m and
m emission', Adv. Space Res.9(3), (3)3-(3)11.
Greenberg, R., Wedenschilling, S.J, Chapman, C.R., and Davis, D.R.
(1984): `From icy planetesimals to outer planets and comets', Icarus59, 87-113.
Grim, R.J.A., and Greenberg, J.M. (1987): `Photoprocessing
of H
S in interstellar grain mantles as an explanation for S
in comets', Astron. Astrophys.181, 155-168.
Haruyama, J., Yamamoto, T., Mizutani, H., and Greenberg, J.M. (1993):
`Thermal history of comets during residence in the Oort cloud: Effect of
radiogenic heating in combination with the very low thermal conductivity
of amorphous ice', J. Geophys. Res.98, , No. E8, pp. 15,079-15,090.
Hayashi, C. (1981): `Structure of the solar nebula, growth and
decay of magnetic fields and effect of magnetic and turbulent viscosities
on the nebula', Suppl. Prog. Theor. Phys. No. 70, 35-53.
Hayashi, C., Nakazawa, K., and Nakagawa, Y. (1985): `Formation
of the solar system', in Protostars & Planets II, eds. C.D.
Black and M.S. Matthews, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1100 - 1153.
Jewitt, D. and Luu, J. (1992): `Discovery of candidate Kuiper belt
object 1992QB
', Nature362, 730-732.
Keller, H.U., Arpigny, C., Barbieri, C., Bonnets, R.M., Cazes, S.,
Corandini, M., Cosmovici, C.B., Delamere, W.A., Huebner, W.F., Hughes,
D.W., Jamar, C., Malaise, D., Reitsema, H.J., Schmidt, H.U., Schmidt, W.H.K.,
Seige, P., Whipple, F.L., and Wilhelm (1986): `First Halley multicolour
camera imaging results from Giotto'. Nature321, 320-326.
Klinger, J. (1975): `Low-temperature heat conduction in pure, monocrystalline
ice', J. Glaciol.14(72), 517-528.
Klinger, J. (1980): `Influence of a phase transition of ice on the
heat and mass balance of comets', Science 209, 271-272.
Kouchi, A. (1987): `Vapour pressure of amorphous
ice and its astrophysical implications', Nature330, 550-552.
Kouchi, A. (1990): `Evaporation of H
O-CO ice and its astrophysical implications', J. Crystal Growth99, 1220-1226.
Kouchi, A., Greenberg, J.M., Yamamoto, T., Mukai, T. (1992a):
`Extremely Low Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Ice: Relevance to Comet
Evolution', Astrophys. J.388, L73 - L76.
Kouchi, A., Greenberg, J.M., Yamamoto, T., Mukai, T. (1992b):
`A New Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Ice: Preservation
of Protosolar Nebula Matter in Comets', in Physics and Chemistry of
Ice, eds. N. Maeno and T. Hondoh, Hokkaido Univ. Press, pp. 229
- 236.
Kouchi, A., Yamamoto, Kozasa, T., Kuroda, T., and Greenberg,
J.M. (1994): `Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous
ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices', Astron. Astrophys.209, 1009-1018.
Kozasa, T., and Hasegawa, H. (1987): `Grain formation through
nucleation process in astrophysical environments. II', Prog. Theor.
Phys.77, 1402-1410.
Kusaka, T., Nakano, T., and Hayashi, C. (1970): `Growth of solid particles
in the primordial solar nebula'. Prog. Theor. Phys.44, 1580-1595.
Laufer, D.E., Kochvi, E., and Bar-Nun, A. (1987): `Structure
and dynamics of amorphous water ice', Phys. Rev.B36,
9219-9227.
Levasseur-Regourd (1992): `Comets and constraints on the solar system
formation', Highlights of Astronomy, Vol. 9, pp, 347 -
354.
Lewis, J.S. (1974): `The temperature gradient in the solar nebula',
Science186, 440-443.
Lewis, J.S., and Prinn, R.G. (1980): `Kinetic inhibition
of CO and
reduction in the solar nebula', Astrophys. J.238, 357-364.
Lunine, J.I. (1989): `Primitive bodies: Molecular abundances
in Comet Halley as probes of cometary formation environment', The Formation
and Evolution of Planetary Systems, eds. H.A. Weaver, L. Danley, and
F. Paresce, Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge, pp. 213-242.
Moore, M.H., Donn, B., and Hudson, R.L. (1988): `Vaporization
of ices containing S
- Implications for comets', Icarus74, 399-412.
Moore, M.H., Donn, B., Khanna, R., and A'Hearn, M.F.
(1983): `Studies of proton-irradiated cometary-type ice mixtures', Icarus54, 388-405.
Mumma, M. J. and Weissman, P.R., and Stern, S.A. (1993): `Comets and
the origin of the solar system: reading the Rosetta stone', in Protostars
and Planets III, eds. E.H. Levy and J.I. Lunine, Univ. Arizona Press,
Tucson, pp. 1177-1252.
Prialnik, D., Bar-Nun, A., and Podolak, M. (1987):
`Radiogenic heating of comets by
Al and implications for their time of formation', Astrophys. J.319, 993-1002.
Prinn, R.G., and Fegley, B., Jr. (1989): `Solar nebula
chemistry: Origin of planetary, satellite, and cometary volatiles', Origin
and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, eds. S. Atrea,
J. Pollack, and M. Matthews, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 78-136.
Protostars & Planets II (1985), eds. C.D. Black and M.S.
Matthews, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Protostars and Planets III (1993), eds. E.H. Levy and J.I.
Lunine, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Rickman, H. (1989), `The nucleus of comet Halley: Surface structure,
mean density, gas and dust production', Adv. Space, Res.9(3),
(3)59-(3)71.
Rickman, H. (1991), `The thermal history and structure of cometary
nuclei', in Comets in the Post-Halley Era, Vol. 2, eds. R.L.
Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston,
pp. 733-760.
Ringwood, A.E. 1979, Origin of the Earth and Moon, Springer-Verlag,
p.33.
Robert, S.C. (ed.) (1984), Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks,
vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Sagdeev, R.Z., Szabó, F., Avanesov, G.A., Cruvellier, P., Szabó,
L., Szegö, K., Abergel, A., Balazs, A., Barinov, I.V., Bertaux, J.-L.,
Blamont, J., Detaille, M., Demarelis, E., Dul'nev, G.N., Endröczy,
G., Gardos, M., Kanyo, M., Kostenko, V.I., Krasikov, V.A., Nguyen-Trong,
T., Nyitrai, Z., Reny, I., Rusznyak, P., Shamis, V.A., Smith, B., Sukhanov,
K.G., Szabó, F., Szala, S., Tarnopolsky, V.I., Toth, I., Tsukanova,
G., Valnícekcek, B.I., Varhalmi, L., Zaiko, Yu. K, Zatsepin, S.I.,
Ziman, Ya. L., Zsenei, M., and Zhukov, B.S. (1986): `Television observations
of comet Halley from Vega spacecraft', Nature321, 262-266.
Sandford, S.A., and Allamandola, L.J. (1988): `The condensation
and vaporization behavior of H
O:CO ices and implications for interstellar grains and cometary activity',
Icarus76, 201-224.
Sandford, S.A., Allamandola, L.J., Tielens, A.G.G.M.,
and Valero, G.J. (1988): `Laboratory studies of the infrared spectral
properties of CO in astrophysical ices', Astrophys. J.329,
498-510.
Schmitt, B., Espinasse, S., Grim, R.A.J, Greenberg, J.M., and
Klinger, J. (1989): `Laboratory studies of cometary ice analogues', Proc.
Symposium on the Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP278, pp. 613-619.
Schmitt, B., and Klinger, J. (1987): `Different trapping
mechanisms of gases by water ice and their relevance for cometary nuclei',
Proc. Symposium on the Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278,
pp. 613-619.
Schmitt, B., Greenberg, J.M., and Grim, R.J.A. (1989):
`The temperature dependence of the CO infrared band strength in CO:
ices', Astrophys. J.340, L33-L36.
Weidenshilling, S.J. 1980, `Dust to planetesimals', Icarus44, 172-189.
Weidenshilling, S.J. 1984, `Evolution of grains in a turbulent solar
nebula', Icarus60, 555-567.
Weidenshilling, S.J. and Cuzzi, J.N. 1993, `Formation of planetesimals
in the solar nebula', Protostars and Planets III, ed. E.H. Levy
and J.L. Lunine, Tucson, Univ. of Arizona Press, 1031-1060.
Whipple, F.L., and Stefanik, R.P. (1966): `On the physics
and splitting of cometary nuclei', Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège,
Sér. 5, 12, 33-52.
Yabushita, S. and Wada, K. (1988): `Radioactive heating and layered
structure of cometary nuclei', Earth, Moon, and Planets40,
303-313.
Yamamoto, T. (1985a): `Formation environment of cometary nuclei
in the primordial solar nebula', Astron. Astrophys.142,
31-36.
Yamamoto, T. (1985b): `Formation history and environment of cometary
nuclei', Ices in the Solar System, eds. J. Klinger, D. Benest, A.
Dollfus, and R. Smoluchowski, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 205-219.
Yamamoto, T. (1991): `Chemical theories on the origin of comets',
in Comets in the Post-Halley Era, Vol. 1, eds. R. Newburn,
M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 361-376.
Yamamoto, T., and Hasegawa, H (1977): `Grain formation through
nucleation process in astrophysical environment', Prog. Theor. Phys.58, 816-828.
Yamamoto, T., and Kozasa, T. (1988): `The cometary nucleus
as an aggregate of planetesimals', Icarus75, 540-551.
Yamamoto, T., Mizutani, H. and Kadota, A. (1994): `Are 1992QB1 and
1993FW Remnant Planetesimals?', Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan46,
L5-L9.
Yamamoto, T., Nakagawa, N., and Fukui, Y. (1983): `The
chemical composition and thermal history of the ice of a cometary nucleus',
Astron. Astrophys.122, 171-176.
Table 1. Properties of abundant elements
(
K,
atm)
Table 2. Abundance of molecules in the coma of comet Halley
(Compiled Mumma et al., 1993)
Note: The suffices indicate crystalline structure of
ices; `as' stands for amorphous, `c' for cubic, and `h' for hexagonal.
Table 4. Abundance of radiogenic nuclides and their heating rate
*From Anders and Grevesse (1989). The values are relative to unit mass
of C1 chondrite.
for
Al is based on the
Al/
Al ratio of
as was deduced from Ca-Al rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites (Clayton
et al., 1988).
From Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks (Robert, 1984) for
K,
Th,
U, and
U. For
Al the data were taken from Table of Radioactive Isotopes (Brown
et al., 1986).