WEST JAVA AT GLANCE

Population Number, Spread, and Density

In the last 14 years period, the population in the province of West Java (old, including Banten) has increased from 30,830,365 people (1985) to 35,378,483 people (1990); 39,206,787 people in 1995 and increased to 42,428,584 people in 1999 or 20.24% of the Indonesian population. Therefore, there has been an increase of more than 150% since 1980. In 2008, the population is predicted to be near 48 million. After the province of Banten is formed, the population in the new province of West Java is 34,555,622 people in 1999. The age structure of the West Java population is a young population age structure. The percentage of age group 0 – 14 is decreasing from year to year, whereas the percentage of age group 15 – 64 which is the productive age is increasing, similarly with the percentage of age group > 65.

Dependency ratio in villages is 61.57%, whereas in cities is 52,77%. Currently there are 3.4 million elder people in West Java, 4% amongst them are memory lost and 11% have minor memory lost.

Based on the Urban-Rural criteria, the 1990 population survey shows that population in urban areas are increasing from 34.50% (1990) to 26.85% (1995) and increasing rapidly to 44.65% in 1998. According to population sex in urban, women population is around 22.22% and men population is around 22.42%. Those figures indicates rapid growth in urban areas caused by activity development in urban areas and its surroundings.

One of the main population problem is unequal population spread. The most spread is found in the Bandung Raya area (30%) and Bo(ta)bek (28%). This is related with unequal environmental support capacity among one regency/municipality and is related with administration area and development area division. The density in Bandung is 15,131 people per square km, higher than the population density average in Jakarta of 945,69 per square km. Population density projections until 2008 can be seen in the following illustration.

Population Growth

Average population growth rate (LPP) in the 1980 – 1990 period is 2.57% per year, with the highest LPP found in the Bo(ta)bek, they are Bekasi (5.55%) and Bogor (3.39%). Average population growth rate in urban areas are relatively high (14.2%) which is caused by high birth rates and migration rate increase. The attraction of Bandung, Bogor, and Bekasi as a city of education, economic center, culture, trade and industry also various facilities and infrastructure, causes population growth to be concentrated in those areas. With unequal population spread and high population growth, population problems is becoming more complex every day.

     Population Growth 1990 - 2000

         Source : BPS Jawa Barat, Proyeksi Penduduk Jawa Barat 2001 – 2010

             * Kota Depok disamakan dengan Kabupaten Bogor

If the current trend continues, in 2005 the population of West Java is predicted to be 46.9 million people.

With a large number of population, it is obvious when community health problems occur in the province of West Java with human development index (IPM) in the rank of 15 (Bapeda West Java  data) among other provinces in Indonesia which is 0.653 or the lowest among other provinces in Java. On the other side, the large number of population gives large contribution to community health level in Indonesia, epidemiologically. Because of that, health development in the province of West Java needs to carried out systematically with care to various internal and external conditions, also various strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, currently and in the future, so as health development in West Java can produce community resource that is “Cageur, Bageur, Bener, Pinter, tur Singer”.

Health Level

Community health level in West Java is faced with several problems. It can be seen from the infant mortality rate (AKB) of 55.7 per 1,000 live births in 1999 and protein energy defficiency (KEP) rate among infants of 5% in the same year.

d. Life Expectancy Rate

According to the Statistic Center Bureau (BPS) data in the West Java Province, life expectancy rate (AHH) in West Java increased from 60.1 in 1994 to 63.47 in 1999. More detailed observation on regency/municipality shows that AHH over 70 years is reached by Cirebon, Bogor, and Bandung. Whereas AHH over the average of West Java is reached by Sumedang, Kuningan, Majalengka, Subang, Bekasi, Cirebon, and Bandung. The remaining regency/municipality reach AHH below the average of West Java. Based on those data, the following illustration shows conditions & projection results of LER until 2008.

    Life Expectancy Rate  2000

         Sources : BPS Jawa Barat, Proyeksi Penduduk Jawa Barat 2001 – 2010

                     Profil Kesehatan Jawa Barat Tahun 2000

              * Kota Depok disamakan dengan Kabupaten Bogor

         LIFE EXPECTANCY RATE

e. Infant Mortality Rate (AKB)

According to Sensus/Supas, AKB in West Java has decreased 22.56% during the period of 1990 – 1995 from 89.10 per 1.000 live births (KH) to 69.00 per 1.000 KH, with an average decrease of 5.11% per year. Between 1995 – 1999, a decrease of 19.26% has occured from 69.00 per 1.000 KH to 55.71 per 1.000 KH with an average decrease of 5.35% per year. It is predicted that in 2000 there will be a decrease again to a level of 52.81% per 1.000 KH.

Infant mortality rate of 1999 in 3 regency/municipality with the best or smallest AKB only covers 3% of the population, whereas 3 regency/municipality with the worst or highest AKB covers 21% of the West Java population.

   Infant Mortality rate

The highest infant mortality rate is around the northern shoreline (Karawang, Purwakarta, and Indramayu). Special attention needs to be given to Bogor and Bandung which comprises 20% of the population in West Java, but the infant mortality rate in both regencies are still relatively high.

In 1999, AKB of West Java is still 55.7 per 1.000 live births, which is higher than Central Java (48 per 1.000 live births) and East Java (50 per 1.000 live births). According to SKRT results in 1992, the pattern of diseases causing infant mortality in Indonesia are ISPA (37.7%), perinatal disorder (11.8%), diarrhea (11.5%), tetanus neonatrum (7.9%), nervous system diseases (7.3%) and measles (2.6%). Therefore, besides infectious diseases, perinatal disorders is still the second mortality cause. This shows that infant mortality occurs most in the neonatal stage (age under one month). SDKI results of 1997 show that neonatal mortality rate of West Java (29.7 per 1.000 live births) is higher than other provinces in the Java and Bali Island (DKI = 16.3; Central Java = 23.4; Yogya = 10.6; East Java = 14.6; Bali = 27.5), and it is still higher than the national rate (25 per 1.000 live births).

This data needs to be compared with data of live births helped by medical power in West Java and Indonesia from the SDKI results.

It is shown that during the survey period, percentage in West Java is still under national percentage.

Susenas results in 1999 on births helped by new medical power reached 49% and more than 50% of births are helped by trained midwives and 80% of them are done at home, this is a problem in West Java. High prematurity and babies with low birth weight in West Java is also a factor affecting directly towards survival in neonatal. Caesar surgery access in West Java is 20% compared to caesar surgery access in Central Java and half of access in East Java and national, also needs attention.

Strategically, attention needs to be given to neonatal mortality which is proportionally affected by the mother’s health during pregnancy, and birth aid.

If observed in each regency/municipality, in 1999 there 6 regencies with AKB higher than AKB of West Java. Those regencies are Karawang (64.46 per 1,000 KH), Purwakarta (64.05 per 1,000 KH), Sukabumi (61.14 per 1,000 KH), Indramayu (60.47 per 1,000 KH), Cianjur (59.28 per 1,000 KH), and Garut (56.17 per 1,000 KH).

f. Maternal Mortality Rate (AKI)

Until now, the data of Maternal mortality rate in West Java is not available yet. Figures are obtained from limited surveys. According to the 1992 SKRT, maternal mortality rate is 420 per 100,000 live births and according to the 1995 SKRT it has decreased to 373 per 100,000 KH.

From the 1992 SKRT it can be shown that 45.8% mother death occurs in the birth process, 29.2% in the 7 months pregnancy, 20.8% after birth, and 4.2% in miscarriage.

Reports on mother death in general hospitals and large hospitals of West Java indicates that direct causes of  death birth complications are hemorrhage, pre eclampsia, and eclampsia (pregnancy poisoning), birth infection and others (emboli, septic abortion, etc.). Indirect causes playing an important role in the high rate of AKI are mother’s low level of education, mother’s defficient nutrient status, and early or elder first pregnancy age. The following illustration shows projections until 2008.

 g. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The decrease of population growth rate in West Java in the last 15 years is strongly related with the decrease in fertility rate (TRF) and migration. According to the Statistic Center Bureau (BPS) data, in the province of West Java there is a decrease of fertility rate (TFR) from 4.03 (1985) to 3.37 (1990) and to 2.83 in 1999. In other words, TFR has decreased around 16.02% in the period of 1995. Crude birth rate (CBR) in the province of West Java in the period of 1985 – 1999 fluctuated although the trend is decreasing from 26.21 per 1,000 people (1990) to 25.20 per 1,000 people in 1999. The following illustration shows projection results of TFR and CBR until 2008.

Net migration rate in West Java is increasing from 0.26 per 1,000 (1980 – 1985) to 0.751 per 1,000 (1985 – 1990) and to 1.043 per 1,000 in the period of 1990 – 1995. Development area of Bo(ta)bek and Bandung Raya has a net migration of each 49% and 37% from the total net migration of West Java in 1984.

According to the 1995 Supas results, the percentage of women with the age of 10 and above who have been married first time at the age of below 17 in West Java is 44.37% and every year it decreases until 1999 (Susenas) to 34.55%. Under age marriage occurs mostly in rural areas (30.81%) whereas in urban areas there are only 19.48%. The percentage of women that have been married in a young age varies between each regency/municipality with the highest rate in Majalengka (47.67%), and lowest rate in Bekasi (9,48%) and Cirebon (17,98%). The average number of children born per women age 15 – 49 in West Java is 2.57.

 h. Population Quality

The Iliteracy rate in West Java for population with age over 10 is decreasing. The Iliteracy rate in 1990 is 15.05% decreased to 6.91% in 1999. The literacy rate of women with the age of 10 and above has decreased from 20.44% (1990) to 9.40% (1998) but in the 1999 it has increased to 9.55%.

Education completed is an indicator of formal education quality. The 1990 population survey, 1995 Supas, and 1999 Susenas results, as shown in Tabel 3 in attachment, shows that men and women population that have completed school in each education level, generally has increased, on the contrary population with age above 10 who did not finish elementary school, men and women, has decreased.

     Literacy Rate 1999

      Source :  Rencana Pembangunan Makro Pendidikan Jawa Barat, 2002.

   Years of Schooling 1999

      Source : Rencana Pembangunan Makro Pendidikan Jawa Barat, 2002.

illiterate rate of women is still high compared to men. Many women in particular areas of West Java do not continue their studies due to economic reason or community culture. There is still a tradition among society discriminating women in particular areas such as; son preference, less value of daughter, marriage at young age, girl would receive less opportunity to education and other such values and attitudes relate to gender inequalities.

       FEMALE ILLITERACY

          Source :  Kantor Statistik Provinsi WEST JAVA

 Social economic characteristics that need attention is average poor population growth in West Java and Banten, is 12.2% in 1993 decreased to 9.9% in 1996 but increased drastically to 20.46% in 1999. There are 12 regency/municipality with poor population over the West Java average (20.02%) even 2 regencies with small number of population have a percentage of more than 25%, they are Cianjur and Subang. The other 10 regency/municipality are under average, with the smallest percentage in Bekasi of 15.22%.