on why
people murder or rape, or hijack aircraft. The center was to be
operated by the University of California at Los Angeles, and its
primary purpose, ac cording to Dr. Brian, was to unify scattered
studies on anti-social violence and possibly even touch on socially
tolerated violence, such as football or war. Dr. Brian sought $1.3
million for the center.
It certainly was possible that prison inmates might be
used as volunteer subjects at the center to discover the unknowns
which triggered their violent behavior. Dr. Brian's quest for the
center came at the same time Governor Reagan concluded his plans to
phase the state of California out of
the mental hospital business by 1982. Reagan's plan is echoed by
Governor Pete Wilson today, to place the responsibility of
rehabilitating young offenders squarely on the shoulders of local
communities. But as the proposal became known more publicly, a swell
of controversy surrounded it. It ended in a fiasco. The inspiration
for the violence center came from three doctors in 1967, five years
before Dr. Brian and Governor Reagan unveiled their plans.
The "Scientific" Basis for Psychosurgery
(Publications of the Participants)
Amidst urban rioting and civil protest, Doctors Sweet,
Mark and Ervin of Harvard put forward the thesis that individuals who
engage in civil disobedience possess defective or damaged brain cells.
If this conclusion were applied to the American Revolution or the
Women's Rights Movement, a good portion of American society would be
labeled as having brain damage.
In a letter to the Journal of the American Medical
Association, they stated: "That poverty, unemployment, slum housing,
and inadequate education underlie the nation's urban riots is well
known, but the obviousness of these causes may have blinded us to the
more subtle role of other possible factors, including brain
dysfunction in the rioters who engaged in arson,
sniping and physical assault.
"There is evidence from several sources that brain
dysfunction related to a focal lesion plays a significant role in the
violent and assaultive behavior of thoroughly studied patients.
Individuals with electroencephalographic abnormalities in the temporal
region have been found to have a much greater frequency of behavioral
abnormalities (such as poor impulse control, assaultiveness, and
psychosis) than is present in
people with a normal brain wave pattern."
Soon after the publication in the Journal, Dr. Ervin and
Dr. Mark published their book Violence and the Brain, which included
the claim that there were as many as 10 million individuals in the
United States "who suffer from obvious brain disease". They argued
that the data of their book provided a
strong reason for starting a program of mass screening of Americans.
"Our greatest danger no longer comes from famine or
communicable disease. Our greatest danger lies in ourselves and in our
fellow humans...we need to develop an 'early warning test' of limbic
brain function to detect those humans who have a low threshold for
impulsive violence...Violence is a public health problem, and the
major thrust of any program dealing with
violence must be toward its prevention," they wrote.
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded the
doctors $108,000 and the National Institute of Mental Health kicked in
another $500,000, under pressure from Congress. They believed that
psychosurgery would inevitably be performed in connection with the
program, and that, since it irreversibly impaired people's emotional
and intellectual capacities, it
could be used as an instrument of repression and social control.
The doctors wanted screening centers established
throughout the nation. In California, the publicity associated with
the doctors' report, aided in the development of The Center for the
study and Reduction of Violence. Both the state and LEAA provided the
funding. The center was to serve as a model for
future facilities to be set up throughout the United States.
The Director of the Neurophyschiatric Institute and
chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at UCLA, Dr. Louis Jolyon
West was selected to run the center. Dr. West is alleged to have been
a contract agent for the CIA, who, as part of a network of doctors and
scientists, gathered intelligence on hallucinogenic drugs, including
LSD, for the super-secret MK-ULTRA program. Like Captain White, West
conducted LSD experiments for the CIA on unwitting citizens in the
safehouses of San Francisco. He achieved notoriety for his injection
of a massive dose of LSD into an elephant at the Oklahoma Zoo, the
elephant died when West tried to revive it by administering a
combination of drugs.
Dr. West was further known as the psychiatrist who was
called upon to examine Jack Ruby, Lee Harvey Oswald's assassin. It was
on the basis of West's diagnosis that Ruby was compelled to be treated
for mental disorders and put on happy pills. The West examination was
ordered after Ruby began to say that he was part of a right-wing
conspiracy to kill President John Kennedy. Two years after the
commencement of treatment for mental disorder, Ruby died of cancer in
prison.
(Note: Dr West is now a member of the Board of Directors
of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation.)
The Violence Control Center
(Testimony, FOIA documents, Los Angeles Times, San
Francisco Bay Guardian)
After January 11, 1973, when Governor Reagan announced
plans for the Violence Center, West wrote a letter to the then
Director of Health for California, J. M. Stubblebine:
"Dear Stub:
"I am in possession of confidential in formation that
the Army is prepared to turn over Nike missile bases to state and
local agencies for non-military purposes. They may look with special
favor on health-related applications.
"Such a Nike missile base is located in the Santa Monica
Mountains, within a half-hour's drive of the Neuropsychiatric
Institute. It is accessible, but relatively remote. The site is
securely fenced, and includes various
buildings and improvements, making it suitable for prompt occupancy.
"If this site were made available to the
Neurophyschiatric Institute as a research facility, perhaps initially
as an adjunct to the new Center for the Prevention of Violence, we
could put it to very good use. Comparative studies could be carried
out there, in an isolated but convenient location, of experimental or
model programs for the alteration of undesirable behavior.
"Such programs might include control of drug or alcohol
abuse, modification of chronic anti-social or impulsive
aggressiveness, etc. The site could also accommodate conferences or
retreats for instruction of selected groups of mental-health related
professionals and of others (e.g., law enforcement
personnel, parole officers, special educators) for whom both
demonstration and participation would be effective modes of
instruction.
"My understanding is that a direct request by the
Governor, or other appropriate officers of the State, to the Secretary
of Defense (or, of course, the President), could be most likely to
produce prompt results."
Some of the planned areas of study for the Center
included:
Studies of violent individuals.
Experiments on prisoners from Vacaville and Atascadero,
and hyperkinetic children.
Experiments with violence-producing and violent
inhibiting drugs.
Hormonal aspects of passivity and aggressiveness in
boys.
Studies to discover and compare norms of violence among
various ethnic groups.
Studies of pre-delinquent children.
It would also encourage law enforcement to keep computer
files on pre-delinquent children, which would make possible the
treatment of children before they became delinquents.
The purpose of the Violence Center was not just
research. The staff was to include sociologists, lawyers, police
officers, clergymen and probation officers. With the backing of
Governor Reagan and Dr. Brian, West had secured guarantees of prisoner
volunteers from several California correctional institutions,
including Vacaville. Vacaville and Atascadero
were chosen as the primary sources for the human guinea pigs. These
institutions had established a reputation, by that time, of committing
some of the worst atrocities in West Coast history. Some of the
experimentations differed little from what the Nazis did in the death
camps.
Dr. Earl Brian, Governor Ronald Reagan's Secretary of
Health, was adamant about his support for mind control centers in
California. He felt the behavior modification plan of the Violence
Control Centers was important in the prevention of crime.
The Violence Control Center was actually the brain child
of William Herrmann as part of a pacification plan for California. A
counter insurgency expert for Systems Development Corporation and an
advisor to Governor Reagan, Herrmann worked with the Stand Research
Institute, the RAND Corporation, and the Hoover Center on Violence.
Herrman was also a CIA agent who is now serving an eight year prison
sentence for his role in a
CIA counterfeiting operation. He was also directly linked with the
Iran-Contra affair according to government records and Herrmann's own
testimony.
In 1970, Herrmann worked with Colston Westbrook as his
CIA control officer when Westbrook formed and implemented the Black
Cultural Association at the Vacaville Medical Facility, a facility
which in July experienced the death of three inmates who were forcibly
subjected to behavior modification drugs. The Black Cultural
Association was ostensibly an education program designed to instill
black pride identity in prisons, the Association was
really a cover for an experimental behavior modification pilot project
designed to test the feasibility of programming unstable prisoners to
become more manageable.
Westbrook worked for the CIA in Vietnam as a
psychological warfare expert, and as an advisor to the Korean
equivalent of the CIA and for the Lon Nol regime in Cambodia. Between
1966 and 1969, he was an advisor to the Vietnamese Police Special
Branch under the cover of working as an employee of Pacific Architects
and Engineers.
His "firm" contracted the building of the
interrogation/torture centers in every province of South Vietnam as
part of the CIA's Phoenix Program. The program was centered around
behavior modification experiments to learn how to extract information
from prisoners of war, a direct violation of the
Geneva Accords.
Westbrook's most prominent client at Vacaville was
Donald DeFreeze, who be tween 1967 and 1969, had worked for the Los
Angeles Police Department's Public Disorder Intelligence unit and
later became the leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army. Many
authorities now believe that the Black Cultural Association at
Vacaville was the seedling of the SLA. Westbrook even designed the SLA
logo, the cobra with seven heads, and gave De Freeze
his African name of Cinque. The SLA was responsible for the
assassination of Marcus Foster, superintendent of School in Oakland
and the kidnapping of Patty Hearst.
As a counterinsurgency consultant for Systems
Development Corporation, a security firm, Herrmann told the Los
Angeles Times that a good computer intelligence system "would separate
out the activist bent on destroying the system" and then develop a
master plan "to win the hearts and minds of the people". The San
Francisco-based Bay Guardian, recently identified Herrmann as an
international arms dealer working with Iran in 1980, and possibly
involved in the October Surprise. Herrmann is in an English prison for
counterfeiting. He allegedly met with Iranian officials to ascertain
whether the Iranians would trade arms for hostages held in Lebanon.
The London Sunday Telegraph confirmed Herrmann's CIA
connections, tracing them from 1976 to 1986. He also worked for the
FBI. This information was revealed in his London trial.
In the 1970's, Dr. Brian and Herrmann worked together
under Governor Reagan on the Center for the Study and Reduction of
Violence, and then, a decade later, again worked under Reagan. Both
men have been identified as working for Reagan with the Iranians.
The Violence Center, however, died an agonizing death.
Despite the Ervin Senate Committee investigation and condemnation of
mind control, the experiments continued. But when the Watergate
scandal broke in the early 1970's, Washington felt it was too
politically risky to continue to push for mind control centers.
Top doctors began to withdraw from the proposal because
they felt that there were not enough safeguards. Even the Law
Enforcement Assistance Agency, which funded the program, backed out,
stating, the proposal showed "little evidence of established research
ability of the kind of level necessary for a study of this cope".
Eventually it became known that control of the Violence
Center was not going to rest with the University of California, but
instead with the Department of Corrections and other law enforcement
officials. This information was released publicly by the Committee
Opposed to Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners. The disclosure of the
letter resulted in the main
backers of the program bowing out and the eventual demise of the
center.
Dr. Brian's final public statement on the matter was
that the decision to cut off funding represented "a callous disregard
for public safety". Though the Center was not built, the mind control
experiments continue to this day.
The Victims of MK-ULTRA
(Court Records, Senate Testimony and FOIA Documents)
The Central Intelligence Agency held two major interests
in use of LSD. to alter normal behavior patterns. The first interest
centered around obtaining information from prisoners of war and enemy
agents, in contravention of the Geneva Accords. The second was to
deter the effectiveness of drugs used against the enemy on the
battlefield.
The MK-ULTRA program was originally run by a small
number of people within the CIA known as the Technical Services Staff
(TSS). Another CIA department, the Office of Security, also began its
own testing program. Friction arose and then infighting broke out when
the Office of Security commenced to spy on TSS people after it was
learned that LSD was being tested on unwitting Americans.
Not only did the two branches disagree over the issue of
testing the drug on the unwitting, they also disagreed over the issue
of how the drug was actually to be used by the CIA. The office of
Security envisioned the drug as an interrogation weapon. But the TSS
group thought the drug could be
used to help destabilize another country, it could be slipped into the
food or beverage of a public official in order to make him behave
foolishly or oddly in public. One CIA document reveals that L.S.D.
could be administered right before an official was to make a public
speech.
Realizing that gaining information about the drug in
real life situations was crucial to exploiting the drug to its
fullest, TSS started conducting experiments on its own people. There
was an extensive amount of self-experimentation. The Office of
Security felt the TSS group was playing with fire, especially when it
was learned that TSS was prepared to spike an annual office Christmas
party punch with LSD, the Christmas party of the
CIA. L.S.D. could produce serious insanity for periods of eight to 18
hours and possibly longer.
One of the "victims" of the punch was agent Frank Olson.
Having never had drugs before, L.S.D. took its toll on Olson. He
reported that, every automobile that came by was a terrible monster
with fantastic eyes, out to get him personally. Each time a car passed
he would huddle down against a parapet, terribly frightened. Olson
began to behave erratically. The CIA
made preparation to treat Olson at Chestnut Lodge, but before they
could, Olson checked into a New York hotel and threw himself out from
his tenth story room. The CIA was ordered to cease all drug testing.
Mind control drugs and experiments were torturous to the
victims. One of three inmates who died in Vacaville Prison in July of
1991 was scheduled to appear in court in an attempt to stop forced
administration of a drug, the very drug that may have played a role in
his death.
Joseph Cannata believed he was making progress and did
not need forced dosages of the drug Haldol. The Solano County
Coroner's Office said that Cannata and two other inmates died of
hyperthermia, extremely elevated body temperature. Their bodies all
had at least 108 degrees temperature when they died. The psychotropic
drugs they were being forced to take will elevate body temperature.
Dr. Ewen Cameron, working at McGill University in
Montreal, used a variety of experimental techniques, including keeping
subjects unconscious for months at a time, administering huge
electroshocks and continual doses of L.S.D.
Massive lawsuits developed as a result of this testing,
and many of the subjects who suffered trauma had never agreed to
participate in the experiments. Such CIA experiments infringed upon
the much-honored Nuremberg Code concerning medical ethics. Dr. Camron
was one of the members of the Nuremberg Tribunal.
L.S.D. research was also conducted at the Addiction
Research Center of the U.S. Public Health Service in Lexington,
Kentucky. This institution was one of several used by the CIA. The
National Institute of Mental Health and the U.S. Navy funded this
operation. Vast supplies of L.S.D. and other hallucinogenic drugs were
required to keep the experiments going.
Dr. Harris Isbell ran the program. He was a member of
the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory Committee on the Abuse of
Depressant and Stimulants Drugs. Almost all of the inmates were black.
In many cases, L.S.D. dosage was increased daily for 75 days.
Some 1500 U.S. soldiers were also victims of drug
experimentation. Some claimed they had agreed to become guinea pigs
only through pressure from their superior officers. Many claimed they
suffered from severe depression and other psychological stress.
One such soldier was Master Sergeant Jim Stanley. L.S.D.
was put in Stanley's drinking water and he freaked out. Stanley's
hallucinations continued even after he returned to his regular duties.
His service record suffered, his marriage went on the rocks and he
ended up beating his wife and children. It wasn't until 17 years later
that Stanley was informed by the military that he had been an L.S.D.
experiment. He sued the government, but the Supreme Court ruled no
soldier could sue the Army for the LSD experiments. Justice William
Brennen disagreed with the Court decision. He wrote, "Experimentation
with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable."
Private James Thornwell was given L.S.D. in a military
test in 1961. For the next 23 years he lived in a mental fog,
eventually drowning in a Vallejo swimming pool in 1984. Congress had
set up a $625,000 trust fund for him. Large scale L.S.D. tests on
American soldiers were conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground in
Maryland, Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas, Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, and in Europe and
the Pacific. The Army conducted a series of L.S.D. tests at Fort Bragg
in North Carolina. The purpose of the tests were to ascertain how well
soldiers could perform their tasks on the battlefield while under the
influence of L.S.D.
At Fort McClellan, Alabama, 200 officers in the Chemical
Corps were given L.S.D. in order to familiarize them with the drug's
effects. At Edgewood Arsenal, soldiers were given L.S.D. and then
confined to sensory deprivation chambers and later exposed to a harsh
interrogation sessions by intelligence people. In these sessions, it
was discovered that soldiers
would cooperate if promised they would be allowed to get off the
L.S.D.
In Operation Derby Hat, foreign nationals accused of
drug trafficking were given L.S.D. by the Special Purpose Team, with
one subject begging to be killed in order to end his ordeal. Such
experiments were also conducted in Saigon on Viet Cong POWs.
One of the most potent drugs in the U.S. arsenal is
called BZ or quinuclidinyl benzilate. It is a long-lasting drug and
brings on a litany of psychotic experiences and almost completely
isolates any person from his environment. The main effects of BZ last
up to 80 hours compared to eight hours for L.S.D. Negative
after-effects may persist for up to six weeks.
Psychological Warfare Drugs
(Court Records, FOIA Documents, General Accounting
Office investigations)
The BZ experiments were conducted on soldiers at
Edgewood Arsenal for 16 years. Many of the "victims" claim that the
drug permanently affected their lives in a negative way. It so
disorientated one paratrooper that he was found taking a shower in his
uniform and smoking a cigar. BZ was eventually
put in hand grenades and a 750 pound cluster bomb. Other
configurations were made for mortars, artillery and missiles. The bomb
was tested in Vietnam and CIA documents indicate it was prepared for
use by the U.S. in the event of large-scale civilian uprisings.
In Vacaville, psychosurgery has long been a policy. In
one set of cases, experimental psychosurgery was conducted on three
inmates, a black, a Chicano and a white person. This involved the
procedure of pushing electrodes deep into the brain in order to
determine the position of defective brain cells, and then shooting
enough voltage into the suspected area to kill the defective cells.
One prisoner, who appeared to be improving after surgery, was released
on parole, but ended up back in prison. The second inmate became
violent and there is no information on the
third inmate.
Vacaville also administered a "terror drug", Anectine,
as a way of "suppressing hazardous behavior". In small doses, Anectine
serves as a muscle relaxant; in huge does, it produces prolonged
seizure of the respiratory system and a sensation "worse than dying".
The drug goes to work within 30 to 40 seconds by paralyzing the small
muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, and then moves into the the
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The heart rate subsides to 60
beats per minute,
respiratory arrest sets in and the patient remains completely
conscious throughout the ordeal, which lasts two to five minutes. The
experiments were also used at Atascadero.
Several mind altering drugs were originally developed
for non-psychoactive purposes. Some of these drugs are Phenothiazine
and Thorzine. The side effects of these drugs can be a living hell.
The impact includes the feeling of drowsiness, disorientation,
shakiness, dry mouth, blurred vision and an inability to concentrate.
Drugs like Prolixin are described by users as "sheer torture" and
"becoming a zombie".
The Veterans Administration Hospital has been shown by
the General Accounting Office to apply heavy dosages of
psychotherapeutic drugs. One patient was taking eight different drugs,
three antipsychotic, two antianxiety, one antidepressant, one sedative
and one anti-Parkinson. Three of these drugs were being given in
dosages equal to the maximum recommended.
Another patient was taking seven different drugs. One
report tells of a patient who refused to take the drug. "I told them I
don't want the drug to start with, they grabbed me and strapped me
down and gave me a forced intramuscular shot of Prolixin. They gave me
Artane to counteract the Prolixin and they gave me Sinequan, which is
a kind of tranquilizer to make me calm down, which over calmed me, so
rather than letting up on the
medication, they then gave me Ritalin to pep me up."
Prolixin lasts for two weeks. One patient describes how
the drug does not calm or sedate nerves, but instead attacks from so
deep inside you, you cannot locate the source of the pain. "The drugs
turn your nerves in upon yourself. Against your will, your resistance,
your resolve, are directed at your own tissues, your own muscles,
reflexes, etc.." The patient continues, "The pain grinds into your
fiber, your vision is so blurred you cannot read. You ache with
restlessness, so that you feel you have to walk, to pace. And then as
soon as you start pacing, the opposite occurs to you, you must sit and
rest. Back and forth, up and down, you go in pain you cannot locate.
In such wretched anxiety you are overwhelmed because you cannot get
relief even in breathing."
Doctor Jose Delgado: "Man does not have the right to
develop his own mind."
(Congressional Record, New York Times)
"We need a program of psychosurgery for political
control of our society. The purpose is physical control of the mind.
Everyone who deviates from the given norm can be surgically mutilated.
"The individual may think that the most important
reality is his own existence, but this is only his personal point of
view. This lacks historical perspective.
"Man does not have the right to develop his own mind.
This kind of liberal orientation has great appeal. We must
electrically control the brain. Some day armies and generals will be
controlled by electric stimulation of the brain."
These were the remarks of Dr. Jose Delgado as they
appeared in the February 24, 1974 edition of the Congressional Record,
No. 262E, Vol. 118.
Despite Dr. Delgado's outlandish statements before
Congress, his work was financed by grants from the Office of Naval
Research, the Air Force Aero-Medical Research Laboratory, and the
Public Health Foundation of Boston.
Dr. Delgado was a pioneer of the technology of
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB). The New York Times ran an
article on May 17, 1965 entitled Matador With a Radio Stops Wild Bull.
The story details Dr. Delgado's experiments at Yale University School
of Medicine and work in the field at Cordova, Spain. The New York
Times stated:
"Afternoon sunlight poured over the high wooden barriers
into the ring, as the brave bull bore down on the unarmed matador, a
scientist who had never faced fighting bull. But the charging animal's
horn never reached the man behind the heavy red cape. Moments before
that could happen, Dr. Delgado
pressed a button on a small radio transmitter in his hand and the bull
braked to a halt. Then he pressed another button on the transmitter,
and the bull obediently turned to the right and trotted away. The bull
was obeying commands in his brain that were being called forth by
electrical stimulation by the radio signals to certain regions in
which fine wires had been painlessly planted the day before."
According to Dr. Delgado, experiments of this type have
also been performed on humans. While giving a lecture on the Brain in
1965, Dr. Delgado said, "Science has developed a new methodology for
the study and control of cerebral function in animals and humans."
Russian Experiments in Hypnotism and Radio Control of
the Mind
(Scientific papers and books)
The late L.L. Vasiliev, professor of physiology at the
University of Leningrad wrote in a paper about hypnotism: "As a
control of the subject's condition, when she was outside the
laboratory in another set of experiments, a radio set was used. The
results obtained indicate that the method of using radio signals
substantially enhances the experimental possibilities." The professor
continued to write, "I.F. Tomaschevsky (a Russian physiologist)
carried out the first experiments with this subject
at a distance of one or two rooms, and under conditions that the
participant would not know or suspect that she would be experimented
with. In other cases, the sender was not in the same house, and
someone else observed the subject's behavior. Subsequent experiments
at considerable distances were successful. One such experiment was
carried out in a park at a distance. Mental suggestions to go to sleep
were complied with within a
minute."
The Russian experiments in the control of a person's
mind through hypnosis and radio waves were conducted in the 1930s,
some 30 years before Dr. Delgado's bull experiment. Dr. Vasiliev
definitely demonstrated that radio transmission can produce
stimulation of the brain. It is not a complex process. In fact, it
need not be implanted within the skull or be productive of stimulation
of the brain, itself. All that is needed to
accomplish the radio control of the brain is a twitching muscle. The
subject becomes hypnotized and a muscle stimulant is implanted. The
subject, while still under hypnosis, is commanded to respond when the
muscle stimulant is activated, in this case by radio transmission.
Lincoln Lawrence wrote a book entitled Were We
Controlled? Lawrance wrote, "If the subject is placed under hypnosis
and mentally programmed to maintain a determination eventually to
perform one specific act, perhaps to shoot someone, it is suggested
thereafter, each time a particular muscle
twitches in a certain manner, which is then demonstrated by using the
transmitter, he will increase this determination even more strongly.
As the hypnotic spell is renewed again and again, he makes it his
life's purpose to carry out this act until it is finally achieved.
Thus are the two complementary aspects of Radio-Hypnotic Intracerebral
Control (RHIC) joined to reinforce each other, and perpetuate the
control, until such time as the
controlled behavior is called for. This is done by a second session
with the hypnotist giving final instructions. These might be
reinforced with radio stimulation in more frequent cycles. They could
even carry over the moments after the act to reassure calm behavior
during the escape period, or to assure that one conspirator would not
indicate that he was aware of the co-conspirator's role, or that he
was even acquainted with him."
US Experiments in Radio Control of the Mind
(Public Statements of the Principals)
RHIC constitutes the joining of two well known tools,
the radio part and the hypnotism part. People have found it difficult
to accept that an individual can be hypnotized to perform an act which
is against his moral principles. Some experiments have been conducted
by the U.S. Army which show that this popular perception is untrue.
The chairman of the Department of Psychology at Colgate
University, Dr. Estabrooks, has stated, "I can hypnotize a man without
his knowledge or consent into committing treason against the United
States." Estabrooks was one of the nation's most authoritative sources
in the hypnotic field.
The psychologist told officials in Washington that a
mere 200 well trained hypnotists could develop an army of
mind-controlled sixth columnists in wartime United States. He laid out
a scenario of an enemy doctor placing thousands of patients under
hypnotic mind control, and eventually programming key military
officers to follow his assignment. Through such
maneuvers, he said, the entire U.S. Army could be taken over. Large
numbers of saboteurs could also be created using hypnotism through the
work of a doctor practicing in a neighborhood or foreign born
nationals with close cultural ties with an enemy power.
Dr. Estabrooks actually conducted experiments on U.S.
soldiers to prove his point. Soldiers of low rank and little formal
education were placed under hypnotism and their memories tested.
Surprisingly, hypnotists were able to control the subjects' ability to
retain complicated verbal information. J.
G. Watkins followed in Estabrooks steps and induced soldiers of lower
rank to commit acts which conflicted not only with their moral code,
but also the military code which they had come to accept through their
basic training. One of the experiments involved placing a normal,
stable army private in a deep trance. Watkins was trying to see if he
could get the private to attack a superior officer, a cardinal sin in
the military. While the private was in a deep trance, Watkins told him
that the officer sitting across from him was an enemy soldier who was
going to attempt to kill him. In the private's mind, it was a kill or
be killed situation. The private immediately jumped up and grabbed the
officer by the throat. The experiment was repeated several times, and
in one case the man who was hypnotized and the man who was attacked
were very close friends. The results were always
the same. In one experiment, the hypnotized subject pulled out a knife
and nearly stabbed another person.
Watkins concluded that people could be induced to commit
acts contrary to their morality if their reality was distorted by the
hypnotism. Similar experiments were conducted by Watkins using WACs
exploring the possibility of making military personnel divulge
military secrets. A related experiment had to be discontinued because
a researcher, who had been one of the
subjects, was exposing numerous top-secret projects to his hypnotist,
who did not have the proper security clearance for such information.
The information was divulged before an audience of 200 military
personnel.
Dr. Watson's Experiments on Babies
In man's quest to control the behavior of humans, there
was a great breakthrough established by Pavlov, who devised a way to
make dogs salivate on cue. He perfected his conditioning response
technique by cutting holes in the cheeks of dogs and measured the
amount they salivated in response to different stimuli. Pavlov
verified that "quality, rate and frequency of the
salivation changed depending upon the quality, rate and frequency of
the stimuli."
Though Pavlov's work falls far short of human mind
control, it did lay the groundwork for future studies in mind and
behavior control of humans. John B. Watson conducted experiments in
the United States on an 11-month-old infant. After allowing the infant
to establish a rapport with a white rat, Watson began to beat on the
floor with an iron bar every time the infant
came in contact with the rat. After a time, the infant made the
association between the appearance of the rat and the frightening
sound, and began to cry every time the rat came into view. Eventually,
the infant developed a fear of any type of small animal. Watson was
the founder of the behaviorist school of psychology.
"Give me the baby, and I'll make it climb and use its
hands in constructing buildings or stone or wood. I'll make it a
thief, a gunman or a dope fiend. The possibilities of shaping in any
direction are almost endless. Even gross differences in anatomical
structure limits are far less than you may think. Make him a deaf
mute, and I will build you a Helen Keller. Men are built, not born,"
Watson proclaimed. His psychology did not recognize
inner feelings and thoughts as legitimate objects of scientific study,
he was only interested in overt behavior.
Though Watson's work was the beginning of man's attempts
to control human actions, the real work was done by B.F. Skinner, the
high priest of the behaviorists movement. The key to Skinner's work
was the concept of operant conditioning, which relied on the notion of
reinforcement, all behavior which is learned is rooted in either a
positive or negative response to
that action. There are two corollaries of operant conditioning"
Aversion therapy and desensitization.
Aversion therapy uses unpleasant reinforcement to a
response which is undesirable. This can take the form of electric
shock, exposing the subject to fear producing situations, and the
infliction of pain in general. It has been used as a way of "curing"
homosexuality, alcoholism and stuttering. Desensitization involves
forcing the subject to view disturbing images over and over again
until they no longer produce any anxiety, then moving on to more
extreme images, and repeating the process over again until no anxiety
is produced. Eventually, the subject becomes immune to even the most
extreme images. This technique is typically used to treat people's
phobias. Thus, the violence shown on T.V. could be said to have the
unsystematic and
unintended effect of desensitization.
Skinnerian behaviorism has been accused of attempting to
deprive man of his free will, his dignity and his autonomy. It is said
to be intolerant of uncertainty in human behavior, and refuses to
recognize the private, the ineffable, and the unpredictable. It sees
the individual merely as a
medical, chemical and mechanistic entity which has no comprehension of
its real interests.
Skinner believed that people are going to be
manipulated. "I just want them to be manipulated effectively," he
said. He measured his success by the absence of resistance and counter
control on the part of the person he was manipulating. He thought that
his techniques could be perfected to the point that the subject would
not even suspect that he was being manipulated.
Dr. James V. McConnel, head of the Department of Mental
Health Research at the University of Michigan, said, "The day has come
when we can combine sensory deprivation with the use of drugs,
hypnosis, and the astute manipulation of reward and punishment to gain
almost absolute control over an individual's behavior. We want to
reshape our society drastically."
The Navy's Murderers
(Statements of Lt. Commander Thomas Narut, The London
Times)
A U.S. Navy psychologist claims that the Office of Naval
Intelligence had taken convicted murderers from military prisons, used
behavior modification techniques on them, and then relocated them in
American embassies throughout the world. Just prior to that time, the
U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee had censured the CIA for its global
political assassination plots, including plots against Fidel Castro.
The Navy psychologist was Lt. Commander Thomas Narut of the U.S.
Regional Medical Center in Naples, Italy. The information was divulged
at an Oslo NATO conference of 120 psychologists from the eleven nation
alliance.
According to Dr. Narut, the U.S. Navy was an excellent
place for a researcher to find "captive personnel" whom they could
could use as guinea pigs in experiments. The Navy provided all the
funding necessary, according to Narut.
Dr. Narut, in a question and answer session with
reporters from many nations, revealed how the Navy was secretly
programming large numbers of assassins. He said that the men he had
worked with for the Navy were being prepared for commando-type
operations, as well as covert operations in U.S.
embassies worldwide. He described the men who went through his program
as "hit men and assassins" who could kill on command.
Careful screening of the subjects was accomplished by
Navy psychologists through the military records, and those who
actually received assignments where their training could be utilized,
were drawn mainly from submarine crews, the paratroops, and many were
convicted murderers serving military prison sentences. Several men who
had been awarded medals for bravery were drafted into the program.
The assassins were conditioned through "audio-visual
desensitization". The process involved the showing of films of people
being injured or killed in a variety of ways, starting with very mild
depictions, leading up to the more extreme forms of mayhem.
Eventually, the subjects would be able to detach their feelings even
when viewing the most horrible of films. The conditioning was most
successful when applied to "passive-aggressive" types, and most of
these ended up being able to kill without any regrets. The prime
indicator of violent tendencies was the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory. Dr. Narut knew of two Navy programming centers,
the neuropsychiatric laboratory in San Diego and the U.S. Regional
Medical Center in Italy, where he worked.
During the audio-visual desensitization programming,
restraints were used to force the subject to view the films. A device
was used on the subjects eyelids to prevent him from blinking.
Typically, the preliminary film was on an African youth being
ritualistically circumcised with a dull knife and without any
anesthetic. The second film showed a sawmill scene in which a man
accidentally cut off his fingers.
In addition to the desensitization films, the potential
assassins underwent programming to create prejudicial attitude in the
men, to think of their future enemies, especially the leaders of these
countries, as sub-human. Films and lectures were presented demeaning
the culture and habits of the people of the countries where it had
been decided they would be sent.
After his NATO lecture, Dr. Narut disappeared. He could
not be located. Within a week of so after the lecture, the Pentagon
issued an emphatic denial that the U.S. Navy had "engaged in
psychological training or other types of training of personnel as
assassins." They disavowed the programming centers in San Diego and
Naples and stated they were unable to locate Narut, but did provide
confirmation that he was a staff member of
the U.S. Regional Medical Center in Naples.
Dr. Alfred Zitani, an American delegate to the Oslo
conference, did verify Narut's remarks and they were published in the
Sunday Times.
Sometime later, Dr. Narut surfaced again in London and
recanted his remarks, stating that he was "talking in theoretical and
not practical terms." Shortly thereafter, the U.S. Naval headquarters
in London issued a statement indicating that Dr. Narut's remarks at
the NATO conference should be discounted because he had "personal
problems". Dr. Narut never made any further public statements about
the program.
During the NATO conference in Oslo, Dr. Narut had
remarked that the reason he was divulging the information was because
he believed that the information was coming out anyway. The doctor was
referring to the disclosure by a Congressional subcommittee which were
then appearing in the press concerning various CIA assassination
plots. However, what Dr. Narut had failed to realize at the time, was
that the Navy's assassination plots were not destined to be revealed
to the public at that time.
Electromagnetic Control of Human Behavior
(Published scientific papers and press reports)
There were three scientists who pioneered the work of
using an electromagnetic field to control human behavior. Their work
began 25 years ago. These three were Dr. Jose Delgado, psychology
professor at Yale University; Dr. W. Ross Adey, a physiologist at the
Brain Research Institute at UCLA; and Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian.
Dr. Penfield's experiments consisted of the implantation
of electrodes deep into the cortexes of epilepsy patients who were to
undergo surgery; he was able to drastically improve the memories of
these patients through electrical stimulation. Dr. Adey implanted
transmitters in the brains of
cats and chimpanzees that could send signals to a receiver regarding
the electrical activity of the brain; additional radio signals were
sent back into the brains of the animals which modified their behavior
at the direction of the doctor. Dr. Delgado was able to stop and turn
a charging bull through the use of an implanted radio receiver.
Other experiments using platinum, gold and stainless
steel electrode implants enabled researchers to induce total madness
in cats, put monkeys into a stupor, or to set human beings jerking
their arms up and down. Much of Delgado's work was financed by the CIA
through phony funding conduits masking themselves as charitable
organizations.
Following the successes of Delgado's work, the CIA set
up their own research program in the field of electromagnetic behavior
modification under the code name Sleeping Beauty. With the guidance of
Dr. Ivor Browning, a laboratory was set up in New Mexico, specializing
in working with the hypothalamus or "sweet spot" of the brain. Here it
was found that stimulating this area could produce intense euphoria.
Dr. Browning was able to wire a radio receiver-amplifier
into the "sweet spot" of a donkey which picked up a five-micro-amp
signal, such that he could create intense happiness in the animal.
Using the jolts of happiness as an "electronic carrot", Browning was
able to send the donkey up a 2000 foot New Mexico mountain and back to
its point of origin. When the donkey was proceeding up the path toward
its destination, it was rewarded; when it deviated, the signal
stopped. "You've never seen a donkey so eager to keep on course in
your whole life," Dr. Browning exclaimed.
The CIA utilized the electronic carrot technique in
getting trained pigeons to fly miniature microphone-transmitters to
the ledge of a KGB safe house where the devices monitored
conversations for months. There was a move within the CIA to conduct
further experiments on humans, foreigners and prisoners, but
officially the White House vetoed the idea as being unethical.
In May 1989, it was learned by the CIA that the KGB was
subjecting people undergoing interrogation to electromagnetic fields,
which produced a panic reaction, thereby bringing them closer to
breaking down under questioning. The subjects were not told that they
were being placed under the influence of these beams. A few years
earlier, Dr. Ross Adey released photographs and a fact sheet
concerning what he called the Russian Lida machine. This consisted of
a small transmitter emitting 10-hertz waves which makes the subject
susceptible to hypnotic suggestion. The device utilized the outmoded
vacuum-tube design. American POWs in Korea have indicated that similar
devices had been used for interrogation purposes in POW camps.
The ELF Connection
The general, long term goal of the CIA was to find out
whether or not mind control could be achieved through the use of a
precise, external, electromagnetic beam. The electrical activity of
the brain operates within the range of 100 hertz frequency. This
spectrum is called ELF or Extremely Low Frequency range. ELF waves
carry very little ionizing radiation and very low heat, and therefore
do not manifest gross, observable physical effects on living
organisms. Published Soviet experiments with ELFs reveal that there
was a marked increase in psychiatric and central nervous system
disorders and symptoms of stress for sailors working close to ELF
generators.
In the mid-1970s, American interest in combining EMR
techniques with hypnosis was very prominent. Plans were on file to
develop these techniques through experiments on human volunteers. The
spoken word of the hypnotist could be conveyed by modulated
electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious parts of the
human brain without employing any technical devices for receiving or
transacting the messages and without the person
exposed to such influence having a chance to control the information
input consciously.
In California, it was discovered by Dr. Adey that animal
brain waves could be altered directly by ELF fields. It was found that
monkey brains would fall in phase with ELF waves. These waves could
easily pass through the skull, which normally protected the central
nervous system from outside influence.
In San Leandro, Dr. Elizabeth Rauscher, director of
Technic Research Laboratory, has been doing ELF/brain research with
human subjects for some time. One of the frequencies produces nausea
for more than an hour. Another frequency, she calls it the marijuana
frequency, gets people laughing. "Give me the money and three months,"
she says, "and I'll be able to affect the behavior of eighty percent
of the people in this town without their knowing it."
The Devastating Mental and Physical Effect of Microwaves
(Soviet Research, State Department Admissions, Public
Record)
In the past, the Soviet Union has invested large sums of
time and money investigating microwaves. In 1952, while the Cold War
was showing no signs of thawing, there was a secret meeting at the
Sandia Corporation in New Mexico between U.S. and Soviet scientists
involving the exchange of information regarding the biological hazards
and safety levels of EMR. The Soviets possessed the greater
preponderance of information, and the
American scientists were unwilling to take it seriously. In subsequent
meetings, the Soviet scientists continued to stress the seriousness of
the risks, while American scientists downplayed their importance.
Shortly after the last Sandia meeting, the Soviets began
directing a microwave beam at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, using
embassy workers as guinea pigs for low-level EMR experiments.
Washington, D.C. was oddly quiescent, regarding the Moscow embassy
bombardment.
Discovered in 1962, the Moscow signal was investigated
by the CIA, which hired a consultant, Milton Zaret, and code named the
research Project Pandora. According to Zaret, the Moscow signal was
composed of several frequencies, and was focused precisely upon the
Ambassador's office. The intensity of the bombardment was not made
public, but when the State
Department finally admitted the existence of the signal, it announced
that it was fairly low.
There was consensus among Soviet EMR researchers that a
beam such as the Moscow signal was destined to produced blurred vision
and loss of mental concentration. The Boston Globe reported that the
American ambassador had not only developed a leukemia-like blood
disease, but also suffered from bleeding eyes and chronic headaches.
Under the CIA's Project Pandora, monkeys were brought into the embassy
and exposed to the Moscow signal;
they were found to have developed blood composition anomalies and
unusual chromosome counts. Embassy personnel were found to have a 40
percent higher than average white blood cell count. While Operation
Pandora's data gathering proceeded, embassy personnel continued
working in the facility and were not informed of the bombardment until
10 years later. Embassy employees were eventually granted a 20 percent
hardship allowance for their
service in an unhealthful post. Throughout the period of bombardment,
the CIA used the opportunity to gather data on psychological and
biological effects of the beam on American personnel.
The U.S. government began to examine the affects of the
Moscow signal. The job was turned over to the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA). DARPA is now developing
electromagnetic weaponry. The man in charge of the DARPA program, Dr.
Jack Verona, is so important and so secretive that he doesn't even
return President George Bush's telephone
calls.
The American public was never informed that the military
had planned to develop electromagnetic weapons until 1982, when the
revelation appeared in a technical Air Force magazine.
The magazine article stated, "....specifically generated
radio-frequency radiation (RFR) fields may pose powerful and
revolutionary anti-personnel military trends." The article indicated
that that it would be very easy to use electromagnetic fields to
disrupt the human brain because the brain, itself, was an electrically
mediated organ. It further indicated that a rapidly scanning RFR
system would have a stunning or killing capability over a large area.
The system was developable.
Navy Captain Dr. Paul E. Taylor read a paper at the Air
University Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education, at
Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Dr. Taylor was responsible for the
Navy's Radiation Laboratory and had been studying radiation effects on
humans. In his paper, Dr. Taylor
stated, "The ability of individuals to function (as soldiers) could be
degraded to such a point that would be combat ineffective." The system
was so sophisticated that it employed microwaves and millimeter waves
and was transportable by a large truck.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the South Bay,
are working on the development of a "brain bomb". A bomb could be
dropped in the middle of a battlefield which would produce microwaves,
incapacitating the minds of soldiers within a circumscribed area.
Applications of microwave technology in espionage were
available for over 25 years. In a meeting in Berkeley of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science as early as 1965, Professor
J. Anthony Deutsch of New York University, provided an important
segment of research in the field of memory control. In layman terms,
Professor Deutsch indicated that the
mind is a transmitter and if too much information is received, like
too many vehicles on a crowded freeway, the brain ceases to transmit.
The Professor indicated that an excess of acetyl choline in the brain
can interfere with the memory process and control. He indicated excess
amounts of acetyl choline can be artificially produced, through both
the administration of drugs or through the use of radio waves. The
process is called Electronic Dissolution of Memory (EDOM). The memory
transmission can be stopped for as long as the radio signal continues.
As a result, the awareness of the person skips over
those minutes during which he is subjected to the radio signal. Memory
is distorted, and time-orientation is destroyed.
According to Lincoln Lawrence, author of Were We
Controlled, EDOM is now operational. "There is already in use a small
EDOM generator/transmitter which can be concealed on the body of the
person.
Contact with this person, a casual handshake or even
just a touch, transmits a tiny electronic charge plus an ultra-sonic
signal tone which for a short period will disturb the time-orientation
of the person affected....it can be a potent weapon for hopelessly
confusing evidence in the investigation of a crime "
Microwave Transmission of Voices Direct to the Brain
Thirty years ago, Allen Frey discovered that microwaves
of 300 to 3000 megahertz could be "heard" by people, even if they were
deaf, if pulsed at a certain rate. Appearing to be originating just in
back of the head, the sound boomed, clicked, hissed or buzzed,
depending upon the frequency. Later research has shown that the
perception of the waves take place just in front of the ears. The
microwaves causes pressure waves in the brain tissue, and this
phenomenon vibrates the sound receptors in the inner ear through the
bone structure. Some microwaves are capable of directly stimulating
the nerve cells of the auditory pathways.
This has been confirmed with experiments with rats, in
which the sound registers 120 decibels, which is equal to the volume
of a nearby jet during takeoff. Aside from having the capability of
causing pain and preventing auditory communication, a more subtle
effect was demonstrated at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
by Dr. Joseph C. Sharp. Dr. Sharp, himself,
was the subject of an experiment in which pulsed microwave audiograms,
or the microwave analog of the sound vibrations of spoken words, were
delivered to his brain in such a way that he was able to understand
the words that were spoken. Military and undercover uses of such a
device might include driving a subject crazy with inner voices in
order to discredit him, or conveying undetectable instructions to a
programmed assassin.
But the technology has been carried even a step further.
It has been demonstrated by Dr. Ross Adey that microwaves can be used
to directly bring about changes in the electrical patterns of
different parts of the brain. His experiments showed that he could
achieve the same mind control over animals as Dr. Delgado did in the
bull incident. Dr. Delgado used brain implants in his animals, Dr.
Adey used microwave devices without preconditioning. He made animals
act and look like electronic toys.
Nazi Mind Control Experiments
(Report from the US Naval Technical Mission)
At the conclusion of World War Two, American
investigators learned that Nazi doctors at the Dachau concentration
camp in Germany had been conducting mind control experiments on
inmates. They experimented with hypnosis and with the drug mescaline.
Mescaline is a quasi-synthetic extract of the peyote
cactus, and is very similar to LSD in the hallucinations which it
produces. Though they did not achieve the degree of success they had
desired, the SS interrogators in conjunction with the Dachau doctors
were able to extract the most intimate
secrets from the prisoners when the inmates were given very high doses
of mescaline.
There were fatal mind control experiments conducted at
Auschwitz. The experiments there were described by one informant as
"brainwashing with chemicals". The informant said the Gestapo wasn't
satisfied with extracting information by torture. "So the next
question was, why don't we do it like
the Russians, who have been able to get confessions of guilt at their
show trials?" They tried various barbiturates and morphine
derivatives. After prisoners were fed a coffee-like substance, two of
them died in the night and others died later.
The Dachau mescaline experiments were written up in a
lengthy report issued by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission, whose job
it was at the conclusion of the war to scour all of Europe for every
shred of industrial and scientific material that had been produced by
the Third Reich. It was as a result of this report that the U.S. Navy
became interested in mescaline as an
interrogation tool. The Navy initiated Project Chatter in 1947, the
same year the Central Intelligence Agency was formed. The Chatter
format included developing methods for acquiring information from
people against their will, but without inflicting harm or pain. At the
conclusion of the war, the OSS was designated as the investigative
unit for the International
Military Tribunal, which was to become known as the Nuremberg Trials.
The purpose of Nuremberg was to try the principal Nazi leaders. Some
Nazis were on trial for their experiments, and the U.S. was using its
own "truth drugs" on these principal Nazi prisoners, namely Goring,
Ribbentrop, Speer and eight others. The Justice in charge of the
tribunal had given the OSS permission to use the drugs.
The Dachau doctors who performed the mescaline
experiments also were involved in aviation medicine. The aviation
experiments at Dachau fascinated Heinrich Himmler. Himmler followed
the progress of the tests, studied their findings and often suggested
improvements. The Germans had a keen interest in several medical
problems in the field of flying, they were
interested in preventing pilots from slowly becoming unconscious as a
result of breathing the thin air of the high altitudes and there was
interest in enhancing night vision.
The main research in this area was at the Institute of
Aviation in Munich, which had excellent laboratories. The experiments
in relationship to the Institute were conducted at Dachau. Inmates had
been immersed in tubs of ice water with instruments placed in their
orifices in order to monitor their painful deaths. Dr. Hubertus
Strughold, who ran the German aviation medicine team, confirmed that
he had heard humans were used for the Dachau experiments. Hidden in a
cave in Hallein were files recording the Dachau experiments.
Nazi Altitude and Cold Endurance Experiments
On May 15, 1941, Dr. Sigmund Rascher wrote a letter to
Himmler requesting permission to use the Dachau inmates for
experiments on the physiology of high altitudes. Rascher lamented the
fact that no such experiments have been done using human subjects.
"The experiments are very dangerous and we cannot attract volunteers,"
he told Himmler. His request was approved.
Dachau was filled with Communists and Social Democrats,
Jews, Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies, clergymen, homosexuals, and people
critical of the Nazi government. Upon entering Dachau, prisoners lost
all legal status, their hair was shaved off, all their possessions
confiscated, they were poorly
fed, and they were used as slaves for both the corporations and the
government. The SS guards were brutal and sadistic. The idea to test
subjects at Dachau was really the brain child of Erich Hippke, chief
surgeon of the Luftwaffe.
Between March and August of 1942 extensive experiments
were conducted at Dachau regarding the limits of human endurance at
high altitudes. These experiments were conducted for the benefit of
the German Air Force. The experiments took place in a low-pressure
chamber in which altitudes of up to 68,000 feet could be simulated.
The subjects were placed in the chamber and the altitude was raised,
many inmates died as a result. The survivors often suffered serious
injury. One witness at the Nuremberg trails, Anton Pacholegg, who was
sent to Dachau in 1942, gave an eyewitness account of the typical
pressure test:
"The Luftwaffe delivered a cabinet constructed of wood
and metal. It was possible in the cabinet to either decrease or
increase the air pressure. You could observe through a little window
the reaction of the subject inside the chamber. The purpose of these
experiments was to test human energy and the subject's capacity...to
take large amounts of pure oxygen, and then to test his reaction to a
gradual decrease in oxygen. I have
personally seen through the observation window of the chamber when a
prisoner inside would stand a vacuum until his lungs ruptured. Some
experiments gave men such pressure in their heads that they would go
mad and pull out their hair in an effort to relieve the pressure. They
would tear their heads and face with their fingers and nails in an
attempt to maim themselves in their madness. They would beat the walls
with their hands and head and scream in an effort to relieve pressure
in their eardrums. These cases of extreme vacuums generally ended in
the death of the subjects."
The former prisoner also testified, "An extreme
experiment was so certain to result in death that in many instances
the chamber was used for routine execution purposes rather than an
experiment." A minimum 200 prisoners were
known to have died in these experiments.
The doctors directly involved with the research held
very high positions: Karl Brandt was Hitler's personal doctor; Oskar
Schroeder was the Chief of the Medical Services of the Luftwaffe; Karl
Gebhardt was Chief Surgeon on the Staff of the Reich Physician SS and
Police and German Red Cross President; Joachim Mrugowsky was Chief of
the Hygienic Institute of the
Waffen SS; Helmut Poppendick was a senior colonel in the SS and Chief
of the Personal Staff of the Reich Physicians SS and Police; Siegfried
Ruff was Director of the Department of Aviation Medicine.
The first human guinea pig was a 37 year old Jew in good
health. Himmler invited 40 top Luftwaffe officers to view a movie of
an inmate dying in the pressure chamber. After the pressure chamber
tests, the cold treatment experiments began. The experiments consisted
of immersing inmates in freezing water while their vital signs were
monitored. The goal was to discover the cause of death. Heart failure
was the answer. An inmate
described the procedures:
"The basins were filled with water and ice was added
until the water measured 37.4 F and the experimental subjects were
either dressed in a flying suit or were placed in the water naked. The
temperature was measured rectally and through the stomach. The
lowering of the body temperature to
32 degrees was terrible for experimental subjects. At 32 degrees the
subject lost consciousness. They were frozen to 25 degrees. The worst
experiment was performed on two Russian officer POWs. They were placed
in the basin naked. Hour after hour passed, and while usually after a
short time, 60 minutes, freezing had set in, these two Russians were
still conscious after two hours. After the third hour one Russian told
the other, 'Comrade, tell that officer to shoot us.' The other
replied, 'Don't expect
any mercy from this Fascist dog.' Then they shook hands and said
goodbye. The experiment lasted at least five hours until death
occurred.
"Dry freezing experiments were also carried out at
Dachau. One subject was put outdoors on a stretcher at night when it
was extremely cold. While covered with a linen sheet, a bucket of cold
water was poured over him every hour. He was kept outdoors under
sub-freezing conditions. In subsequent experiments, subjects were
simply left outside naked in a court
under freezing conditions for hours. Himmler gave permission to move
the experiments to Auschwitz, because it was more private and because
the subjects of the experiment would howl all night as they froze. The
physical pain of freezing was terrible. The subjects died by inches,
heartbeat became totally irregular, breathing difficulties and lung
endema resulted, hands and feet became frozen white." As the Germans
began to lose the war, the aviation doctors began too keep their names
from appearing in Himmler's files for fear of future recriminations.
The Nazi doctors who experimented on the inmates of
prison camps during World War Two were tried for murder at the
Nuremberg Tribunal. The accused were educated, trained physicians,
they did not kill in anger or in malice, they were creating a science
of death. Ironically, in 1933, the Nazi's
passed a law for the protection of animals. The law cited the
prevention of cruelty and indifference to animals as one of the
highest moral values of a people, animal experimentation was
unthinkable, but human experimentations were acceptable. The victims
of the crime of these doctors numbered into the thousands.
US Contempt for International Human Experimentation
Protocols
In 1953, while the Central Intelligence Agency was still
conducting mind control and behavior modification on unwitting humans
in this country, the United States signed the Nuremberg Code, a code
born out of the ashes of war and human suffering. The document was a
solemn promise never to tolerate such human atrocities again. The Code
maintains three fundamental
principles:
1.The subjects of any experimentation must be volunteers
who thoroughly understand the purpose and the dangers of the
experiments.
2.They must be free to give consent and the consent must
be without pressure and they must be free to quit the experiments at
any time.
3.The experiments must be likely to yield knowledge
which is valuable to everyone. The knowledge must
be such that it could not be gained in any other way.
The experiments must be conducted by only the most
competent doctors, and they must exercise extreme care.
The Nazi aviation experiments met none of these
conditions. Most inmates at Dachau knew that the experiments in the
pressure chamber were fatal. From the very beginning, control of the
experiments was largely in the hands of the SS, which was later judged
to be a criminal organization by the Nuremberg Tribunal.
Despite our lessons from Nuremberg and the death camps,
the CIA, U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps targeted specific
groups of people for experimentation who were not able to resist,
prisoners, mental patients, foreigners, ethnic minorities, sex
deviants, the terminally ill, children
and U.S. military personnel and prisoners of war.
They violated the Nuremberg Code for conducting and
subsidizing experiments on unwitting citizens. The CIA began its mind
control projects in 1953, the very year that the U.S. signed the
Nuremberg Code and pledged with the international community of nations
to respect basic human rights and to prohibit experimentation on
captive populations without full and free
consent.
Dr. Cameron, a CIA operative, was one of the worst
offenders against the Code, yet he was a member of the Nuremberg
Tribunal, with full knowledge of its testimony. In 1973, a three judge
court in Michigan ruled, "experimental psychosurgery, which is
irreversible and intrusive, often leads to the blunting of emotions,
the deadening of memory, the reduction of affect, and limits the
ability to generate new ideas. Its potential for
injury to the creativity of the individual is great and can infringe
on the right of the individual to be free from interference with his
mental process.
"The state's interest in performing psychosurgery and
the legal ability of the involuntarily detained mental patient to give
consent, must bow to the First Amendment, which protects the
generation and free flow of ideas from unwarranted interference with
one's mental processes."
Citing the Nuremberg Code, the court found that "the
very nature of the subject's incarceration diminishes the capacity to
consent to psychosurgery."
In 1973, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts enacted
regulations which would require informed written consent from
voluntary patients before electroshock treatment could be performed.
Senator Sam Ervin's Committee lashed out bitterly at the
mind control and behavior modification experiments and ordered them
discontinued, they were not.
The New England Journal of Medicine states, that the
consent provisions now in place are "no more than an elaborate
ritual." They called it "a device that when the subject is uneducated
and uncomprehending, confers no more than a semblance of propriety on
human experimentation."
The Nuremberg Tribunal brought to light that some of the
most respected figures in the medical profession were involved in the
vast crime network of the SS. Only 23 persons were charged with
criminal activity in this area, despite the fact that hundreds of
medical personnel were involved. The defendants were charged with
crimes against humanity. They were found guilty of planning and
executing experiments on humans without their consent, in a cruel and
brutal manner which involved severe torture, deliberate murder and
with the full knowledge of the gravity of their deeds. Only seven of
the defendants were sentenced to death and hanged, others received
life sentences. Five who were involved in the experiments
were not tried. Ernest Grawitz committed suicide, Carl Clauberg was
tried in the Soviet Union, Josef Mengele escaped to South America and
was later captured by Israeli agents, Horst Schumann disappeared and
Siegmund Rascher was executed by Himmler.
US Use of Dachau Data and "Friendly" Nazi Doctors
There were 200 German medical doctors conducting these
medical experiments. Most of these doctors were friends of the United
States before the war, and despite their inhuman experiments, the U.S.
attempted to rebuild a relationship with them after the war. The
knowledge the Germans had accumulated at the expense of human life and
suffering, was considered a "booty of war", by the Americans and the
Russians.The Americans tracked
down Dr. Strughold, the aviation doctor who was in charge of the
Dachau experiments.
With full knowledge that the experiments were conducted
on captive humans, the U.S. recruited the doctors to work for them.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his personal approval to exploit the
work and research of the Nazi's in the death camps.
Within weeks of Eisenhower's order, many of these
notorious doctors were working for the U.S. Army at Heidelberg. Army
teams scoured Europe for scientific experimental apparatus such as
pressure chambers, compressors, G-force machines, giant centrifuges,
and electron microscopes. These doctors were wined and dined by the
U.S. Army while most of Germany's post-war citizens virtually starved.
The German doctors were brought to the U.S. and went to
work for Project Paperclip. All these doctors had been insulated
against war crime charges. The Nuremberg prosecutors were shocked that
U.S. authorities were using the German doctors despite their criminal
past.
Under the leadership of Strughold, 34 scientists
accepted contracts from Project Paperclip, and were moved to Randolph
Air Force Base at San Antonio, Texas. The authorization to hire these
Nazi scientists came directly for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The top
military brass stated that they wished to exploit these rare minds.
Project Paperclip, ironically, would use Nazi doctors to develop
methods of interrogating German prisoners of war.
As hostilities began to build after the war between the
Americans and the Russians, the U.S. imported as many as 1000 former
Nazi scientists.
In 1969, Americans landed on the moon, and two groups of
scientist in the control center shared the credit, the rocket team
from Peenemunde, Germany, under the leadership of Werner von Braun,
these men had perfected the V-2s which were built in the Nordhausen
caves where 20,000 slave laborers from
prison camp Dora had been worked to death. The second group were the
space doctors, lead by 71-year-old Dr. Hubertus Strughold, whose work
was pioneered in Experimental Block No. 5 of the Dachau concentration
camp and the torture and death of hundreds of inmates. The torture
chambers that was used to slowly kill the prisoners of the Nazi's were
the test beds for the apparatus that protected Neil Armstrong from
harm, from lack of oxygen, and
pressure, when he walked on the moon.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Napa Sentinel would like to
acknowledge the exceptional contribution of radio commentator David
Emory and his extensive archives. Other source material included:
Acid Dreams by Martin Lee & Bruce Shlain
From the Belly of the Beast, Jack Henry Abbott
Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118, Feb. 24, 1974:
testimony of Jose Delgado
The Glass House Tapes, by Louis Tackwood
The Great Heroin Coup, by Henrik Kruger
"Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior
Modification," 93rd Congress, 2nd Session, 1974. Sam Ervin Senate
Subcommittee on Constitutional 'Rights
The Last Hero, Wild Bill Donovan, by Anthony Cave Brown
Mind Control, by Peter Schrag
The Mind Stealers, by Samuel Chavkin
"Matador with a radio stops wild bull," New York Times,
May 17, 1965
Operation Mind Control, Water Bowart
The Phoenix Program, Douglas Valentine
The Physical Control of the Mind, Jose M. R. Delgado, MD
The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Alfred McCoy
"Role of Brain Disease in Riots and urban Violence," by
Vernon H. Mark, Frank R. Ervin, and William H. Sweet. Journal of the
American Medical Association, September 11, 1967.
San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 28, 1991
"Convict Talks of 1984 Arms Talks With Iran," San
Francisco Chronicle, December 29, 1986
San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1973
Guy Wright Column, San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1987
BR>
Sunday Times, July 1975.
Violence and the Brain, by Vernon H. Mark and Frank R.
Ervin
War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of
Psychology, by Peter Watson
Were We Controlled? - by Lincoln Lawrence
"Why Was Patricia Hearst Kidnapped?" by Mae Brussell,
The Realist
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright © FreeAmerica and Harry V. Martin, 1995
Copyright © Napa Sentinel, 1991