The following material was prepared as an information handout for a community organization in Chicago. Information regarding patterns of use are specific to the Chicagoland area.

Cocaine/Crack

Heroin

Methamphetamine

Amphetamines

Ecstasy/MDA and MDMA

Sedatives/Barbiturates

Inhalants

LSD

PCP

Special K (Ketamine)

Rohypnol

GHB

Marijuana

Steroids>

For each street drug identified here, the following information is provided:

An identification and brief explanation of the substance. The explanations are meant to be brief and focused on general information rather than a discussion of neurochemistry. The purity of a particular substance will be addressed as well as those substances that a supplier may substitute for the sought after drug.

Slang Names are provided. For several street drugs, a particular supplier/dealer may have a particular name for their 'product' or formulation allowing a user to ask for a particular concoction by name.

Frequency of Use/Who is Using provides demographic data on usage and those populations or groups that may be more likely to use a particular substance over another.

How is it Used? Routes of use.

How much does it cost? Included to provide a reference should a user simply refer to a dollar amount used per day.

Onset and Duration of High. Often will depend on the route by which the drug is taken. The most common routes of self administration are addressed.

How can I tell if someone is high? Signs and symptoms of intoxication. The high may also be influenced by the substances used to cut or dilute the drug.

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw? Signs and symptoms of withdrawal.

Health Consequences related to Use

Many of the drugs discussed here lead to the development of tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance refers to the needs to take in ever increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect. When an individual becomes physically dependent on a drug, withdrawal symptoms may occur the individual stops taking the drug or reduces the amount taken. Withdrawal refers to the signs and symptoms that occur when an individual goes without that particular drug. In general, withdrawal (physical) from a substance lasts between 3 to 5 days; with the signs and symptoms often appearing as the reverse of the reason the person was taking the drug for in the first place. For example, if someone was taking speed and being very energetic; the withdrawal includes periods of fatigue and tiredness. While withdrawal is generally a very unpleasant experience, unless the individual is poor health in is rarely fatal. An exception to this is withdrawal from alcohol or barbiturates, which if unmanaged medically may be fatal.

Drugs appearing that are abused, and not necessarily associated with dependence, and thus, have little if any withdrawal symptoms, are; LSD, PCP, Special K, Rohypnol, GHB, Marijuana.

The abuse of a substance is not the only factor at play in the development of adverse health consequences. The health status and living environment of the user play a significant role. The user who prefers to spend available income on the drug of choice is at risk for malnutrition which then may be compounded by the pharmacologic effects of the drug. The user may also be living in an unhygienic environment which places her/him at even great risk for the development of an illness. The injection of drugs in general places the user at an increased risk for; local infection due to unsterile needles, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, the blockage of blood vessels from adulterant substances, and pulmonary or cardiac infections.

Currently, hazards also appear in terms of the presence of look-alike drugs on the market. While these drugs may be packaged to appear as amphetamines, sedatives or hallucinogens, they actually are often large doses of legal substances, such as caffeine and ephedrine. These look-alike drugs can contributed to the development of chest pain, nausea, and produce feelings of anxiety and dissociation.

Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant similar to amphetamine. In other words, a kind of speed. Cocaine itself is a white crystalline powder. In this powder form, cocaine can be injected but not smoked. In order to smoke cocaine the user must convert the powder into a different form by mixing it with certain chemicals, in other words by 'freebasing'. Freebasing is a dangerous method of processing powder cocaine by using ether. Crack is freebased cocaine, just prepared in a different way. Crack is often prepared using ammonia or baking soda. The name reportedly comes from the crackling sound heard during smoking. Crack appears as a small chips or flakes, which may resemble pieces of soap. Cocaine may also be mixed with other amphetamines and then injected. Some users have been known to mix crack with marijuana and PCP and then smoke the combination. In the Chicago area speedballing (combining heroin and cocaine) remains popular. In Chicago, current purity of street cocaine is believed to be around 68 percent. Cocaine is commonly cut with sugar, talc powder, and strychnine.

Bernice, Big C, Blow, C, Charlie, Coke, Flake, Jay, Lady, Snow, White Lady.

Base, Conan, Rock, Toke, White Cloud, White Tornado.

After marijuana, cocaine is the most popular street drug in the Chicago area. In 1997, about nine percent of high-school seniors reportedly had tried cocaine at least once. While the classic image of a crack smoker is an older, poor inner city resident, the current data indicates that a number of suburban teenagers are now smoking crack. There has also been increased use on the part of the Latino population. In general, forty percent of all users are in their 20's, with 52 percent of all users being Caucasian and 36 percent African-American.

Snorted, Injected, Smoked. Smoking includes freebasing and crack. In the Midwest approximately 58 percent of all users smoke cocaine while 33 percent snort it.

For Crack, between 5-10 dollars a rock. For powder Cocaine around 50 dollars a gram for low quantity. Around 150 dollars for 1/8 of an ounce. General quantities sought are 1/32 of an ounce ('half a teen') which goes for between 40-50 dollars.

The speed of onset depends to a degree on how the drug is taken. For smoked cocaine, or crack, onset is rapid, within 15-30 seconds; with a peak high of 5-15 minutes. The smoking of cocaine allows for an increased absorption of the drug, providing a more enhanced high. Yet, the duration of the high is shorter, only 15-20 minutes. Generally, the faster the onset, the shorter the duration of the high. Thus, the user experiences an intense, but brief high. For snorted cocaine, the high may last from 15 to 30 minutes. Frequency of use can reduce the duration of the high.

The individual experiences a reduction of fatigue, a reported heightening of mental clarity and increased energy. The individual will also display an increased heart rate, blood pressure, and dilated pupils. Indicators of use include;

• Agitation


• Hyperactivity


• Grandiosity


• Rapid and Pressured Speech


• Insomnia


• Possible feelings of paranoia


• The individual may also experience hallucinations. The hallucinations experienced as similar to those also experienced by methamphetamine users; the sensation of crawling bugs. The individual may often scratch at these spots to the points of open sores being present.

The individual withdrawing often experiences significant drug craving and fatigue that may last weeks. Indicators of withdraw include;

• Apathy


• Anxiety


• Depression


• Difficulty Sleeping with an increased need for Sleep


• Fatigue


• Nightmares

As the withdrawal period progresses (past 24 hours), the individual may also experience a loss of interest in any activities and irritability. Withdrawal from cocaine while unpleasant is not fatal.

Snorting of cocaine can lead to the destruction of nasal septum. The individual may frequently complain of nasal dryness and nosebleeds. Cocaine also has significant effects on the heart and may lead to the development of an irregular heartbeat and heart attack. Seizures and temporary strokes have also occurred in those using cocaine. The cocaine user also can experience a number of side effect/health issues which arise from the substances used to dilute or 'cut' the cocaine. Cocaine cut with strychnine can induce a stroke. Those injecting cocaine face the same risks as those injecting any drug; the development of abscesses, HIV, Hepatitis.

There is an additional risk to the Cocaine user who is also drinking alcohol. Cocaine and Alcohol can interact within the liver to produce a substance called cocaethylene. This substance enhances the effects of cocaine. In turn, this places the user at greater risk of heart attack and death.

Heroin is part of a family of drugs known as opiates or narcotics. This family of drugs includes, in addition to heroin, opium, morphine, demerol and codeine. Narcotics are usually provided for the relief of pain. As part of this family of drugs, heroin not only provides relief from pain but a sense of profound relaxation. Heroin usually is found in the form of a white or brownish powder. This powder is then dissolved in water, or alcohol and injected. Heroin in the Chicago area is currently believed to about 31 percent pure. Substances that heroin is often diluted or 'cut' with other include sugar and quinine, thiamine and dextromethorphan. Quinine is believed to intensify the rush associated with heroin.

Bart Simpson, Boy, China Cat, China White, H, Harry, Horse, Junk, Shit, Skag, Smack, Stuff.

There are often numerous street names for Heroin depending in part on the dealer and on the purity of the heroin. Low quality heroin generally is referred to as crap or garbage. China White actually is the name of synthetic, or designer, fentanyl analog which is significantly more potent than heroin.

In Chicago the use of heroin continues to increases with increased numbers of female, younger suburban users and more users who belong to higher socioeconomic groups. In the early 1990's heroin use among high school students began to increase. In the Midwest, roughly 63 percent of users are African American, and 71 percent are male. Users under the age of twenty comprise 17 percent of all users with 33 percent of all users in their 20's and 37 percent in their 30's.

Snorted. Injected. Smoked. Injection remains the primary method of using heroin although there has been an increase in the inhalation. Heroin itself is not active orally. Many new users are choosing to snort/sniff rather than inject.

Around 160-175 dollars per gram.

Around 10 dollars for a bag of snortable heroin.

The effects of heroin generally last for 4-6 hours.

The user often experiences a sense of euphoria ("rush") which is joined by a warm flushing of the skin, a feeling of heaviness in the extremities and a dry mouth. After the initial rush passes the user begins "nodding", a state in which the user alternates between being awake and drowsy. Indicators of use include:

• Drowsiness


• Euphoria


• Poor Motor Control


• Slow or Slurred Speech


• Mental Confusion


• Fresh Injection Marks


• Constricted pupils

The individual craves the drug, and may experience restlessness, insomnia, and muscle spasms or pain. The individual has an overall appearance of suffering from the flu. Other indicators of withdraw include;

• Lacrimation (Teary running eyes)


• Yawning


• Sleep disturbance


• Irritability


• Possibly tremor


• Sweating


• Increased Respiratory Rate

As withdrawal progresses past 24 hours, the user may experience nausea, vomiting, increased tremor, diarrhea and fever.

Often the adulterants used to dilute herion accumulate within the lungs and this in turn impairs lung function. This may place the user at risk for respiratory arrest. These substances may accumulate in other organs and even block arteries, leading to tissue death. Again, those injecting are placed at the same risks as discussed earlier.

Many of the substances used to cut heroin can led to the presence of additional adverse health effects. During 1995-1996, there were a number of deaths in New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia and Baltimore from heroin that had been cut with scopolamine. Street names were; Homicide, Point on Point, Polo, Sting, Super Brick.

Methamphetamine is a close relative of amphetamine but produces even greater effects on the central nervous system. It is a white crystalline powder, easily dissolvable in water or even alcohol. A smokable form appears as clear chunky crystals resembling ice is referred to as "ice," "crystal," and "glass." Methamphetamine reportedly has a distinctive bitter taste. Ice is generally found to be between 90-100 percent pure methamphetamine.

Chalk, Crank, Croak, Crystal, Fire, Glass, Ice, Meth, Zip

Crank is a general term for any form of methamphetamine. Ice and Glass tend to refer to smokable forms.

Tweaking is a common term referring to gradually upping of the dosage in order to achieve a desired high.

In 1997, approximately five percent of high school seniors had used methamphetamine at least once. Approximately 5 million people across the United States have reportedly tried methamphetamine at least once. The use of methamphetamine is common among factory and industrial workers who may need to stay awake long hours. Methamphetamine remains popular among long distance truck drivers. Also, due to its reputation as a source significant sexual energy, it is often used by sex workers. Usage is greater in the Western States but it is growing in popularity in Chicago. There are also reports of growing use within the gay and lesbian community.

Orally. Snored. Injected. Smoked.

For a tenth of a gram, around 50 dollars. For one gram between 200-400 dollars.

Immediately after smoking or intravenous injection, the methamphetamine user experiences an intense sensation, called a "rush" or "flash," that lasts only a few minutes (5-30) and is described as extremely pleasurable. Oral or intranasal use produces euphoria - a high, but not a rush. Users may become addicted quickly, and use it with increasing frequency and in increasing doses. The effect can last from 4-16 hours, depending on the quality of the drug.

The user is using to attain a state of exhilaration, and increased wakefulness. The individual may also experience hyperthermia and increased respirations, in addition to the increased heart rate and blood pressure traditionally found with amphetamines. The chronic user may also experience a hallucination of bugs crawling on the skin. Open sores may be found on the body due to the user trying to scratch off these hallucinatory bugs. Other indicators of use;

• Increased wakefulness


• Increased physical activity


• Decreased appetite


• Euphoria


• Irritability


• Confusion


• Paranoia is not uncommon.

The person generally appears lethargic and may report feeling apathetic. Other indicators of withdraw include;

• Increased Sleep


• Irritability


• Non-purposeful movements


• Apathy


• Anxiety


• Depression


• Fatigue

The user could develop hyperthermia and seizures. Methamphetamine is also very taxing on the heart, with the development of an irregular heartbeat and chest pain. The user is also at risk for the development of stroke. The injecting user faces the same risks as the injector of heroin; HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis.

Amphetamines are probably better known as speed. They serve as central nervous system stimulants. Which mean that they increase heart rate, breathing, and give the person energy. The term amphetamines generally today refer to dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), methylphenidate (Ritalin) and 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyamphetamine (DOM, STP). Methamphetamine, due to its popularity and potency, is discussed separately above. As previously mentioned, look-alike drugs are often substituted for actual amphetamine.

A, AMT, Bam, Bennies, Black Beauties, Cross-tops, Dexies, Footballs, Hearts, Jollies, Speed, Ups, Uppers, Wake-ups, Whites.

White professionals between the age of 18-25 are the most frequent users of amphetamines, as opposed to methamphetamine in and of itself.

Generally taken in pill form or injected. Can be snorted in a powder form.

Costs vary depending on how the amphetamines are obtained. A common method is to drive across the border to Mexico and purchase amphetamines in bulk.

Amphetamines are generally taken as pills. Thus, there is a longer period of time until the desired effect occurs. Onset generally begins within 30-40 minutes. Effects can last for between 4-8 hours.

The person is in a heightened state of alertness with a decreased need for sleep. Amphetamines increase heart rate, temperature and blood pressure. Other indicators of use include;

• Rapid and tangential Speech


• Restless


• Anxious


• Possibly some tremor


• Impaired balance and Coordination


• Decreased Appetite


• Dilated Pupils

The individual experiences many of the same withdraw symptoms seen with cocaine.

• Exhaustion


• An increased need for Sleep


• Extreme hunger


• Depression


• Anxiety


• Nightmares

Withdrawal from amphetamines is not viewed as life threatening unless the depression of the individual is so great that suicide is contemplated.

High blood pressure (hypertension). Respiratory arrest. Tremors. Sexual dysfunction.

These substances are also known as designer drugs. Designer drugs are often prescription drugs, such as amphetamines, which have been modified. Which means that they are synthetic amphetamines (Such alteration is currently occurring with heroin as well). MDMA is a synthetic amphetamine which also has mild hallucinogenic properties. It is capable of influencing the release of neurotransmitters to a higher degree than amphetamine. Ecstasy proper is MDMA, but often on the street MDA and MDEA are commonly substituted. Other drugs often sold under the Ecstasy name: amphetamine, caffeine, ketamine, PCP. While MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine) and MDMA(methylebedioxymethamphetamine) have been sold as 'ecstasy', each provides a different effect. MDMA provides more amphetamine like effects with mild hallucinogenic properties, while MDA is a much more powerful hallucinogenic, similar in effect to LSD. Ecstasy is generally believed to produce feelings of emotional warmth or closeness and to reduce inhibitions.

Adam, ecstasy, XTC

The use of ecstasy began with college students who used it as substitute for alcohol. Users tend to be younger adults and adolescents, who often use the drug in club or party settings. In 1997, approximately seven percent of high seniors reported having used ecstasy at least once in their lives.

Orally (as a pill). Snorted. Smoked. Injected.

From 20 to 30 dollars a dose.

Taken orally effects begin within 30 minutes, with a peak effect within 1-2 hours. Effects generally last from 8 to 12 hours.

As derivatives of amphetamines, the effects are similar. The individual experiences an increased BP and pulse. Pupils will often be dilated. Other indicators of use include;

• Sensory Distortions


• Increased Energy


• Clinging or Close Attachment

After using ecstasy user have reported experiencing fatigue and exhaustion in conjunction with depression. For the chronic user, withdrawal symptoms would be similar to those describe under amphetamines.

As Ecstasy is derived from amphetamine, many of the health consequences are those common to the amphetamines; a rapid and irregular heart beat, anxiety and possible paranoia.

There is a substance on the market HERBAL ECSTASY, available under the names of Cloud 9, and Rave Energy. This substance is available in pill form and is generally a combination of caffeine and ephedrine. Ephedrine is a legally available stimulant often found in combination medications used for cold and flu symptoms.

This group of medication represents a large class of drugs used in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. Included in this category are barbiturates (Seconal, Nembutal) and benzodiazepines (Valium, Ativan). These medications may be taken at times as a substitute or alcohol for they posses many of the some central nervous system depressing effects as alcohol. With sedatives, effects are very dose dependent. A small dose may produce a feeling of relaxation while a larger dose may induce sleep.

Barbs, Beans, Block Busters, Downers, Red Devils, Reds and Blues, Sleepers, Yellow Jackets.

While barbiturates do not have the popularity they once held, they are still common as sleep aids, or to bring someone down from an amphetamine high. It is not uncommon for a habitual amphetamine user to use barbiturates in the evening to allow sleep and then use an amphetamine to get going again. At times used in combination with heroin for an enhanced high.

Usually taken orally, but can be injected.

As with standard amphetamines, it depends on how they are obtained. If obtained legally through a prescription the cost is usually higher.

Generally takes 20-30 minutes for effects to begin if taken orally. If injected effects are experienced within 2-5 minutes. Depending on the particular drug, effects can last 4-8 hours.

Generally taken for an alcohol-like effect. A general calming or relaxation. Other indicators of use include;

• Reduction of anxiety


• Lethargy


• Impaired balance and coordination


• Rapid, random eye movements


• Impaired judgment


• Dilated pupils

Withdraw can occur from cessation of the drug, or from a reduction in dosage. Pulse and blood pressure will increase and the individual will probably display some tremor. Other indicators of withdraw include;

• Restlessness


• Insomnia


• Anxiety


• Loss of appetite


• Sweating


• Seizures, especially with the abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines

The use of sedatives in conjunction with alcohol can be fatal. The withdraw from sedatives can be fatal if not managed medically. Respiratory arrest may occur.

Inhalants are chemical fumes or vapors which are intentionally inhaled in order to produce a high. There are several categories of inhalants, with an increasingly popularity in the use of medical gases (ether, halothane, nitrous oxide).

Cleaning Agents or Glue (model airplane glue, nail polish remover, paint thinner, gasoline, scotchgard). Gases and cleaning fluids generally produce a mild high similar to the drinking of alcohol. In other words, there is a central nervous depressing effect.

Art or Office Supplies (felt-tip markers, White-out).

Gases (butane lighters, Freon, propane, whipping cream aerosol).

Nitrites (Amyl nitrite, Butyl nitrite, Cyclohexyl nitrite). Nitrites provide a mild euphoria and alter the individual's sense of time.

Anesthetic gases produce a mild central nervous depressant effect, inducing a "high" similar to alcohol.

Amyl nitrite. Also Amies, Amyes, Amys, Poppers, Snappers.

Butyl nitrite is often identified as; Locker Room or Rush.

In 1997, approximately seven percent of high school seniors reported the use of inhalants during the previous year. Another study found that 21 percent of eighth grade students reported the use of inhalants at least once. As inhalants as cheap and readily available, young children and preadolescents are likely users. Use tends to most prevalent around 13-15 years of age.

Certain ethnic groups that are more likely to use inhalants than others. American Indian and Latino groups have a higher percentage of inhalant abuse. Males are more likely to use inhalants than are females. Nitrite abusers tend to be slightly older, between 20-35 years of age. Homosexual males are identified as frequent users of nitrite inhalants due to their reputation as enhancing sexual performance.

Inhaled. A plastic bag, or other device, may be placed around the head to allow the user to inhale the fumes in a more concentrated manner, this is generally referred to as 'huffing'.

Inhalants are generally inexpensive substances. Nitrous Oxide is generally available for five dollars a hit (or balloon).

The "high" from inhalants tends to be short or can last several hours if used repeatedly. For Nitrates, the effects generally last from 30 seconds to 5 minutes.

The individual may display evidence of recent use in terms of the presence of marker, paint or marks on face, clothes and hands. The individual can also experience coughing, sneezing and nosebleeds associated with the inhalation of the substance. Heart and respiratory rates tend to drop after the taking or aerosol inhalants. Other Indicators of use;

• Drunk Like Appearance


• Impaired Coordination and Balance


• Slurred Speech


• A Loss of Appetite


• Sores around mouth or nose

If the individual is inhaling with a device around the head, and experiences nausea and vomiting, the individual may aspiration on the vomitous and suffocate to death. The individual may also depresses the central nervous system enough that the individual stops breathing.

Inhalants are not viewed as substances to which an individual becomes dependent.

Suffocation may occur from inhaling from a plastic bag or other device. The repeated inhaling of toxic substances can lead to kidney and liver damage. Certain inhalants can also depress the immune system. Hearing loss may occur with recurrent use of paints and glues. Loss of sensation in the extremities may develop with the inhalation of nitrous oxide.

Hallucinogens are substances that cause the release of certain, or several, neurotransmitters causing a general excitation of the central nervous system which in turn, produces hallucinations and mood change. There are three main hallucinogens currently encountered in and around Chicago. LSD is the most frequently abused hallucinogen and is white powder which induces hallucinations and at times, panic and anxiety. The effects of LSD are strongly influenced by the mental mind set of the individual and the surrounding environment. As LSD influences the release of the brain's own neurotransmitters, the mind set or expectations, the user has for the drug aid in determining the nature of the experience the user has.

Acid, Barrels, Big D, Blotter, Cap, Cid, Detergent, Flash, L, Mellow yellow, Microdots, Mind, Paper acid, Sacrament, Sandoz, Sugar, Sunshine, Ticket, Windowpane, Yello.

Experiencing a resurgence in popularity, especially on college campuses. Often taking will watching movies that are particularly vivid in nature, in order to guide the nature of the trip.

Taken orally or smoked when mixed with another substance.

4-10 dollars per hit/dose.

Ten dollars for geltabs.

Effects being within one hour of oral ingestion with effects can last up to 6 hours.

The individual will experience hallucinations and altered perceptions. Alterations includes distortions of time and space, and feeling of depersonalization. A number of users report experiencing a heightened sense of awareness. Generally hallucinogens increase both heart rate and blood pressure. Sweating, nervousness and insomnia are common and related to pharmacologic effects of LSD.

Negative experiences associated with LSD include;

• Mood Lability


• Dizziness


• Loss of sensation in the extremities


• A "bad trip" or panic reaction occurring while under the influence of LSD.

The individual on LSD may developed feelings of fear, agitation or confusion that are overwhelming in nature. The bad trip includes hallucinations that are frightening in nature. The best approach is to try and remove any disturbing stimuli that may have contributed to the development of a 'bad' trip. Talking to the individual in a calm manner and reassuring her/him as to their personal safety is paramount.

Seizures, Hyperthermia. Flashbacks may occur for months afterward. The individual may develop a permanent psychotic state.

A white crystalline powder which reportedly has a distinctive bitter taste. PCP was first developed as a animal tranquilizer. Often mixed with marijuana, methamphetamine and even LSD. Commonly mixed with marijuana and smoked. LSD is rarely mixed with marijuana, for the heat produced from the smoking of marijuana would destroy the LSD. PCP is thus more commonly mixed with marijuana. PCP is taken for the induction of hallucinations in conjunction with feelings of numbness and depersonalization.

Angel dust, DOA, Dust, Elephant, Killerjoints, Hog, Ozone, Peace pill, Rocket fuel, Supergrass, Tic tac, Tranquilizer, Wack.

PCP use is higher on the East Coast. The use of PCP has fallen in the Chicago area, but it is still used, predominately by African-American males between the age of 20-40.

Taken orally or smoked.

Between 50-100 dollars for a quarter ounce.

The drug begins to have an effect within 2 to 5 minutes of smoking. Peak effect is 15-30 minutes with a duration of effect for about 4-6 hours. Orally, ingestion produces an effect with 30-60 minutes. Peak effect is then within 4-6 hours with a duration of effect of up to 24 hours.

PCP can often induce a rage state in which a user is paranoid, agitated an aggressive. The use of PCP can also lead to the following indicators;

• Confusion


• Euphoria


• Hallucinations


• Paranoia


• Agitation


• Apparent Enhancement of Strength


• Reduction in ability to sense pain


• Rage reaction


• Dilated Pupils


• Rapid, random eye movements


• Muscle Rigidity

The user may also experience an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and a less acute increase in respirations.

PCP as with other hallucinogens is not viewed as a substance to which dependence is developed. Clinically, frequent users have been observed to be confused, paranoid and aggressive for days after the cessation of use.

High doses of PCP have been associated with a drop in pulse rate, blood pressure and respiration. The anaesthetic effects of PCP may then contribute to respiratory arrest. Seizures have been reported in some users. Chronic PCP use may contribute to the development of a psychotic disorder.

Ketamine is a white powder hallucinogen originally developed as an animal tranquilizer. It is converted from its liquid form by cooking or drying the liquid on a stove or in a oven. It produces profound hallucinations with a sense of depersonalization. Ketamine is often a combination of several other substances with little actual Ketamine in the compound.

Breakfast cereal, Cat Valium, K, Ket, Ketalar, Ketaject, Kit Kat, Vitamin K, Psychedelic heroin, Super K.

Currently popular on the club scene although less so than ecstasy.

Snorted, smoked or injected (often intramuscular, as opposed to intravenous).

Generally around 20 to 40 dollars per dose. General dosing is around 300-375 milligrams orally and 100 milligrams intramuscular.

Taken intramuscularly, Ketamine will begin to produce an effect in less than 2 minutes. Taken orally effects will begin between 5-15 minutes. Intranasally, effects begin within 5-10 minutes. Effects last generally from 30 minutes to 2 hours, but may continue for up to 4-6 hours.

Ketamine is partial taken for the induction of dissociative feelings. Users frequent report an out-of-body type experience. As Ketamine has anaesthetic properties, there is a reduction of pain sensation as with PCP. There is a reported reduction in feelings of tension and anxiety with some users reporting feelings of boredom. Indicators of use;

• Feelings of Numbness and detachment


• A Sense of invulnerability


• Slurred speech


• Reduced pain perception


• Impaired Coordination and Balance

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw?


Ketamine is currently not believed to a substance to which individuals develop dependence. Although tolerance does appear to develop.

Health Consequences related to Use


The individual is at risk for injury due to a reduction of pain sensation and a loss of inhibitory control. Cases of respiratory arrest have been reported. Large doses have been associated with seizures.




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Rohypnol (Flunitrazepan)


A sedative from the same class of mediation as Valium but which is ten times more powerful. The drug is illegal in the United States but easily obtainable in Mexico and other countries. When used legally, it is used for the treatment of insomnia. Illegally it is often used to sedate someone for the purposes of a sexual assault. It also has been taken to enhance the high of, and serve as a substitute for, heroin.

Slang Names


The date rape drug, the forget pill, R2, rib, roach, roofies, rope, rophies, ruffies.

Frequency of Use/Who is Using


Popular on the club scene, especially in the South and Southwest. Frequently used in combination with others drugs, especially alcohol and heroin. Amphetamines and Cocaine users have used the drug to ease the 'crash' experienced as they come down off speed/coke.

How is it Used?


Taken orally. The pill may easily be crushed and placed in some ones drink. There is no taste or odor to Rohypnol once it is dissolved in the alcohol.

How much does it cost?


General between 2-5 dollars for a single dose. Therapeutic dosage is .5 to 2 mg for sleep.

Onset and Duration of High


Effects begin within 10-30 minutes, with a peak of 2 hours and last up to 8 hours.

How can I tell if someone is high?


The person is dizzy, disoriented, difficulty speaking and moving, passes out, with no memory of what happened.

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw?


Rohypnol can cause dependence as do the other medications in the Valium family. If a person has been taking the medication and stops abruptly, he/she may experience withdraw. In such cases indicators of withdraw include;

• Anxiety


• Restlessness


• Irritability


• Confusion


• Seizures

Health Consequences related to Use


Rape. The combination of alcohol and Rohypnol can lethal.




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GHB (Gamma hydroxybutyric acid)


Used in recent years on the part of athletes to enhance muscle growth and development. Not a steroid itself, but does stimulate the release of growth hormone within the body. A dose of GHB that is only twice the dosage necessary to achieve the desired high is enough to knock out or sedate a user. Usually found in a powder form, or premixed into a liquid. The fact that it is tasteless and odorless when mixed with alcohol has lead to some use as a date rape drug.

Slang Names


Georgia home boy, Grievous bodily harm, Liquid X, Liquid Ecstasy, Scoop.

There are also designer versions of GHB currently available.

Frequency of Use/Who is Using


Popular on the club or rave scene. Taken for its supposed aphrodisiac effects.

How is it Used?


Snorted, Smoked, or taken Orally (liquid or tablet form).

How much does it cost?


Around 5-10 dollars per dose.

Onset and Duration of High


Onset is within 5-20 minutes. With effects that generally lasts between 1 to 3 hours.

How can I tell if someone is high?


Taken to induce a feeling of relaxation or tranquility. Rumored to have aphrodisiac like effects in that it contributes to a feeling of emotional warmth and closeness. Other indicators of use;

• Relaxation


• Drowsy Appearance


• Giddiness


• Slowed Speech

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw?
Not known to be associated with any withdraw symptoms.
Health Consequences related to Use
Respiratory arrest, Seizures. Rape.



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Marijuana


A plant native to North America which is smoked for its mind-altering effects. Often crack, PCP, opium, heroin or embalming fluid are added to the marijuana to enhance a high.

Slang Names


Grass, Joint, Mary Jane, Pot, Reefer, Roaches, Skunk.

Frequency of Use/Who is Using


In Chicago, marijuana smokers tend to be male (72%), Caucasian (60%) and younger.

How is it Used?


Most common route of usage is by smoking. At times marijuana is eaten or added to food (brownies, etc.).

How much does it cost?


Varies greatly in relation to quality. Between 100-600 dollars an ounce. Between 3-20 dollars per joint/blunt depending on size and quality.

Onset and Duration of High


As a smoked substance, marijuana tends to have a quick onset. Initial effects can be experienced within 8-9 seconds of use. Peak effect is generally within 10-20 minutes with a duration of 2-3 hours.

How can I tell if someone is high?


Marijuana is smoked in order to experience a sense of relaxation or euphoria. The physiological effects of marijuana include an increased heart rate. Indicators of use include;

• Euphoria


• Relaxed Inhibitions


• Disorientation


• Gait Imbalance


• Impaired Coordination and Balance


• Impaired or Divided Attention


• Time Distortion

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw?


Marijuana is not considered a substance to which there is characteristic withdraw symptomatology. There is a debate regarding the existence of a 'motivational syndrome' in chronic users. The syndrome is characterized by a decreased ability to complete tasks or engage in goal directed behaviors. Some authors argue that the syndrome is a personality characteristic that exists prior to chronic use, while others feel that it results from use.

Health Consequences related to Use


Marijuana smoke contains may of the same carcinogen substances as cigarette tobacco, but in higher concentrations. Chronic use can then contribute to the development of bronchitis and emphysema.




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Steroids


Steroid are substances taken to increase size and strength of muscles. They are also often used to speed the healing process. Several other drugs have been used in the belief that they enhance athletic performance. This includes; GHB, amphetamines, and Clenbuterol.

Slang Names


Steroids in current usage are; Clostebol, dehydrochlormethytestoserone, mesterolone, methenlone, nandrolone.

Frequency of Use/Who is Using


In 1997, just over two percent of high school seniors reported having used anabolic steroids at least once. Users tend to be athletes, either using to increase strength or to speed recuperation from an injury.

How is it Used?


Orally as pills or injected. Often the individual will begin by taking orally steroids. The oral steroids are convenient but do not have the some duration of effect as injectable steroids. Often, to avoid detection through the use of screening tests, the individual may stop injecting, and switch to pills around 4-6 weeks prior to an athletic event.

Injectable steroids are injected into muscle rather than used intravenously. The steroid is then slowly released from the muscle and can have a duration of effect that lasts months. The injectable form is also better tolerated by the body than oral steroids.

How much does it cost?


Depends upon the method used to obtain.

Onset and Duration of High


Steroids can have a duration of effect that lasts weeks.

How can I tell if someone is high?


While there is no high per se, there a number of adverse side effects. Indicators of abuse include;

• Increased Aggression


• Severe Acne


• Rapid muscle and weight gain


• High blood pressure


• Problems with sexual performance

How can I tell if someone is starting to withdraw?


There is no withdraw per se from steroids. However, there are a number of adverse side effects that may occur with a cessation in the use of steroids;

• Depression


• Mood changes, with a tendency toward aggressiveness


• A rapid loss of weight and muscle size/tone.


• Long term health consequences

Health Consequences related to Use


Sterility may ultimately result from chronic steroid use. The individual may also experience liver and kidney failure. As with any injected drug, the user is at risk for infection, HIV/AIDS if needles are shared, hepatitis. The chronic steroid user may also experience a destruction of tendon and a reduction in the amount of bone. For males, there can be a shrinking of testicles and a reduction in sperm count. For females, there can be a growth of facial hair and a cessation of the menstrual cycle.




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Reference Material


In addition to the below readings, information was derived from conversations with users and drug dealers. Information was also obtained from the Internet;

rec.drugs
National Clearinghouse for Drug and Alcohol Information
National Institute on Drug Abuse
U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration



American Psychological Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Belcher, H., & Shinitzky, H. E. (1998). Substance abuse in children: Prediction, protection, and prevention. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152, 952-960.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996). Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 45, 22.

Dillmann, J. M. (1997). Bogus heroin. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 23, 457-459.

Hamid, A. G., & Kreek, M. (1998). Resurgence of abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 11, 245-247.

Jansen, K. L. R. (1993). Non-medical use of ketamine. British Medical Journal, 306, 601-602.

Nightingale, S. L. (1996). Warning issued about street drugs containing botanical sources of ephedrine. JAMA, 275, 1534

Office of Applied Studies. Substance abuse and mental health services administration. (1997). Analysis of Substance Abuse and Treatment Need Issues (1994-1996). Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. (Winter, 1998). Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse. Author: Washington, DC.

Ross, T. (1995). Gamma hydroxybutyrate overdose: Two cases illustrate the unique aspects of this dangerous recreational drug. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 21, 374-376.

Sager M. (1990). The ice age. Rolling Stone, 571, 53-116.

Tinsley, J. A., & Watkins, D. D. (1998). Over-the-counter stimulants: Abuse and addiction. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 73, 977-982.

University of Michigan. (1998). Monitoring the Future Study: National high school senior survey. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Available at: http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/mtf/

Withers, N., Pulvirenti, L, Koob, G. F., & Gillin, J. C. (1995). Cocaine abuse and dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 63-78.




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Last Updated - March 2002 by

Matthew Sorenson