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Responding to pressure from Central America's presidents, Nicaragua holds internationally-monitored elections. Opposition parties form the U.S.-endorsed and U.S.-financed National Opposition Union (UNO), with Chamorro running for the office of president. The UNO win the elections. Shortly after this, the United States lifts its trade embargo. The Contras cease fighting.
Read more about
Nicaragua.
The Soviet Union and China sign the "Agreement on Guiding Principles for the Mutual Reduction of Military Forces Along the Sino-Soviet Boundary and the Strengthening Confidences in the Military." This agreement provides for a mutual reduction of troops along the border.
Gorbachev and George Bush initial a treaty to end the production of chemical weapons as well as a reduction of its stockpiles.
The two Germanies reunify into one nation, the Federal Republic of Germany.
More information on the reunification of Germany from CNN.
Read the text of the speech by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder on the Tenth Anniversary of German Unification, October 3, 2000
The first elections of a united Germany, since 1933, is held. The CDU (Christian Democratic Party) wins popular support. On the 20th of June, 1991, the new government, led by Helmut Kohl names Berlin the new capital of Germany. The last Soviet troops leave Berlin in 1994.
After several unsuccessful attempts to restore peace to Angola, the United Nations finally leaves in 1999. Clashes continue between the ruling MPLA and UNITA.
Clashes
continue between UNITAs and MPLA.
The first free elections since 1946 takes place in Czechoslovakia. Civic Forum and its allies win a large majority in the house of parliament. In the spring of 1992, negotiations between the Czechs and the Slovaks lead to the creation of two separate states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This takes place on the 31st of December, 1992.
Violence continues to erupt in Egypt as radical Islamic groups attempt to overthrow the government. In return for Egypt's anti-Iraq stance and its sending of troops in the Persian Gulf War (1991), the United States dismisses $7 billion in Egyptian debt.
Hungary becomes the first Eastern European nation to join the Council of Europe. Legislations are passed granting free press, freedom of assembly and the right to own a private business. The last Soviet troops leave in the summer of 1991. In 1999, Hungary becomes a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
India and Pakistan continue to clash over the region of Kashmir. Both nations also engage in nuclear weapons programmes.
Iraq revives a territorial dispute with Kuwait and withdraws only after warnings from the United States.
Post-Communist Poland suffers from a confused, unstable, and conflict-ridden political process. Between 1991 and 1993 Poland is governed by a succession of short-lived parliamentary coalitions. Final Soviet withdrawal of troops takes place in August 1993. In March 1999 Poland joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Posters
from Communist Poland.
A U.S.-led multinational force is sent into Somalia to secure food supplies and bring calm to the country. But an increase in clan-based fighting, along with numerous attacks on the multinational force, causes the force to withdraw.
Read more on the
UN involvement
in Somalia.
After Ceausescu's leadership is toppled, the democratic multipartite system is reformed. The parliamentary system as well as the free press are reinstated in Romania. Despite these measures, antigovernment demonstrations continue. In December 1991, a new democratic constitution of Romania is adopted by popular referendum. Romania has and continues to experience significant ethnic turmoil relating to ethnic minorities in Romania.
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