Please Read This First
An Examination of the Mormon Godhead
By Shaun Aisbitt
Introduction
The purpose of this article is to look at the Mormon Godhead
though the writings of Mormonism. It is written expressly for the
purpose of those who would consider Mormons to be Christian, without
researching the background to Mormonism. This article is written by a
Bible believing Christian, with no denominational bias. It is not
written to criticize or 'Bible-bash' Mormons, just to warn of their false teachings, and help us gain an insight into the Mormon's theology of the Godhead. In writing this article, I will use various Mormon writings to expound on their
doctrine of the Godhead, and any other related doctrines that fall
within the scope of the Godhead (eg: The Incarnation, Holy Spirit,
the Trinity, God's immutability). If a discrepancy appears due to a
contradictory statement expressed or taught elsewhere in their
writings or their Scriptures (as there are many!)I will include both.
As the writings and doctrines of Mormonism could easily fill many
large books, I have limited this article to just one area of
doctrine, the doctrine of the Godhead.
I must state at this point that Mormons claim they are the only
true Christians, especially to the unaware and prospects that their way is the
only way, and every other church is apostate. I also purposely chose
to examine Mormonism due to it's claims in section eight of it's
"Articles of Faith", which state "...the Book of Mormon is also
the Word of God (1)". Many of their writings they claim has the
stamp of Divine Authority. Alongside these claims is their belief
that the current Prophet (head of their organization) speaks on
behalf of God, and his word is also regarded as Scripture. I shall
let the reader see Mormonism is not a Christian denomination based on the material presented.
Mormon Godhead
The founder of Mormonism, the late Prophet Joseph Smith
(1805-1844) ridiculed the Trinity, believing it to be an invention of
man. Whenever he preached on God, he spoke in the plural, as is
evident in one of his books of Scripture the 'Book of Abraham'. He is
recorded as saying in one of his public speeches:
Many say there is one God; the Father, the Son and the Holy
Ghost are only one God. I say that is a strange God anyhow- three in
one, and one in three! It is a curious organization all are crammed
into one God according to Sectarianism [Christian faith]. It would be
the biggest God in all the world. He would be a wonderfully big God-
he would be a giant or a monster.(2)
He further made this claim which was recorded in the Mormon
Scriptures "Doctrine and Covenants" section 130:22
"The Father has a body of flesh and bones as tangible as man's;
the Son also; but the Holy Ghost has not a body of flesh and bones
but is a personage of spirit...Were it not so, the Holy Ghost could
not dwell in us. A man may receive the Holy Ghost, and it may descend
upon him, and not tarry with him.(3)"
So according to the founder of Mormonism, God has a body of flesh
and bones as tangible as man's. This is a revelation to Mormons
supposedly from God, as are all the prophecies prefaced in the
publication 'Doctrine & Covenants'. Another revelation of
Mormonism's founder appears in his recorded teachings:
"I will preach on the plurality of Gods. I have always declared
God to be a distinct personage, Jesus Christ a separate and distinct
personage from God the Father, and the Holy Ghost was a distinct
personage and a Spirit: and these three constitute three distinct
personages and three Gods"(4)
A later revelation was received by Joseph Smith's successor
Brigham Young which reveals to us a little more about the God whom
Mormons worship:
"Now hear it, O inhabitants of the earth, Jew and Gentile,
saint and sinner, When our father Adam came into the garden of Eden,
he came into it with a celestial body and brought eve, one of his
wives with him. He helped to organise this world. He is our Father
and our God and the only God with whom we have to do."(5)
For many years the Mormon church have denied this awesome
revelation was ever given, even though it was restated as doctrine by
other Mormon leaders. The Adam-God doctrine is a touchy subject to
Mormons, some break-offs believe it still, though the official stance
is that Brigham Young was misunderstood, or had a few of his own
unique ideas. The problem is, it is a doctrine of the Mormon church
that when the current prophet, or any of their past prophets speak,
what proceeds out of their mouths is to be regarded as scripture!.
Therefore there are some who believe still in the Adam-God doctrine.
The Mormon Apostle and modern day theologian Bruce R. McConkie allows
us a better insight into the Mormon view of the Godhead in his work
"Mormon Doctrine" this way:
"Mormons do in fact have many gods"(4)
He further goes on to state
"Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, comprise the Godhead. As each of
these persons is a God, it is evident, from this standpoint alone,
that a plurality of Gods exists. To us, speaking in the proper finite
sense, these three are the only Gods we worship. But in addition
there is an infinite number of holy personages, drawn from worlds
without number, who have passed on to exaltation and are thus
gods"(5)
McConkie simply seems to say that Mormons worship three gods, a
sort of tritheism, rather than Trinitarianism. His questioning of the
Christian view of the Godhead, almost seems like a mockery,
questioning and ridiculing the orthodox stance:
Who or what is God? Is he the incomprehensible, uncreated,
immaterial nothingness described in the creeds of Christendom. A
three-in-one nothingness, a spirit essence filling immensity, an
incorporeal, uncreated being incapable of definition or mortal
comprehension, an unknown God who does not appear to men?(6)
The current Mormon theologian James E. Talmage having studied the
creeds of Christianity which speak of God having an immaterial nature
had this to say:
The immateriality of God as asserted in these declarations of
sectarian faith is entirely at variance with the scriptures, and
absolutely contradicted by the revelations of God's person and
attributes. We affirm that to deny the materiality of God's person is
to deny God; for a thing without parts has no whole, and an
immaterial body cannot exist. The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints proclaims against the incomprehensible God, devoid
of "body parts, or passions," as a thing impossible of existence, and
asserts its belief in and allegiance to the true and living God of
scripture and revelation.(7)
Bruce McConkie gives us a clue as to why Mormons don't agree with
the orthodox definition of the Trinity, or Godhead. Included in this
quote from his 'Mormon Doctrine' book, is a glimpse of the "Inspired
Version" of the scriptures, as 'edited' by Joseph Smith:
False creeds teach that God is a spirit essence that fills the
immensity of space and is everywhere and nowhere in particular
present. In a vain attempt to support this doctrine, formulated by
councils in the early days of the great apostasy, it is common for
apologists to point to the statement in the King James Bible which
says "God is a Spirit" (John 4:22-24). The fact is that this passage
is mistranslated; instead, the correct statement, quoted in context
reads: "The hour cometh, and, now is, when the true worshippers shall
worship the Father in spirit and in truth; for the Father seeketh
such to worship him. For unto such hath God promised his Spirit. And
they who worship him, must worship in spirit and in truth, (Inspired
Version, John 4:25-26).(8)
The Mormon belief of God the Father
At this juncture I believe the Mormon view of the Godhead get very
blurred. So I have systematically divided the Mormon view of each
member of the Trinity into single sections.
Regarding God the Father, Joseph Smith explained,
God Himself was once as we are now, and is an exalted man, and
sits enthroned in yonder heavens! That is the great secret, if you
were to see him today, you would see him like a man in form. I am
going to tell you how God came to be God. We have imagined and
supposed that God was God from all eternity. I will refute that idea,
and take away the veil, so that you may see. He was once a man like
us; yea, that God himself, the father of us all, dwelt on an earth,
the same as Jesus Christ Himself did"(9)
A descendant of his, by the same name, and holding the title of
Prophet, Joseph Feilding Smith went even further to reveal more about
this Mormon God:
"God the Father is married and there is a Mother God"(10)
Orson Pratt, one of the original founders of Mormonism had this to
say regarding the day to day business of the Mormon God:
In the Heaven where our spirits were born, there are many Gods,
each one of whom has his own wife or wives which were given to him
previous to his redemption, while yet in his mortal state. Each God,
through his wife or wives, raises up a numerous family of sons and
daughters. As soon as each God has begotten many millions of male and
female spirits, he in connection with his sons, organizes a new
world, after a similar order to the one we now inhabit, where he
sends both the male and female spirits to inhabit tabernacles of
flesh and bones. The inhabitants of each world are required to
reverence, adore and worship their own personal father who dwells in
the Heaven which they formerly inhabited.(11)
So to summarise this section on God the Father of the
Mormons, God has a body of flesh and bones, and wasn't always
eternal, but is an exalted man. His name is Elohim, and was possibly
at one stage Adam. There are many other Gods with him. He is married,
possibly with many wives, and has had millions of spirit children. He
organized (NB: He Didn't 'Create') the planet earth, and populated it
with these spirit children.
The Mormon Jesus
At this point I believe it is necessary to look at the Mormon
doctrines regarding Jesus. Brigham Young second prophet of the church
stated:
"The birth of the Saviours was a natural as are the births of
our children; it was the result of natural action. He partook of
flesh and blood, was begotten of his Father, as we were of our
father"(12)
Note the plural 'Saviours', no clues are given for this
wording. Further revelations come from Mormon Apostle Bruce McConkie
where he explains:
"And Christ was born into the world as a literal Son this Holy
Being; he was born in the same personal, real, and literal sense that
any mortal son is born to a mortal father. He was begotten, conceived
and born in the normal and natural course of events. There is nothing
figurative about his paternity; for he is the Son of God, and that
designation means what it says"(13)
In the same work he also states:
"Christ was begotten by an Immortal Father in the same way that
mortal men are begotten by mortal fathers"(14)
The question that begs to be asked is "Was Jesus even born
of a virgin?", according to these quotes, God 'procreated' him in the
normal sense of the word. Who was His mother, Mary or some unknown
God-Mother?. Apparently Jesus was not the only Son of God, in fact He
is the brother of Lucifer according to Milton Hunter of the LDS First
Council of the Seventy.
"The appointment of Jesus to be the Saviour of the world was
contested by one of the other sons of God. He was called Lucifer, son
of the morning. Haughty, ambitious, and covetous of power and glory,
this spirit-brother of Jesus desperately tried to become the Saviour
of mankind"(15)
This Mormon Jesus was also polygamously married and 'procreated'
according to Orson Hyde, one of the original founders and witnesses
to the Book of Mormon:
"I discover that some of the Eastern papers represent me as a
great blasphemer, because I said, in my lecture on Marriage, at our
last Conference, that Jesus Christ was married at Cana of Galilee,
that Mary, Martha, and others were his wives, and that he begat
children. All that I have to say in reply to that charge is this -
they worship a Saviour that is too pure and holy to fulfil the
commands of his Father. I worship one that is just pure and holy
enough 'to fulfil all righteousness;' not only the righteous law of
baptism, but the still more righteous and important law 'to multiply
and replenish the earth.' Startle not at this! for even the Father
himself honoured that law by coming down to Mary, without a natural
body, and begetting a son; and if Jesus begat children, he only 'did
that which he had seen his Father do"(16)
Where are these children of Jesus'?. Does He have anyone who
claims to be a descendent of Him?. Joseph Smith's successor Brigham
Young also made this claim when he explained:
"This same truth is borne out by the Saviour. Said he,
when talking to his disciples:`He that hath seen me hath seen the
Father;' and, `I and my Father are one.' The Scripture says that He,
the Lord, came walking in the Temple, with His train; I do not know
who they were, unless His wives and children"(17)
Why do Mormon teachers teach this about Jesus?. The answer
lies in the Mormon scriptures where no-one can be exalted to "eternal
lives" without being married in this lifetime (Doctrine &
Covenants 132:7, 13, 15-16, 19-22). And that had to include the
Mormon Jesus.
Now on to the reason Jesus came, to redeem mankind through His
sacrifice on the Cross according to the Bible. Unfortunately the
extent of Jesus' atonement for sins is not enough for the Mormons.
The Mormons have an ineffectual sacrifice in Christ Jesus, according
to Joseph Feilding Smith, 10th Prophet of the church:
"But man may commit certain grievous sins - according to his
light and knowledge - that will place him beyond the reach of the
atoning blood of Christ. If then he would be saved he must make
sacrifice of his own life to atone - so far as in his power lies -
for that sin, for the blood of Christ alone under certain
circumstances will not avail. Do you believe this doctrine? If not,
then I do say you do not believe in the true doctrine of the
atonement of Christ!"(18)
Thus, in Mormon theology, Jesus is not the final and sole
provider of salvation. This doctrine elevates the blood of the worst
of sinners above the blood of Christ. He further gives us an insight
into the mystery of Jesus' incarnation, and why Jesus' sacrifice
wasn't really enough:
The Saviour did not have a fullness [of deity] at first, but
after he received his body and the resurrection all power was given
unto him both in heaven and on earth Although he was a God, even the
Son of God, with power and authority to create this earth and other
earths, yet there were some things lacking in which he did not
receive until after his resurrection. In other words, he had not
received the fullness until he got a resurrected body.(19)
Can Mormons actually say this is the same Jesus of the
Bible?. This Mormon Jesus cannot be the sinless sacrifice for mankind
if He sinned, and He did according to Orson Hyde's quote. And if the
Fullness of Deity did not dwell in Him bodily, then how much of deity
did actually dwell in Him?.
The Mormon Holy Spirit / Holy Ghost
We now turn to the Holy Spirit, or as in Mormon belief, the
doctrines of the Holy Spirit and the Holy Ghost. In Mormonism a
distinction is drawn between the Holy Ghost and the Holy Spirit. I
quote for further clarification Mormon President Joseph Feilding
Smith as published in Bruce McConkie's Mormon Doctrine, regarding the
churches understanding of the difference between the Holy Spirit and
the Holy Ghost:
"The Holy Spirit is not a person but rather an impersonal
force. The Holy Ghost as a personage of Spirit can no more be
omnipresent in person than can the Father or the Son. It is not the
Holy Ghost who in person lighteth every man who is born into the
world, but it is the light of Christ, the Spirit of truth, which
proceeds from the source of intelligence, which permeates all nature,
which lighteth every man and fills the immensity of space. You may
call it the Spirit of God, you may call it the influence of God's
intelligence, you may call it the substance of his power; no matter
what it is called, it is the spirit of intelligence that permeates
the universe and gives to the spirits of men understanding, The
Spirit of God which emanates from Deity may be likened to
electricity, which fills the earth and the air, and is everywhere
present"(20)
McConkie further stated in his volume on Mormon Doctrine:
"The Holy Ghost is the third member of the Godhead. He is a
Personage of Spirit, a Spirit Person, a Spirit Man, a Spirit Entity.
He can be in only one place at one time, and he does not and cannot
transform himself into any other form or image than that of the Man
whom he is"(21)
Thus, according to Mormon theology, the Holy Ghost is a
personage of spirit who is not omnipresent; rather, He is a deity
capable of being in only one place at one time. The Holy Spirit,
frequently used in many Mormon writings interchangeably with the
terms Spirit of the Lord, Spirit of God, Spirit of Truth, Spirit of
Christ, Light of Christ, etc., is an inanimate force - likened to
electricity - which itself has no thought, compassion or sense of
holy purpose, but as a power is employed by the Holy Ghost to
accomplish His purposes. This power or force is said to be everywhere
present, much like "the Force" in the Star Wars movies, thus allowing
the Mormon's finite Holy Ghost to exert His influence throughout the
universe. Our last quote regarding the Mormon Holy Ghost gives us an
insight of the function of the Holy Ghost. The Mormon author and
authority on Mormon Scriptures James Talmage, asserts that the Holy
Ghost is the sole possession of the Mormon higher priesthood of
Melchizedek to confer as they choose:
The Holy Ghost may be regarded as the minister of the Godhead,
carrying into effect the decisions of the Supreme Council [of Gods].
The power of the Holy Ghost is thespirit of prophecy and revelation.
God grants the gift of the Holy Ghost unto the obedient, the
authority to so bestow the Holy Ghost belongs only to the higher or
Melchizedek Priesthood.(22)
So the Holy Ghost is a person, regarded as the minister of
the Godhead, and limited to the personal space that a human may have.
His 'influence' is the Holy Spirit, also known as the spirit of
prophecy and revelation, which isn't a person but just what it says,
an 'influence'.
Mankind's relationship to the Godhead
Lastly, in order to understand the Mormon's God's relationship to
man, and man's relationship to the Mormon God, I believe these quotes
will help to enlighten the reader. Bruce McConkie pulls back the veil
of uncertainty regarding man's pre-existence with God, and his being
born as a 'spirit child' or the term Mormon theologians use 'atman':
Spirit entities as such, in their organized form as the
off-spring of Deity, have not existed as long as God has, for he is
their Father, and he begat them as spirits. Thus, there are two
principals: 1) That "man was also in the beginning with God," meaning
that the spirits of men were created, begotten, and organized, that
they came into being as spirits at the time of their spirit birth;
and 2) That "intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or
made, neither can be" (D&C, 93:29), meaning that spirit element,
"the intelligence of spirits, 'the substance from which they were
created as entities, has always existed and is as eternal as God
himself.'"(23)
The Mormon Prophet Lorenzo Snow when asked to sum up
Mormonism and man's destiny gave this quote in the Mormon monthly
magazine 'Ensign':
"As man now is, God once was; as God now is, man may
be."(24)
This means that every worthy married male, according to the
standards of Mormonism, will become a god and rule over their own
planet. But what about the women? That question was answered by
Joseph Fielding Smith, tenth prophet of the Church, when he spoke of
Man's salvation or exaltation as it is called in Mormonism.
"The Father has promised us that through our faithfulness we
shall be blessed with the fullness of his kingdom. In other words we
will have the privilege of becoming like him. To become like him we
must have all the powers of godhood; thus a man and his wife when
glorified will have spirit children who eventually will go on an
earth like this one we are on and pass through the same kind of
experiences, being subject to mortal conditions, and if faithful,
then they also will receive the fullness of exaltation and partake of
the same blessings. There is no end to this development; it will go
on forever. We will become gods and have jurisdiction over world, and
these world will be peopled by our own offspring. We will have an
endless eternity for this"(25)
So Mormon faithful's are to become gods, with full godly powers,
god-wives and associated attributes of godhood according to the
Mormon definition of God. On a personal note, I do recall if I'm not
mistaken, a serpent telling Eve that she and her husband Adam would
become like gods, if they would just ignore God's commands and follow
his (the serpents) suggestions, seems like the devil never really
changes his script.
Conclusion
To conclude this article, I would like to review and summarise the
major points of Mormonism's Godhead. I draw no conclusions, I leave
such a task to the reader, to decide if Mormonism can be regarded as
Orthodox Christianity.
1. There is no Trinity, just three Gods who work together to rule
over this planet.
2. God the Father has a body of flesh and bones, was a man at one
stage, and has God-wives. He brought Jesus into being through normal
procreation with one of his God-wives, and when it was time for Jesus
to come to earth, he procreated with Jesus' natural earth mother,
Mary.
3. Jesus was polygamously married and had children. He is the
spirit brother of Lucifer, the Devil. His blood, shed on the cross is
not effectual for some sins. He didn't have the fullness of deity
while here on earth, he earned that later.
4. The Holy Spirit is a force or influence, guided by the Holy
Ghost. The Holy Ghost is not omnipresent, rather he limited to
personal space as occupied by a person.
5. Man, if he becomes a Mormon and fulfills his duties diligently,
will become a god, with god wives. They will procreate millions of
spirit children who will help to form and populate their own planet
for all eternity.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Footnotes:
1Smith, Joseph: Articles of Faith: Salt Lake City, UT: The Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1981
2Smith, Joseph F. The Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Salt
Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1984
ed (p.372)
3Smith, Joseph. Doctrine and Covenants. Salt Lake City, UT: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1990.
4Smith, Joseph F. The Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Salt
Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1984
ed.(P.370)
5Brigham Young: Journal of Discourses Vol.6 pg.50 : Desert Book
Company / Salt Lake City, UT. 1992 (Reprint)
4McConkie, Bruce R. Mormon Doctrine. Salt Lake City, UT:
Bookcraft, 1977.
5IBID.
6McConkie, Bruce. The Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, Matthew
- Revelation. Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft, 1976-1977 (3 Vols.)
(Vol.2 p.113)
7Talmage, James E. A Study of the Articles of Faith. Salt Lake
City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1977.
(P.48)
8McConkie, Bruce R. Mormon Doctrine. Salt Lake City, UT:
Bookcraft, 1977. (P.318)
9Smith, Joseph F. History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints. Salt Lake City, UT: Desert Book Company, 1973. 8.Vols.
(Vol.6 P.305)
10Smith, Joseph F. Answers to Gospel Questions. Compiled by Joseph
Feilding Smith Jr. Salt Lake City, UT: Desert Book Company, 1976. 4
Vols. (Vol.3 pp 143-144)
11Pratt, Orson. The Seer. Washington, DC. Photo Reprints,
1853-1854. (Pp.37-38)
12Young, Brigham. Journal of Discourses. London: Latter-Day
Saints' Book Depot, 1854-56 8 Vols. (Vol.8 P.115)
13McConkie, Bruce: Mormon Doctrine, (p.742)
14IBID (p.547)
15Hunter, Milton R. The Gospel Through the Ages. Salt Lake City,
UT: Desert Book Company, 1958. (P.15)
16Hyde, Orson. Journal of Discourses. London: Latter-Day Saints'
Book Depot, 1854-56 (Vol.2 P.210)
17Young, Brigham. Journal of Discourses. London: Latter-Day
Saints' Book Depot, 1862-66 (Vol.13 P.309)
18Smith, Joseph F. Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons and Writings of
Joseph Feilding Smith, Compiled by Bruce R. McConkie. Salt Lake City,
UT: Bookcraft (3 Vols.) (Vol.1, Pg.134)
19Smith, Joseph F. Doctrines of the Gospel: Student Manual. Salt
Lake City, UT: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1986
(Texts for Religion pp.231-232)
20McConkie, Bruce. Mormon Doctrine. (pp. 752-753)
21IBID. (p.359)
22Talmage, James E. The Articles of Faith. Salt Lake City, UT: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1982 (p.160)
23McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, (p.77)
24Snow, Lorenzo. Ensign. Salt Lake City, UT: Desert News Press.
(February 1982 pp.39-40)
25Smith, Joseph F. Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons and Writings of
Joseph Feilding Smith, Compiled by Bruce R. McConkie. Salt Lake City,
UT: Bookcraft (3 Vols.) (Vol.2, Pg.48)
Bibliography
Christian Publications:
John Ankerberg, John Weldon. Behind the Mask of Mormonism. Eugine,
Oregon: Harvest House Publishers 1992
Josh McDowell, Don Stewart. Concise Guide to Today's Religions.
Hearts, UK: Scripture Press Foundation. 1992
Ron Rhodes, Marian Bodine. Reasoning from the Scriptures with the
Mormons. Eugine, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers 1995
Walter Martin. Kingdom of the Cults. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
Bethany House Publishers. 1985 (36th ed.)
Primary Source Mormon Publications:
Bruce R. McConkie (comp). Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons
and Writings of Joseph Feilding Smith, Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft
(3 Vols.) n.d
________________ Mormon Doctrine. Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft,
1977
________________The Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, Matthew -
Revelation. Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft, 1976-1977 (3 Vols.)
Brigham Young. Journal of Discourses. London: Latter-Day Saints'
Book Depot,
James E. Talmage A Study of the Articles of Faith. Salt Lake City,
UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1977.
______________The Articles of Faith. Salt Lake City, UT: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1982
Joseph Smith. Articles of Faith: Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1981
___________ Doctrine and Covenants. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1990.
Joseph Feilding Smith Jr. (Comp.) Answers to Gospel Questions.
Salt Lake City, UT: Desert Book Company, 1976. 4 Vols.
Joseph Feilding Smith. Doctrines of the Gospel: Student Manual.
Salt Lake City, UT: CHURCH of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1986
(Texts for Religion Series, Brigham Young University)
__________________History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints. Salt Lake City, UT: Desert Book Company, 1973. 8.Vols.
__________________ The Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Salt
Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1984
Lorenzo Snow. Ensign. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret News Press.
Milton R. Hunter The Gospel Through the Ages. Salt Lake City, UT:
Desert Book Company, 1958.
Orson Pratt. The Seer. Washington, DC. Photo Reprints, 1853-1854.
_________________________________________________________________________________
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