On
July 31 ... 1964:
The American space probe Ranger 7 transmitted pictures
of the moon's surface. (See this front page.) 1919: Primo Levi, the Italian writer and chemist
whose work was influenced by his captivity at Auschwitz,
was born. (Read about his life.) 1880: Harper's Weekly featured a cartoon about
the presidential election of 1880. (See the cartoon.)