the photon of light), producing a new force between neutrinos. The
first question that springs to mind, is how strong is this force. We can
guess this by assuming it unifies with the other forces at the usual
Grand unified theory energy of about 10^16 GeV, and then having it
screened by the pairs of neutrinos in the Quantum Vacuum. It turns out that is makes the force between neutrinos about 1/60, a sixtieth of
the strength of the electromagnetic force.
The next question is why haven't we observed it in existing experiments. Well it turns out that in order to emit a spin-1 particle,
a neutrino has to flips it spin, and this can only happen if it also
flips it direction of motion. All neutrino experiments work with very
high energy neutrinos so, and at these energy coupling to the axial
force, will be highly suppressed.
We'll assume that the axi-photon is massless, then the axial charges
have to be total conserved it all interactions. Consider beta decay.
(wikipedia)
weak boson must have +1 axial charge. Seemly the W+ must have
negative axial charge. Because the axial charge reverses with
reversing the spin. We can for the first time offer an explanation as
to why the weak force is always left handed. The conservation of the axial charges between neutrino, requires it to be so. There could
also be a right handed version, but it would have different charges,
and interact between different particles (the right handed neutrinos)
and so have a very different mass (needs to be over about 3TeV to
fit with experiments).
into a up quark and a W- particle. Then the up quark must have
a axial charge that is +1 units, greater than the down, quark, we
don't yet know the charge on the down quark, but we can work
it out, by require something called the anomaly diagrams cancel.
For the minute lets assume the charge on the (left handed) up
charge is +1/2, and it -1/2 for the down quark. The weak force
is favour universal (the same for each generation), so the axial
charges have to be the same for each generation of quarks and
leptons.
shown, protons and neutrons have no trouble flipping there spins, e.g.
under a magnetic field. But the axial charge is supposed to reverse
when the spin reverses. We can get around this only if we introduce
a second set of up and down quarks per generation, with opposite
axial charge. I call these tera-quarks after Sheldon Glashow paper
which also added right hand acting quarks, (he added tera-leptons too, but i don't). One can either make these tera-quarks, monstrously massive, so out of reach of experiments, or they might just explain the
sigma (555) meson, which has the opposite parity to normal and isn't well explained in the standard quark model.
must be). Then it turn out that the proton has to be absolutely stable. They just aren't any particles less massive than the proton with non integer axial charges it can decay into. This saves a lot of grand unified theories which are beginning to flounder because experimentalists haven't found any examples of protons decaying in nature.
