34. Montessori’s idea of “prepared environments” suggests that A) Child choice is not an important part of early childhood education B) Individual activities should be focused on specific content or facts C) Teachers should create activities with clearly defined instructions D) All of the above are true
35. Which of the following is not a category of activity used by the Montessori program? A) daily-living exercises B) scientific facts C) sensory experiences D) artistic/cultural materials
36. Whose theoretical perspective advocates direct instruction? A) Montessori B) Piaget C) Vygotsky D) Skinner
37. Behaviorist approaches are most successful at A) Developing mental organization of sensation and perception B) Promoting scientific, academic knowledge C) Shaping behavior on specific activities D) Fostering conceptual development across all domains
38. Because behaviorist programs emphasize _______ they are most effective at helping children master ____________. A) direct instruction; facts B) direct instruction; critical thinking skills C) behavior; social skills D) exploration; social skills
39. Which of the following is most important according to the direct instruction model? A) arranging the classroom so that materials are accessible and attractively presented B) monitoring children’s specific responses and giving appropriate feedback C) allowing children some choice and self-direction D) ensuring that children understand the underlying concepts and principles of the academic task
40. Which of the following best describes the similarities and differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s view of learning? A) both described children as little scientists, learning through self-directed experimentation B) both thought that children learned through self-directed experimentation, but Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on guidance and instruction C) both thought that children learned through self-directed experimentation, but Piaget placed greater emphasis on guidance and instruction D) both thought children learned primarily through instruction, but Piaget also thought children learned through self-directed experimentation
Beth and Alex are both prekindergarten teachers, and they are arguing about when to introduce letter-sound matching. Beth says “You can introduce it at any age, as long as the child has had the necessary experiences to learn from that instruction.” Alex says “You have to wait until the child’s is developmentally ready, but if you wait too long it will be harder than introducing it too early.”
41. Beth is probably a teacher at a ________ school: A) Montessori B) Behaviorist C) Piagetian D) Vygotskian
42. Alex probably teaches at a _______ school: A) Montessori B) Behaviorist C) Piagetian D) Vygotskian
43. Reggio Emilia corresponds best to which theoretical perspective? A) Montessori B) Behaviorist C) Piagetian D) Vygotskian
44. Research on early childhood intervention programs A) provides conclusive evidence that early care and education has a positive impact on development B) suggests that constructivist care has positive social-emotional effects C) suggests that direct instruction has positive long-term academic effects D) provides conclusive evidence that early care and education has a negative impact on child development
45. Which is true of the relationship between room arrangements and children’s activities? A) The physical arrangement of the room has no effect on children’s activities. B) More open room arrangements encourage child exploration. C) More open room arrangements intimidate and discourage child exploration. D) Accessible play materials discourage child attention and learning.
46 Ismerelda’s classroom is set up with rows of tables and chairs, so that all of the children face Ismerelda’s desk at the front of the room. Most materials are placed up high, out of children’s reach. Ismerelda probably endorses which theory? A) Behaviorist B) Maturationist C) Montessori D) Constructivist
47. Ilene visits Ismerelda’ room and criticizes it, saying, “it’s good to explain how an activity works or how materials should be used, but children need to select their own work”. Ilene probably advocates which theory? A) Behaviorist B) Maturationist C) Montessori D) Constructivist
48. An office thematic play area (with desks, writing materials, adding machines, files, folders, coffee/snack equipment, and the like) would best be described as a A) simple unit B) complex unit C) super unit D) imaginary unit
49. A soft, quiet area A) should be available at all times of the day B) should be centrally located and close to all curricular centers C) may be effectively combined with the dramatic play area D) should be darker than the regular room and located away from windows
50. The term “learning centers” A) is the preferred term for describing areas emphasizing particular activities B) refers to super units including multiple media C) is not relevant in modern classroom design D) de-emphasizes the importance of the incidental learning which occurs throughout the day