Lesson 2

Articles

There are two kinds of articles in Friulian

definite articles (the):

	masculine	feminine
singular	il / l'	la / l'
plural	i	lis

indefinite articles (a, an)

	masculine	feminine
singular	un	une

Personal pronouns

They vary according to the person, the number, and the logical function:

person	subject	stressed (me,you...)	direct object (me,you...)	indirect object (to me,to you...)	reflexive
I	jo	me	mi	mi	mi
you	tu	te	ti	ti	ti
he/you formal	lui	lui	lu	i	si
she/you formal	ję	ję	le	i	si
we	nô	nô	nus	nus	si
you	vô	vô	us	us	si
they (m)	lôr	lôr	ju	ur	si
they (f)	lôr	lôr	lis	ur	si

Stressed pronouns are used after prepositions: cun me, par te, in exclamations: puar me! 'poor me!', or for emphasis in preference to the unstressed direct object pronouns mi, ti, lu ... : ti clami te, no lui 'I'm calling you, not him'.

Pleonastic pronouns

The pleonastic pronoun is used between the subject and the verb as a re-enforcement of the subject. Its use is obligatory, except when the verb is preceded by another unstressed pronoun.

*Subject*	*Pleonastic*
jo	o
tu	tu
lui	al
ję	e
nô	o
vô	o
lôr	a

Example:

right: jo mi impari il Furlan

wrong: jo o mi impari il Furlan

Possessives

Possessive adjectives/pronouns (my, your... mine, yours...) always agree in gender and number with the object possessed. The forms are the same for adjectives and pronouns.

person	masculine (s)	masculine (pl)	feminine (s)	feminine (pl)
1st sing	gno	miei	mę	męs
2nd sing	to	tiei	tô	tôs
3rd sing	so	siei	sô	sôs
1st plural	nestri	nestris	nestre	nestris
2nd plural	vuestri	vuestris	vuestre	vuestris
3rd plural	lôr	lôr	lôr	lôr

Demonstratives

There are two demonstrative adjectives/pronouns in Friulian. Chest (this) and chel (that). Chel chi, chel ca have the same meaning as chest.

	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
singular	chest	cheste	chel	chę
plural	chescj	chestis	chei	chęs

Indefinites

The indefinite adjectives/pronouns alc, ogni, ognisei, cualchi, cualsisei , ... have only one form; ciert, diviers, putrop, dut, nissun, pôc, tant, altri, stes, tâl ,change form according to gender and number.

The relative pronoun

There is only one relative pronoun in Friulian, che (that, which, who, whom). Its function in the sentence is clarified by the other pronouns or prepositions by which it is accompanied.

Examples:

subject	jo o ai un ami che al č Inglęs	I have a friend who is English
direct object	jo o ai un ami che lu ai viodűt ier	I have a friend whom I saw yesterday
indirect object	jo o ai un ami che i ai fat un regâl	I have a friend to whom I have given a present
with prepositions	jo o ai un ami che cun lui o studii	I have a friend with whom I study