"The Sacral Kingship: contributions to the central theme of the VIIIth International Congress for the History of Religions"...Leiden: Brill, 1959.

L'Orange, Hans Peter...."Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World"...1982

"The later Roman Empire cherished a dream of a World Restorer..a Restitutor Orbis, who would turn back the destructive forces and nenovate Roman Civilization with some sort of divine aid." (Geoffrey Ashe: 1985..pg v)

"The Kingdom in Ancient Persia mirrored the rule of the sun. The King was titled 'The Axis of the World'. Circular walls of the city were traced with a compass on a north-south/east-west axis. In the very center of the city, the palace (kal'ah) is situated and here sits the king as the universal power." (Sacral: 1959..pg 482)...

"The King as a reflection of the world god constantly appears together with and below his heavenly prototype. See the palace reliefs at Persepolis and the Achaemenian seals. Above soars the god and below him the great King is represented in the gesture of omnipotence. This is the true Eastern conception of the relationship between heaven and earth. The reflection of the cosmos of heavenly kingship, in the earthly sovereignty of the Sun in that of the Great King." (Sacral Kingship: 1959..pg 489)

"In the magnificent throne rooms of Ancient Persia, the astral religion passed to the Persians from the Chaldeans left a picture of a heavenly hierarchy: As the stars surround the Sun, so great lords surround the king in his palace (kal' ah). As Sun he is the all determining astral power. In his hand rests the fate of all his subjects." (Sacral Kingship: 1959..pg 485)...

"The elevation of the Persian Sun King at the Nauroz feast strikingly resembles that of the Byzantine Sun emperor at his coronation." (Sacral Kingship: 1959..pg 491)...

"The Persian Kings ruled by divine Grace and as a sign of it were granted the Hvareno, a fiery aurole." (Jacquetta Hawkes: Man and the Sun: 1962,pg 180)

ECBATANA.(Hamadan)..rich province in northern Persia. Surrounded by mountain ranges. Near the Tarum River. Eastward was the Great Desert of Persia. Capital..."Ecbatana, a circular city. Strong walls one within the other, seven in all and within the final circle the royal palace (kal'ah). The highest and innermost wall was lined with gold. The next outer wall was lined with silver. The next wall was painted orange. The next blue. The next red. The next black. The outermost and lowest wall was painted white. The king sat in the inner circle of his palace was seen by no one and all business was transacted by messengers." (Grene: "Herodotus History"..1987..pg 81)

MITHRAIC TRADITION...."On the map of Shambhala, this is evidently the region of Mithras, the Persian God of Light, whose cult later penetrated into Tibet as the Bon religion."..(Kuznetsov: 1970..pg 571)..."As a mounted horseman armed with bow and arrows and accompanied by the lion, Mithra himself was the 'verethraghnem' bearer of invisible 'hvareno'. The arrow represents the radiant energy of invisible wind which brings the vital change. The mounted Mithra rides with the swiftness of the wind. According to tradition, a fiery form in the shape of a man riding a fiery horse would bring in the 'fraskart', or final restoration of the world....The 'xvarr' fire which gives character, or spirit, to man was the invisible fire located in the breast of kings. The Vedic Surya, denoted the gleam of the rising sun or stimulating force (pra-sava: pre-impulse) which was in all forms of life and the governor of their fortunes. The eastern order runs counter-clockwise and requires either a northern or eastern orientation on the part of the spectator. The western order runs clockwise. 'Asa' (Asha) is the law of the cosmic wheel. In Mithraic iconography, the Sky has an eye in the form of a long solar ray that penetrates the world-cave. The Sun was known in the Rig Veda as the eye of Mithra. The Indo-European words for king: (rig, rajan, rex, rix, ric) means not only to regulate and direct, but also to shine with luster. The divine right of the king was derived from the brilliance and sovereignty of the sky itself; therefore it was fitting that his palace should be the 'padak' of the sun. 'Thumos' was essentially heat in the breath and body. The spirited or courageous power (thumoeides) is located in the heart (kardia). 'Arya' means faithful, loyal friend, helper, and is the root of the name of Aryans. The rising sun marked one part of the day, which was divided into five parts. The arrow has to do with the bringing down of sky-potency. The Sanskrit root for arrow (isu) means to send for and is related to 'isa' which is strength or vigor. In modern Persian, the word 'tir' means not only an arrow but also power and strength. The horse is black by nature but the part exposed to the sun is brilliant and bright. The sky was formed of a more or less transparent crystalline substance. The Scorpion symbol is common throughout Mithraic symbolism... If the cosmic man joins in himself the highest power of the essence (xvarr) of sovereignity (sahr)[Ge Sahr?] with the highest power of the essence of the Good..."..(Campbell, L..."Mithraic Iconography and Ideology"...Leiden: 1968)..."The Avestan Hymn to Mithra dates to at least 500 BC...Mithra was worshipped 10 centureis before this. The Avestan name Mithra means 'contract'..Indo-Aryan contracts were concluded in front of a blazing fire, as oaths were sworn in the presence of water."...(Gershevitch:1959..pg 30)...

MITHRAS..."One of Mithra's duties is to protect the Kingly Fortune or Divine Glory (Khrrarnah or Farr), which only legitimate rulers were priviledged to possess. In this connection he is associated with warriors. He carries a silver spear, wears a golden cuirass and is armed with golden weapons." (Curtis: 1993..pg 14)...

MINISTERS...."sMug po rong is followed by four ministers (blon chen)." (Blondeau: 1996..pg 125)

UNIVERSAL MONARCH...(khor lo sgyur ba'i rgyal po) (Sk: chakravartin)...emperor...."(khor lo sgyur rgyal)...King Mangpo Kurwa (Mahasammata) was the first legendary 'universal monarch' of India. The world famous ancestor Senge Dram (Simha Hanu) was the 47th in the lineage of Universal Monarchs." (Norbu: 1995..pg 206)..."Universal Monarch: (Tib: khor los bsgyur ba) A secular equivalent of enlightenment...one whose reign ushers in a golden age of civilization and culture."..(Nalanda: 1980..pg 344)...

"Two thousand years ago, the regions from the British Isles to the Pacific were ruled by four emperors: Roman, Parthian, Kushan, and Chinese. An ancient Chinese text refers to these four rulers as the '4 sons of heaven' between whom the universe was divided." (Gafurov: 1968 pg 8)...

"The basic idea is that an atmospheric or celestial divinity descended through the different levels of the atmosphere to an axis mundi, a mountain beneath the center of the sky. This takes place in order to establish sovereignty. From 'The Scroll of the Words of the Ministers': They could not stand up to the four great kings of the four cardinal points'." (Bonnefoy:1991...pg 1086)

EGYPT..."The ancient Egyptian King had the obligation to maintain a divine order called 'maat'. The Egyptian notion of 'vital force' was called 'Ka'. The ka is born with the King as his twin and his protective genius. The placenta was sacred and buried under his Ka tree. To die is to go to one's ka. Death is a crisis during which the vital force, the ka, leaves the body. The god is the Ka of the King. The Ka is power. The Ka is an impersonal vital force which can charge any object. The 'Ba' is bird shaped, with human head and arms. The Ba possesses power. (Frankfort: "Kingship and the Gods", Chicago: 1948, pg 61)...

PHARAOH...."The divine power which is manifest in the sun surpasses all. The dignity of the Pharaoh appears as reflected glory. Society is an inalienable part of the cosmic order and the king functions on the plane of the gods as well as on the plane of humans. The sun represents the divine in form surpassing the divinity of kings." (Frankfurt: 1948...pg 159)