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Chance,
you might say, was a learning experience for me. He was my first
"purchased" German Shepherd, and was of West German showlines or sometimes
referred to as "high lines". I had "high" hopes for him.
Dreams of conformation showing and Schutzhund were meant for him. However, as many
have learned, purchasing a puppy from a reputable breeder and studying the background of
the pup cannot always safeguard one from heart break. Sadly, Chance was found to be
dysplastic after prelim x-rays were completed.
Though his ancestors
were either OFA'd by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals or had received the
"a" stamp, he still developed serious hip dysplasia. It is very important
that the puppy buyer look at only puppies from OFA'd or "a" stamped
parents. Also, if possible one should attempt to research past offspring from the
parents or what their lines are producing. (See HD Zuchtwert.) A
contract guaranteeing against hip dysplasia (and other health concerns) is something
that a puppy buyer should request though it does not shield one from heart ache.
Most importantly, any dog with hip dysplasia should be spayed/neutered and never be bred
in order for the gene to not be passed further on by that dog.
Canine Hip Dysplasia...
...something every German
Shepherd owner
or potential owner needs to know about!
The most common
structural problem affecting dogs is hip dysplasia.
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a general description of malformation of the hip joint that
ultimately leads to arthritis. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket arrangement that allows
for mobility of the dog's rear. The ball is the femoral head, the knob at the top of the
upper leg bone or femur. The socket is the acetabulum, a scooped out area on the pelvic
structure. The two parts must fit together and be lubricated by sufficient joint fluid to
maintain structural soundness and avoid arthritis. Hip dysplasia is joint malformation
that occurs when the ball and socket are misaligned, loosely fitted, or misshapen.
Dysplastic dogs experience pain, generally are not as active as healthy dogs, and may need
expensive corrective surgery as they age.
Hip dysplasia is an inherited condition and diagnosis before breeding is necessary to keep
breeding stock healthy and limit the occurrence of the disease in offspring.
Nutrition also plays a part: studies show that puppies pushed to rapid growth manifest
more hip problems than siblings allowed to grow at a slower rate. Many veterinarians
recommend that puppies be fed adult maintenance dog foods with less than 25 percent
protein and be kept slightly hungry so their bones are not pushed into rapid growth that
may be detrimental to good hip formation.
Hip dysplasia can be diagnosed only by x-ray of the hip joint. The Orthopedic Foundation
for Animals pioneered hip dysplasia diagnosis with the hip extended x-ray to check for
joint malformation and arthritic changes, but its method cannot measure joint looseness.
PennHip, the method developed at
the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, takes up the slack; it
measures joint laxity as well as identifying joint malformation and arthritic changes to
help breeders decide which dogs to breed and which to remove from a breeding program.
Hip dysplasia can be mild or debilitating. Mild cases may need no more than an occasional
aspirin; moderate cases can be corrected by surgery, and severe cases can result in
painful crippling and euthanasia, even of pups less than a year old.
Myths about hip dysplasia abound and obscure both the seriousness of the disease and the
opportunity to reduce its occurrence. For example, the presence or absence of hip
dysplasia cannot be detected by observation. Dogs that seem perfectly agile as pups and
young adults may actually be mildly dysplastic in one or both hips. Diagnosis is possible
only by x-rays of the dog's hips.
Breeders can choose from several methods of hip dysplasia diagnosis. Dogs can be x-rayed
as puppies and the pictures submitted to one of three registries. The Orthopedic
Foundation for Animals is a nonprofit foundation that uses readings by three radiologists
to read each x-ray. If the dog is less than two years old, OFA issues a preliminary hip
status report. If the dog is older than two, they report that the dog is either dysplastic
or not and, if not, how it rates in comparison with other dogs of its breed. This second
rating is issued as fair, good, or excellent.
PennHip, the system developed at the University of Pennsylvania and now owned by
International Canine Genetics, uses a series of three different x-rays to determine the
dog's hip status. The Institute for Genetic Disease Control uses the same x-rays as
required by OFA but will report a dog as dysplastic or not at 12 months of age. Any
veterinarian experienced in x-ray procedures can take pictures for an OFA or GDC reading.
Only those specifically trained in the PennHip method can submit to
that registry.
The American Kennel Club includes OFA certification numbers in its records of each
registered dog and prints them on litter registration papers.
Puppy buyers should ask breeders for certification that breeding stock has been certified
free of hip dysplasia by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals or PennHIP, the testing
process of International Canine Genetics. In order to pass the test, dog hips must be
x-rayed and evaluated by canine radiologists. OFA will evaluate x-rays of dogs two years
old and older and issue a number certifying that the dog has fair, good, or excellent
hips. PennHIP evaluates the hips by looking at joint looseness as well as bone formation.
Unfortunately, there are no guarantees; even if breeders go to the expense of hip x-rays
and breed only those with good or excellent hips, puppies can still develop bad hips.
In the past few years, some radicals have blamed purebred breeders for the incidence of
hip dysplasia and used this accusation to encourage people to adopt mixed breed dogs from
shelters. But the charge does not echo the facts on two fronts: actually, responsible
breeders lead the effort to eliminate hip dysplasia and mixed breed or crossbred dogs can
also have the disease. Any breed or mix can be dysplastic; however, there are almost
no statistics regarding the incidence of hip dysplasia in non-purebreds as these dogs are
seldom x-rayed.
Puppy buyers can help the effort by purchasing purebred puppies only from breeders who
x-ray their breeding stock and provide a contract that stipulates some recourse if the pup
does develop dysplasia. Owners or adopters of non-purebred dogs can also help by
sterilizing their pets before they become sexually mature to prevent any possibility of
producing affected offspring.
Article courtesy of "The
Dog Owner's Guide" .
The best tool for breeders in the fight against
canine hip dysplasia (CHD), to come along in years, is the SV's HD
Zuchtwert, or Breed Value Assessment Number (HD ZW). The HD ZW number is an estimation
of the probability that a dog will produce progeny with CHD.
A hip score should be
within the acceptable limits of 100. Any number over
100 indicates that the sire (or dam) is producing HD. The lower the number,
the better. The better producers always have a hip index in the low 80's or
high seventies. When a breeding is planned in Germany now, the average index of the two
parents must by 100 or lower. If both parents have not produced much yet, then this
number will be pretty close to 100 - which means it will take a while before a true
indicator can become available. There is much
pressure now on the SV to eliminate this average and require that both
parents have a hip index below 100 in order to be bred.
(Thank you Peggy
Glanz for this information.)
To learn more, visit this site
for a further description provided by John Paver regarding the HD Zuchtwert.
OFA - What Does It Mean?
What does the OFA number
mean???
For Example: GS-34412E24M-T.
GS= German Shepherd.
34412 is the number they
give the dog.
E= Excellent. Good hips
would get "G", fair hips would get "F".
M= Male (Female would be F.)
24= The age at which the dog
was certified in months.
T= The dog was tattooed
***
Puppy Food or Adult Food? When To Change?
In an earlier post re: calcium
supplementation of young dogs, I had said, "Many people don't even feed puppy foods
as they *encourage rapid bone growth and weight gain which are other proven risk factors*
for orthopedic problems." I received a private post asking for proof of this, the
poster saying "I have yet to see any manuscripts in refereed scientific journals.
There are plenty of antecdotal reports, but nothing solid."
Well, there's plenty to be found in
the journals; here are three citations. I decided to post it to the whole list, as I think
it will probably be of interest to many (all are from peer reviewed veterinary journals):
See "Special Symposium,
Osteochondrosis: How to identify and treat its manifestations in dogs" by Steven M.
Fox, MS, DVM and Alexander M. Walker, BVSc, MACVSc, in Veterinary Medicine (a
peer-reviewed journal), Feb. 1993, pp 116-153. On page 121 it says, "the etiology of
OCD is multifactorial. The most consistent finding in experimental and clinical studies
incriminates rapid growth and weight gain. Most dogs affected with [OCD] are of medium to
large size. And male dogs, which generally grow faster than female dogs, are affected
twice as often as females. The relationship between nutrition, hormonal disturbances, and
genetic factors for rapid growth and disturbances of endochondral
osteogenesis suggests a metabolic origin...Dietary factors incriminated in OCD are
high-energy, high-protein diets, excessive intake of calcium and phosphorus, and
imbalances of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Excessive intake of nutrients
accelerates growth and induces hormonal disturbances. In an experimental study in Great
Dane puppies, free-choice feeding resulted in increased growth and multiple skeletal
abnormalities. The high-protein, high-carbohydrate diet accelerated both growth and weight
gain, and excessive calcium intake caused a persistently high level of
calcitonin...Regardless of the specific nutrients involved, there is general agreement
that the incidence and severity of OCD can be substantially reduced by normalizing the
diet and slowing the rate of growth and weight gain." (Several studies were cited)
Also, from "Effects of dietary
electrolyte balance on subluxation of the femoral head in growing dogs", by RD
Kealey, et al. (8 authors on this one), Am J Vet Res, Vol. 54, No. 4, April 1993 (pp
555-562): "Although hip dysplasia has a genetic basis, several studies have indicated
that its development can be influenced by excess food consumption, weight gain, or both.
Increased weight gain from excess consumption accelerated development of hip dysplasia,
whereas slower weight gain during the first several months of life delayed the appearance
or reduced the severity of hip dysplasia." (Several studies were cited)
And from "Effects of limited
food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs", by RD Kealy et
al., in JAVMA, Vol. 201, No. 6, Sept. 15, 1992 (pp 857-863), "The first report of a
correlation of early rapid growth and wight gain to severity of CHD was published in
1964...In a study of Gread Danes, it was shown that excessive intake of food accelerated
growth thereby contributing to the development of hip dysplasia. In a study of 31
dogs...with a high parental frequency of hip dysplasia, it was found that CHD was more
frequent, developed earlier, and became more severe in dogs with rapid weight gain caused
by increased caloric intake, compared with dogs with low weight gain because of restricted
feeding." And in the discussion of this study, "On the basis of our findings in
the long-term study reported here, limited food intake has a beneficial effect on
development of the hip joints in growing and adolescent dogs. Labrador Retrievers fed 25%
less food than those fed ad libitum had less hip joint laxity when they were 30 weeks old
than their ad-libitum-fed counterparts. Furthermore, by maintaining the
dogs on the same feeding regimen until they were 2 years old, this beneficial effect was
still present at that age, as demonstrated by the significantly lower frequency of hip
dysplasia in the limit-fed dogs. Our findings confirm what has been suggested in previous
studies that used fewer dogs, but that included Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers,
and German Shepherd Dogs."
Quite frankly, I'm puzzled by the
fact that vets and PhD's keep asking me for proof that should be readily available to
them. I had to e-mail this same info to the vet over on the PetCare Nutrition board here
on AOL. My reading (and as a lay person, it's not as easy for me to get my hands on this
stuff as it should be for a vet ) plus the advice of my veterinarian and respected
breeders who have few orthopedic problems in their lines, has convinced me that puppy
foods are not a good idea for large and giant breeds. So, I stand by my statement.
PS-JAVMA is the Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Assoc.
Contributed by Kathy P.
Please visit Golden Retrievers in Cyberspace and see how you can help a Golden.
Links to Information On Canine Hip Dysplasia:
The Influence of
Nutrition on Canine Hip Dysplasia
Canine Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Resources
Five Misconceptions
About Hip Dysplasia
You Be The Judge - PennHIP
and OFA
Genetic,
Nutritional and Enviromental Factors
Surgical Options for CHD
Alternatives to Rimadyl
HD and Diet
Molecular Genetics of Hip
Dysplasia
Information Page On The SV
Website regarding the HD ZW
HD Zuchtwert - Breed Value Assessment Number
~~~~~~~~~
Exercise is
beneficial to the dog with HD. HD is NOT a death sentence.
Visit here and see a dog
with HD carting!
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