Mercantilism an economic system that seeks to increase the royal treasury.
Free enterprise an economic system that allows much freedom for owning a business.
Dame school home schools usually run by a widow or single lady.
Hornbook paddle-shaped book with paper attached.
Old-field schools schools held in a field no longer useful for farming.
Bicameral a legislative body with two divisions.
Pioneer someone who adventures into unknown territory.
Daniel Boone (1734-1820)
One of the first pioneers
Explored Kentucky
Cumberland gap
Wilderness Road
Boonesborough
Colonial Schools
New England
home, dame schools
horn books, New England Primer
The Middle Colonies
home schools, church schools
Latin Grammar Schools, private academies
Philadelphia Academy
The Southern Colonies
old-field schools
General
apprenticeships
8th Grade U.S. History Project
Assignment: Biographical paper.
Subject: an Enlightenment thinker whose work contributed to the American Revolution (e.g., Paine, Jefferson, Madison, Rousseau, Locke, Burke, Adam Smith, etc.).
Instructions
Pick your subject (i.e., person).
Select a minimum of 4 sources (one journal required a journal is a professional periodical like "First Things").
The paper should be a minimum of 3 handwritten pages or about 3 pages typed double-spaced.
The paper will follow this layout:
Background information
(date of birth, country of origin, social class, etc.)
Contribution
(theories, ideas, writings, etc.)
History
(how has his/her ideas been proven or disproved by history?)
Opinion
(what do you think about it?)
Due November 8.
Preparation for Independence (1730-1766)
TERMS
Half-way covenant church membership granted to unsaved people.
The Great Awakening a revival movement in colonial America.
The Methodist Revival the English version of the Great Awakening.
Voices of the Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)
son of a congregationalist minister
entered Yale at 13
emphasized the holiness of God, sinfulness of man, necessity of salvation
preached Americas most famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
George Whitefield 1714-1770)
Greatest impact on America during the Great Awakening
Made seven trips to America
Preached against slavery, preached to Indians, started orphanages
Results of the Great Awakening
Thousands of sinners were converted
Believers were revived
New churches founded
Spread humanitarian efforts
Stimulated education
Encouraged religious freedom
Encouraged political freedom
Unified the American people
The French and Indian War
Causes of the French and Indian War
Rivalry over territory
Rivalry over fur trade with the Indians
Rivalry over fishing rights
French and English Conflicts (1689-1763)
King Williams War (1689-1697)
Queen Annes War (1702-1713)
King Georges War (1744-1748)
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Read about the French and Indian War (pp.73-77)
Differences Between the Colonists and the British Soldiers
Motivation
Standard of living
King George III
Tried to reduce Parliamentary powers
Two fundamental errors
took his frustrations with Parliament out on the colonies
appointed tax happy Prime Ministers
Colonial Grievances (George Grenville)
Proclamation of 1763 cancelled all land grants by previous kings and Parliament.
New Taxes
Violated Rights
Stamp Act (1765) stamps must be purchased for all legal documents.
Violators could be tried without a jury.
Quartering Act (1765) colonists required to provide quarters and other supplies to British soldiers.
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
No taxation without representation
Restore royal charters with representative powers
Restore land grants to the original colonies.
British defenders of Colonial rights William Pitt the Elder, Edmund Burke.
William Pitt the Elder (1767) favored less restrictions and more liberty for the colonies.
Charles Townshend felt the colonies should pay their "fair share". Suspended local legislatures.
Townshend Acts (taxes on colonial imports from Britain)
Writs of Assistance allowed British officials to inspect American ships and buildings for smuggled goods
Lord North urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.
Tensions Heat Up in Boston
The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770
The Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773
The "Intolerable Acts"
a new Quartering Act
Boston Port Bill
The Quebec Act canceled the American colonies claims to western lands and extended Quebec south to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. It recognized Roman Catholicism as the official religion.
Colonial Actions
Committees of Correspondence (1772) 21 men who kept the colonies and the world informed of Americas problems with England. p. 87
The First Continental Congress (September 5, 1774) p. 90
Patrick Henrys Speech (March 28, 1775) p. 90
The Second Continental Congress (May 10, 1775) p. 93
The Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
British Countermoves
Hiring of the Hessians mercenaries from Prussia
The Prohibitory Act (December 1775)
- January 1776 Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense.
Federalists politicians who wanted a federal system of government
Anti-Federalists politicians who opposed the Constitution
Democratic-Republicans those who opposed the strong federal government.
Inauguration formal ceremony of placing a person in office
Cabinet advisors to the president
Gold standard backing currency up with gold.
Loose construction idea that the Constitution could be interpreted freely by the government.
Strict construction idea that the Constitution should be followed closely.
Executive the branch of the government that signs bills into laws
Legislative the branch of the government that makes laws
Judicial the branch of the government that administers and judges the laws
Changes brought about by independence
New land opportunities
Greater social equality
Drastic changes in governing the colonies
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION November 1777
"The Articles [of Confederation] established a . . . union in which the central government is subject to the state governments" (p. 112).
Weakness of the Articles
Too difficult to arrive at a majority for approving and amending
No executive or judicial branches for the central government
Congress lacked the power to tax, etc.
-Shays Rebellion exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Provided for the establishment of states north and west of the Ohio river
Freedom of religion
Trial by jury
Public education
Prohibited slavery
Go to next page
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
Convened May 1787 in Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
Originally called to amend the Articles of Confederation
Key figures: James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin
The Question of Representation
The Virginia Plan called for representation based on population
The New Jersey Plan called for equal representation in Congress
The Connecticut Compromise (a.k.a. The Great Compromise) allowed for a bicameral Congress made up of Senate and House of Representatives.
The Three-fifths Compromise settled the issue of how to count slaves for representation and taxation
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise (p. 116)
The Federalist Papers a series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supporting the new Constitution.
The Process of Election
House of Representative elected by the people
Senators elected by the state legislatures
President electors chosen by state legislatures
The Bill of Rights (1791) The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
President George Washington
Inaugurated April 30, 1789.
Capital was in New York
Requested Bible
Added, "So help me, God"
The Northwest Territory, Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, and the Missouri Compromise
The Northwest Territory summarize pp. 160-161
-assign Check Up on p. 161
The Louisiana Purchase read/summarize pp. 162-169
-assign Check Up on p. 168
The War of 1812 read pp. 169-174a
TERMS
Neutrality status of not choosing sides in a war.
Impressment the kidnapping of American sailors by the British navy.
War Hawks the southern and western congressmen who called for the ward of 1812.
Creoles people from Louisiana with a mixture of French and Spanish ancestry.
Treaty of Ghent the treaty which ended the War of 1812.
British Attacks in the War of 1812 Met By
1. British soldiers marched south from Canada Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
(July 19, 1812) General William Henry Harrison
2. Washington, D.C./Fort McHenry (no names given)
(August 24, 1814)
3. New Orleans Andrew Jackson
(January 8, 1815)
-assign Check Up p. 174 #s 7-12
The Missouri Compromise read p. 176
QUIZ in lieu of a quiz, students will write a one page opinion paper expressing what the United States could have done to end slavery instead of coming up with the Missouri Compromise.
The Jacksonian Era (1825-1842) The Debate over States Rights
TERMS
Tariff a tax on imported goods.
Nullification doctrine the belief that a state has the right to declare a federal law null.
Secession when a state leaves the union.
Caucus a closed meeting of party leaders.
Spoils system the awarding of political office to ones friends.
Abolitionists people who opposed and wanted to "abolish" slavery.
Facts about Jackson
Democrat
Strict constructionist
Opposed the National Bank
Believed in the Gold Standard
Believed the Union should be preserved over individual states rights
Other Key Figures
John C. Calhoun former Senator; Vice President under J.Q. Adams and Jackson.
Henry Clay senator from Kentucky; author of the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
Daniel Webster - Massachusettes Senator who spoke out against secession.
William Lloyd Garrison abolitionist newspaper publisher.
Frederick Douglass former slave; abolitionist newspaper publisher.
Nat Turner leader of a slave revolt.
Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1877)
TERMS
Popular sovereignty that each state and territory should make their own decision about the slavery issue.
Fugitive Slave Law stated that runaway slaves in free states must be returned to their masters.
Underground Railroad a series of "secret routes" for slaves to escape to the North.
Bleeding Kansas nickname after violent fighting erupted over the slavery issue.
The Slavery Issue A Decade of Controversy
The Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Law (1850)
Uncle Toms Cabin
by Stowe (1851)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
The Dred Scott Decision (1857)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
John Browns Raid (1859)
THE CIVIL WAR YEAR BY YEAR
Lincoln becomes president
South Carolina secedes from the Union
Jefferson Davis becomes president of the Confederacy
Battle at Fort Sumter - April
Battle at Bull Run July
Grants army captures Forts Henry and Donelson, McClellans Peninsular Campaign February
Monitor battles the Merrimac - March
Battle of Shiloh, New Orleans falls April
Seven Days Battle June
Second Battle of Bull Run August
Battle of Antietam September
Battle of Fredericksburg December
THE CIVIL WAR YEAR BY YEAR continued
Emancipation Proclamation - January
Battle of Chancellorsville May
Gettysburg, Vicksburg July
Battle of Chickamauga September
Gettysburg Address, Battle of Chattanooga November
Grant becomes commander of Union Army March
Grant seizes Petersburg and Richmond August
Fall of Atlanta September
Shermans march to the sea November
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia April
RECONSTRUCTION
TERMS
Freedmen former slaves.
Black codes laws passed in southern states which restricted black civil rights.
Carpetbaggers northern politicians who came south to make their fortune after the Civil War.
Scalawags southerners who assisted the carpetbaggers.
Acts and Amendments of the Reconstruction Period
The 13th Amendment outlawed slavery.
The 14th Amendment made former slaves citizens of the U.S. and gave voting rights.
Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into military districts and called for the Southern states to ratify the 13th and 14th Amendments.