ATTRIBUTIVE VERBS IN PROTO-DREM:

Remember in Proto-Drem, there are no adjectives or adverbs per say, there are only attributive verbs. So the ‘adjective’ has an innate ‘to be’ attached, and as such, there is no copula needed. Being a verb, it acts just like any other verb in Proto-Drem. And so instead of ‘Adj.’ as the marker, we use ‘attv.’ for attributive verb. In this important area of Proto-Drem, there are four main areas we will look at.

• Attributive verbs in general
• Noun specific attributive verb syntax
• Ideophonic noun modifying attributive verbs
• Verb specific attributive verbs

The two main splits are of course between nouns and verb specific attributive verbs, and then how ideophonic verbs work within that system.

Things of note for attributive verbs:

• Copula is assumed within attv usage
• An attv can be used as both an “adjective” and a verb.
• An attv can be used with a number of tenses and modals.
• attv’s can use pronominal modifiers (with the attv acting as the subject)
• Attributive verbs using prepositions

Simple Attributive Verbs:

Normal structure: NOUN + ATTV

XXX

Female+Beauty+CNVA+CLS+rich

The rich beautiful girl

XXX

Dog+old+CLS+black

The old black dog

The first attributive verb always identifies the general category, while the second one always identifies the individual case.

Compound attributive verbs:

Serial adjectives: NOUN + ATTV + CLASSIFIER + ATTV

Note that the first ATTV used is the ‘focus’ or primary attv, while the second one is the secondary descriptor. In some ways, the compound attv systems works in ways similar to serial verbs do in Proto-Drem. The serial structure would be used in ‘the large, red spear’. (spear+red+(a)ga+big). Commonly used and seen attributive verbs come from base roots such as XXX (heart), XXX (worthy of), XXX (having the characteristic of), XXX (given to/good at), XXX (head)

Here is a sample list to show how they are used.

XXX

Kind (heart + good)

XXX

Calm (heart + cool)

Calm, relaxed, patient

XXX

Impatient, Impetuous (heart + hot)

Quick tempered, rash, hot-tempered

XXX

Narrow-minded (heart + narrow)

XXX

Ugly (worthy of + hate)

XXX

Cute, loveable (worthy of + love)

XXX

Delicious-looking (worthy of + eat)

XXX

Interesting (worthy of + to be interested in)

XXX

Boring (worthy of + to be bored)

XXX

Forgettable (worthy of + to forget)

XXX

Frightening (worthy of + to be afraid)

XXX

Shy (having the characteristic of + to be embarrassed)

XXX

Forgetful (having the characteristic of + to forget)

XXX

Mean, stingy (having the characteristic of + to be sticky)

XXX

Cowardly (having the characteristic of + timid)

XXX

Nagging (having the characteristic of + complain)

XXX

Alcoholic (having the characteristic of + drunk)

XXX

Forgetfull (having the characteristic of + forget)

XXX

Cheat (having the characteristic of + deceive)

XXX

Talkative (given to/good at + to speak)

XXX

Given to thinking (given to/good at + to think)

XXX

Observant (given to/good at + to observe)

XXX

Argumentative (given to/good at + to argue)* argue = to talk + subtle negative

XXX

Clever (head + good)

XXX

Stubborn, headstrong (head + hard)

XXX

Pretentious (head + high)

XXX

Educated abroad (head + LOC(outside))

XXX

Conservative, old-fashioned (head + old)

XXX

Satisfied (enough + heart)

XXX

Depressed (gloomy + heart)

XXX

Happy (well/happy + heart)

XXX

Worried (heavy + heart)

XXX

Hard-hearted (heart + difficult)

XXX

Loose/ easy going (heart + easy)

XXX

Mean (heart + black)

XXX

Delighted, exultant, overjoyed (heart + bloom)

XXX

Gullible (heart + light)

ATTV Reduplication in Proto-Drem:

Reduplication in Proto-Drem attv’s deals with two aspects. The first is considered an old fossilized way of creating intensification of the attv which is like adding the suffix ‘very’ onto the attv. The second way is used with female speech and also acts like an intensifier in ways. The second way is interesting since it is used only by women, and not at all by men. Why, scholars still have to research this and see any correlations amongst the future languages that followed Proto-Drem and see if this tendency continued on. Also below are seen ways in which reduplicated attv’s work in NP’s.

Another way to see roots that are doubled and therefore reduplicated:

Reduplication is a rarely used way to show intensification. This is only for a few roots nowadays.

XXX

Very old (old + old)

XXX

Very beautiful (Beauty + beauty)

XXX

Very vacant, empty (vacant + empty)

XXX

Very poor (poor + poor)

XXX

Very big (DEGREE + DEGREE)

XXX

Very many (PLU + PLU)* the word varies depending on what is referenced.

Female speech reduplication:

A feature of female speech, attributive verbs is reduplicated usually with the first syllable only if the verb is a two syllable root or a full reduplication if the adjective is only a one syllable root. This style of reduplication is used for emphasis.

ncide-> ncidenci

‘good’ becomes ‘So good!’

The word is exaggerated and is usually thought of in a good way, although negative exaggeration has been heard.

Partial and full reduplication of ATTV’s:

ATTV’s themselves may be reduplicated to give an attenuated meaning, like English “–ish”. Full reduplication is the norm, Note that for the objective compliments, the examples will use a degree word (small) and the ‘adjective affix’ (-ish) to produce an adjective ‘smallish’. Note that a DEG+ATTVAFF will be generally so small as to not be reduplicated.

XXX
DEG+ATTVAFF
smallish

Attributive: (blackish soil)

XXX
soil+black+black
blackish soil

Predicate: (sweetish fruit)

XXX
sweet+sweet
sweetish

Obj. comp: (smallish)

XXX
Crayfish+DEG+ATTVAFF
smallish crayfish

CV reduplication meaning “NOUN-like”:

The reduplicated syllable bears H tone and the vowel is short regardless of length of the base noun. X is like X, or X is X-like

XXX
sun+RED
sun-like

Modification of Attributive verbs:

These can be modified by words like ‘not’, ‘very’, ‘rather’, ‘somewhat’. Some occur before attributive verbs, though most occur after them.

MODIFIER + Attributive verb

XXX (rather)

XXX (not)

XXX (not very) * from Not+DEGREE

Attributive verb + MODIFIER

XXX (truly) [n. truth+CNVA]

XXX (too) [DEGREE]

XXX (more, increasingly) from v. to raise

XXX (less, decreasingly) from v. to fall

XXX (excessively) from [to raise + DEGREE]

--- (very) [depends on usage which degree affix to use]

XXX (enough)

XXX (equally) [DEGREE]

--- (indeed) [depends on usage, which interjection is used]

XXX (most) [DEGREE]

Comparison of attributive verbs:

Structure is mómbù (more than) + ATTV

Degrees of comparison:

Comparisons can be further modified by the use of degree adverbs such as XXX (much, a lot) or XXX (a little). Structure is DEG + mómbù (more than) + ATTV.

Equal Comparisons:

Three styles are seen here. The first is common and seen for both numerical and non-numerical comparisons. The second is just a variant of the first. The last one is for non-quantifiable attributive verb. These comparisons keep to a loose [subject-verb-object] structure. The only one that breaks that is the second example which shows a [subject-object-verb] structure.

Note that in the third example, the possessive nouns break a rule where the roots have to attach to each other. Here in this case, the full possessed noun (their food) is considered one whole noun root by itself since the root ‘food’ in incorporated into the possessive affix.

X + ATTV + Y + XXX (as much as).

XXX

man+about+tall+man+COMP

The child is about as tall as his man.

X + XXX (with) + Y + ATTV + XXX (equally)

XXX

Man+with+man+about+tall+equally

The man and child are about as tall as each other.

X + ATTV + Y + XXX (similar)

XXX

POSS+1PP+food+To taste+POSS+3PP+food+similar

our food is as tasty as thier food.

X + ATTV + Y + XXX (not lose to)

XXX

To fish+CVNA+to taste+CNVA+fowl+not lose to

The fish is as tasty as the chicken.

Interrogative Comparisons:

WhQA + ATTV + XXX

XXX

WhQA+far

Which is further?

XXX

WhQA+hut+DEGREE

Which hut is smaller?

Negative comparisons:

X + ndabè + Y + bì (X can’t beat Y)

XXX
woman+cant beat+man+hunt+CNVA

A woman can’t beat a man at hunting

Excessive:

ATTV + XXX (too much)

XXX

Far+COMP

It’s too far

XXX

Late+COMP

A little bit too late

Superlatives:

ATTV + XXX (most)

XXX

Important+COMP+CNVA

The most important thing is… or most importantly …

XXX

3PS+village+Important+COMP+DOER+To hunt

He is the villages’ most important hunter

ATTV’s - NOUN PHRASE:

STUFF …

Structure: NOUN + ATTV

XXX
rock+old
The old rock

Regular ATTV’s:

XXX
hot
hot

Ideophonnic ATTV’s

XXX
to fall
fell heavily on the ground

Some scholars think that degree words are a set of attributive verbs, but the words apply to many sorts of word categories and can change the meaning in various ways, other than what adjectives or adverbs do. So degree words, though describing items in dimension (big, small) are not adjectives.

Tone in ATTV’s

Downstep does not apply within words derived into ATTVs, even if a LH sequence shows; the H will not be downstepped. Yet, at word boundaries, downstep is it can be done, will be done.

XXX
spicy
spicy

Texture/Taste/Smell ATTV’s

These adjectives are all generally CVgi structure and are in the “texture” or “taste/smell” realms. There are enough adjectives of this pattern that their resemblance seems not to be an accident, even with changes to the first syllable; these words are easily noticed due to the –gi- half of the root.

XXX ‘bitter tasting’

XXX ‘rather bitter, like eggplant’

XXX ‘bitter; evil acting’

XXX ‘foul or sour odor’

XXX ‘slick, slimy’

Syntax of ATTV’s

The syntax of these words are generally seen as Noun+AFFIX

Attributive modifiers:

When following a demonstrative or personal pronoun. So the structure is Noun+AFF+DEMO or Noun+AFF+Pro

Demonstrative:

Noun+AFF+DEMO

XXX
hate+CNVA+DEMO
This (is) hatable.

Person Pronoun:

Noun+AFF+Pro

XXX
agree+AFF+2P
Your agreeable

IDEOPHONIC ATTV’s – NOUN PHRASE:

Ideophonic adjectives comprise a set of words that have characteristics of both adjectives and ideophones.

XXX
to exist like a whirlwind
existed as fast as a whirlwind

Forms of Ideophonic ATTV’s:

Most ideophonic adjectives have one of four phonological patterns. A fifth, somewhat less regular pattern, XCvv, always ends in a long vowel or diphthong. All patterns are mono-tonal, i.e. they bear all H or all L. The canonical patterns incorporate reduplication

Pattern 1:

CVC-VC-V

XXX
XXX
XXX

Reduplicated CVC syllable: The second consonant of the reduplicated syllable is always a sonorant.

ATTV’s – VERB PHRASE:

Attributive verbs that strictly work with verbs and modifying verbs would normally be called adverbs, yet in Proto-Drem, there are no adverbs either, only attributive verbs. This section details how common ATTV’s are and their usage in the language.

ATTV’s of Manner:

There are five main structures:

ATTV + VERB PHRASE

REDUPLICATED ATTV + VERB PHRASE

ADVERBAL PHRASE + VERB PHRASE

ATTV + VERB PHRASE + XXX

ATTV+VERB PHRASE + XXXX

ATTV + VERB PHRASE

XXX

3PS+slow+CNVA+To walk+3PS

He walks slowly

XXX

clear+CNVA+To speak+2PS

You speak clearly

REDUPLICATED ATTV + VERB PHRASE

XXX

REDUP slow+CNVA+To walk+3PS

He walks slow(ish)ly

This pattern is also used in commands.

XXX

REDUP fast+To come

Come quickly!

XXX

REDUP silent

Stay quiet! or Silence!

ADVERBAL PHRASE + VERB PHRASE

Adverbial forms are common with words like XXX (like, as), XXX (by), XXX (with), ru (is, as)

XXX (like, as) and XXX (by) are followed by a VERB/VERB PHRASE

XXX (with) is followed by VERB or NOUN

ru (is, as) is followed by a NOUN/NOUN PHRASE

ATTV + XXX (like, as) + VERB PHRASE

XXX

not+Respect+CNVA+like/as+speak+3PS

He spoke unrespectfully

XXX

Happy+CNVA+To smile+3PS

She smiled happily

XXX (by) + VERB PHRASE + VERB PHRASE

XXX

by+not+think+CNVA+To speak+3PS

He spoke without thinking

VERB PHRASE + NOUN PHRASE + XXX (with)

XXX

Difficult+CNVA+To work+3PS+with

He worked with difficulty

VERB PHRASE + NOUN PHRASE + ru (is, as)

XXX

Day+CNVA+To pay+3PP+is/as

They pay daily

XXX

3PS+To divide+Piece+PLU+DEGREE+is/as

She divided it into small pieces

ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE

XXX deals with describing how well somebody can do something. It works like a specialized intensifier and is therefore found preceding the verb.

XXX

Good+CNVA+To speak+3PS

He speaks fluently

XXX

Good+CNVA+To write+2PS

You wrote nicely

ATTV + zí (Imperative affix) + VERB PHRASE

This pattern is used for commands, as the causative is used. Note that of the imperatives, the more insistent of the two is used. In the two examples below, an epenthetic schwa (between the imperative and verb) is inserted so as to make sure the person knows that the meaning is an imperative.

XXX

Good+IMP+To complete

Finish it off!

XXX

Good+IMP+To write

Write nicely!

Modification of Adverbs:

These are modified the same way as attributive verbs. They usually appear in the pattern …

ATTV + MODIFIER + VERB PHRASE

XXX

Fun+DEGREE+ To hunt+CNVA

Hunting is quite fun

But, the other way is also seen…

ATTV + MODIFIER + VERB PHRASE

XXX

Fast+CNVA+DEGREE+To speak+3PS

He speaks very quickly

Comparison of Adverbs

The structure is pretty much the same as attributive verbs, but, there is a verb following the ATTV.

ATTV + (varied) + VERB PHRASE

XXX

2PS+To kill+more than+DOER+To hunt+1PS

You are a better hunter than me

Equal comparisons of Adverbs:

X + ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE+ Y

XXX

1PS+difficult+COMP+To study+3PS

I study as hard as he

X + XXX + Y + ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE

XXX

1PS and 3PS+difficult+COMP+To study

I and he study as hard as each other

X + ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE + Y

XXX

3PS+Beauty+CNVA+COMP+To be+shaman

She is as beautiful as the shaman

Excessive Constructions:

ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE

XXX

Fast+CNVA+COMP+To speak+2PS

You speak too quickly

Superlative construction:

ATTV + XXX + VERB PHRASE

XXX

SPRLT+DOER+to hunt+To be+3PS

She is the best warrior

As…as possible:

There are two ways to see these. The first is as a reduplicated attributive verb. And the second uses bo (to do) instead of the reduplication.

XXX + REDUP ATTV + XX + VERB PHRASE

XXX

ADVMOD+REDUP quickly+ADVMOD+To run+3PS

He ran as quickly as possible

XXX + ATTV + XX + XX + VERB PHRASE

XXX

ADVMOD+quickly+To do+ADVMOD+To run+3PS

He ran as quickly as possible

Adverbs of Time:

Present:

XXX Now, at this moment

XXX Nowadays, Thesedays

Past:

XXX before, formerly, long ago

XXX at that time

XXX a minute ago

Future:

XXX tomorrow

XXX another day, some other day

XXX next time

These adverbial phrases always occur before a verb phrase

ADVERBIAL + VERB PHRASE

XXX

before+not+To like+1PS

Before I did not like it

XXX

Another day+To go+3PS

I’ll go visit her another day

Two important adverbs of time are XXX (still) and XXX (already). These have fixed positions and always occur before the verb or verb phrase.

ADVERBIAL + VERB PHRASE

XXX

Still+To hunger

I’m still hungry

XXX

Already+To go

He’s already gone

Adverbs of Frequency:

XXX often, a lot

XXX always

XXX Continuously

XXX Regularly, Periodically, habitually

XXX rarely, not often, sometimes (lit. often not)

XXX daily (day+conversion affix)

XXX

3PS+spicy+always+To make+food

She always makes spicy food

XXX

Sometimes+[to be/is] bored

Sometimes I feel bored*

*Can be translated various ways.

XXX (normally, usually) occurs more commonly at the beginning of a clause or sentence.

XXX

Normal+CNVA+DEGREE+people

Usually there are more people

Adverbs of degree:

Note- The affixes are part of the Degrees of Precision and have been seen before.

ADVERB OF DEGREE + VERB PHRASE

XXX a lot, very much, really

XXX somewhat, fairly reasonable

XXX a little bit, a little

XXX

DEGREE+heart+cool

Be a little paitient!

XX … XX is used to express polite agreement or enthusiasm.

XX … + VERB PHRASE + …XX

XXX

[to be/is] good+DOER+To teach+3PS

He is a good teacher!

XXX (some, to some extent, somewhat) is normally a quantifier, and therefore is always followed by a classifier. But, sometimes is not followed by a noun.

XXX

1PS+some+kind+spicy+To like+food

I like some kinds of spicy food

XXX

Some+good+people Some+not

Some people are good, some are bad.

‘To some extent’ and ‘somewhat’ occur with Wh- questions when it expects multiple answers. This style of XXX never occurs with a classifier.

XXX

To do+ truth+somewhat+IMP+To speak

Try telling the truth!

XXX

True+somewhat+To speak+3PS, somewhat+not+true

Some of what he says is true; some isn’t.

Another usage of XXX is (some…and some…)

XXX

Some+To like+some+not

Some like it some don’t!

Adverbs and adjective similarities:

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. And so Adverbs like adjectives are always found preceding a verb, and also, and when multiple adverbs are found, the one the speaker wants to emphasize, gets placed closest to the root verb. This placement has been going on for a while in Proto-Drem, so that the closest adverb or adjective now has a term. That term is called a focus. Example focus adverbs and adjectives can be seen below. For translations, it is wise to also place the focus closest to the verb or noun to show its proper place as well. The focus adverb and adjective wil be highlighted to show it easily.

XXX
stick+lazy+CNVA+slow+CNVA+to sink+LOC
the stick lazily, slowly sank down (to the bottom.)

XXX
rumble+mountain+DEG+LOC
The distant and large mountain rumbled.

Adverb specific:

Proto-Drem adverbs are in themselves verbs with a simple marker. This marker is considered a relic from a syntax need in a past form of the language; note that this marker in of itself is very rarely used since most transitivey/intransitive issues are resolved by simple word order. The (ə) in the marker like those seen before denotes the variable vowel that the marker is allowed due to vowel harmony rules. The vowel if it’s needed is usually seen as ə (schwa) in that it can be used with vowel harmony easily. The Adverb markers are interesting in that they are concerned with the ‘transitivity’. This marker also acts as the rarely used transitivity marker when a sentence is intransitive.

Transitive marker usage: -XX

XXX
fast+CNVA+TRANS
quickly

Example: I quickly ran

Intransitive marker usage: -XX

XXX
fast+CNVA+INTRANS
quickly

Example: I quickly ran to the hut

PROTO-DREM COMMON ATTV LIST

Feelings toward people – good

[is] grateful; with filial devotion and obedience; dutiful

[is] trusting; confident (in another person)

[is] impressive; profound; deep

[is] humble; modest

[is] virtuous

[is] virtuous; devout; pious; saintly

[is] merry; jolly; cheerful; jovial

[is] satisfied; joyful

[is] boisterious; rowdy; jolly

[is] joyful; cheerful; happy; buoyant; glad

[is] cheerful; glad; pleased; pleasant; refreshing

[is] delighted; happy; glad

[is] joyful; cheerful; happy; merry; delighted

[is] content; contented; satisfied; pleased; happy

[is] encouraged; emboldened; heartened (by)

[is] appreciative; pleased

[is] courageous; patient; resolved; determined

[is] heartsick; lovesick; broken-hearted

[is] loving; kind; merciful

[is] considerate; helpful; generous; friendly

[is] concerned; caring

[is] inspired with awe; respectful of; fearful; afraid; filled with reverence

[is] reluctant to impose upon; deferent to; is considerate of (another's feelings); respectful of (another's privacy, space, etc.); fearful to approach

[is] mischievous

[is] impressive

[is] impressed; pleasantly surprised

[is] famed; famous; well-known; renowned

[is] legendary

[is] prominent; distinguished; conspicuous; evident

[is] honest; sincere

[is] nice; kind; compassionate; merciful; truthful

[is] on good terms (with)

[is] amazed; astonished

[is] fascinated (by); takes great interest (in)

[is] fond of; admiring

[is] interested (in); satisfied (with); enjoying; absorbed (with)

[is] enthralled by; attracted to; enamored of; yearning for; in love with; crazy for

[is] excited; nervous; panicked; thrilled

[is] delirious; crazy; raving mad; insane; mad; mad about; head over heels in love with; infatuated with; crazed about

[is] extremely enthusiastic about; [is] mad about

Feeling toward people – bad

[is] sarcastic; disparaging; ironic

[is] mad; angry; pissed off

[is] angry; peeved; indignant; wrathful; irate; offended; annoyed

[is] sulking; sulky

[is] sulky; petulant; peevish; fractious; huffy; pettish; snappish; grouchy; displeased by an intimate (lover, husband/wife, parent, friend, etc); pouting

[is] doubtful; suspicious; abashed; embarrassed

[is] needy

[is] dependent (upon)

[is] distrusting; suspicious; doubtful

[is] sarcastic; ironic

[is] complacent; overconfident; assured

[is] indifferent; unconcerned; passive; negligent; [is] disregardingish

[is] testing another person's feelings; [is] testing another person's resolve

Feeling toward people – nasty!

[is] harsh; stiff; rough; coarse; crude; obstinate; rebellious; mutinous

[is] dishonest; deceitful

[is] deceptive; pretend; feigned; false

[is] corrupt; dishonest; deceitful

[is] merciless

[is] hatable; ugly; horrible; disgusting

[is] meddlesome; impudent; obstructive; saucy; blatant; undisguised

[is] savage; ruthless; cruel

[is] atrocious; merciless; cruel; pitiless; ruthless; brutal

[is] spiteful; vindictive; vengeful; implacable; malicious; revengeful; spiteful; unforgiving

[is] stubborn

[is] annoying; irritating

[is] disrespectful; insolent; impertinent; impudent

[is] reckless; incautious; rash; absent-minded; forgetful; unaware; off one's guard; error-prone; unintentional

[is] careless

[is] mean

[is] sarcastic; satirical; mocking (of)

[is] tired of; bored with; offended at or disgusted with; displeased or irritated by; disparaging of

[is] rude; crude; coarse; vulgar; rough; obscene; impolite; rugged

[is] hasty; rash; impetuous; quick-tempered

[is] envious

[is] obstinate

[is] selfish

[is] irritated; annoyed

[is] lofty; too proud; haughty; arrogant; conceited

[is] arrogant

[is] in a bad temper; furious

[is] deceptive; fraudulent; dishonest

[is] distorted; slanted; deviant

[is] culpable; [is] to blame

[is] in disagreement; adversarial; on bad terms

[is] stingy; miserly; parsimonious

[derogatory] [is] stupid; foolish; unintelligent; brainless; dense; dim; half-witted; moronic; obtuse; simple; simple-minded; slow; slow-witted; thick; asinine; daft (informal); idiotic; imbecilic; inane; nonsensical; pointless; rash; senseless; unintelligent

[of a person] [is] crazy; mad; insane

[of a person] [is] very crazy

[is] nosy; meddlesome; (apt to) snoop

[is] mischievous; naughty; bad

[is] giggly; with a broad grin; a little naughty; pert; cheeky; saucy

[is] sexually promiscuous; slutty

[is] disgraceful; precocious; childish

[of conduct] [is] shameless; unconcealed; unduly exposed to the public eye

[is] brazen; brazen-faced; shameless; impudent; immodest

[is] lewd; obscene; immoral

[is] parsimonious; stingy; miserly; penny-pinching; cunning; shrewd; calculating

Feeling toward self – good

[is] jubilant; delighted; joyful

[of a person] [is] gentle; mild; obedient

[is] joyful; joyous; (feeling) fresh or refreshing; comfortable; enjoyable

[is] (feeling) relieved; at ease

[of mood] [is] alert; awake; untroubled; cheerful; bright

[is] brave; daring; courageous; liberal

[is] smart; intelligent; clever

[is] (emotionally) touching; moving

[is] dramatic; sensational; stimulating; exciting; exhilarating; provocative; rousing; stirring

[is] glad (with); pleased (with)

[is] tolerable

[is] amused; amusing; funny; jocular; comic; comical; humourous; laughable; ridiculous

Feeling toward self – bad

[is] defeated; lost

[is] worthless; [is] a waste

"It is a waste of time" — "It is not worthwhile"

[is] miserable

[is] despairing; feeling inferiority or despair

[is] long-struggling; long-suffering

[is] sullen

[is] sick; ailing; ill; diseased

[is] shameful; embarrassed; abashed; shy; timid

[is] timid; shy; bashful; nervous; abashed; lacking confidence

[is] worried; concerned

[is] depressed; sad; worried

[is] anxious; uneasy; worried

[is] anxious (for); [is] worried; [is] concerned

[is] (emotionally) hurt

[is] bitter; distressed; pained

[is] intimidated (by); fearful (of)

[is] fearful; intimidated; timid; horrified; afraid

[is] afraid; fearful; frightened; daunted; scared

[is] bashful; embarrassed; shy

[is] embarrassed; [has] lost face

[is] scared

[is] shaking; trembling; shivering, due to fear or cold

[is] startled; shocked; scared; frightened

[is] reluctant; unwilling

[is] lonely

[is] gullible; overly believing of what one hears; naïve

[of a person] [is] disturbed; distressed; vexed; purturbed; gloomy

[is] sleepy; drowsy; prone to dozing off; forgetful of oneself; absent-minded; scatterbrained

[is] confused; puzzled; taken aback

[is] in turmoil; greatly confused

[is] stumped; at a loss; halted; stopped; paused; stunned

[is] close—and often dependent—on one's father [implying derogation]

[is] close—and often dependent—on one's mother [implying derogation]

[is] panic-stricken

[is] bored

[is] fatigued; exhausted

[is] hungry; starved; starving

[is] overwhelmed with indignation; wild or obsessed with ambitious desire

[is] causing anxiety; anxious; worried; distressed; concerning

[is] in doubt (about); uncertain (of); doubtful (of)

[is] careless; remiss; negligent; overconfident

[is] proud

[is] startled; frightened; suddenly roused or awakened; apprehensive

[is] hesitant; uncertain; unsteady; changing; wavering; vacillating; fluctuating; unreliable

[is] lonely; (feeling) empty; [having a feeling of] solace

Injuries

(of a wound) [is] completely healed

[is] inflamed; infected; swollen

[is] contused; bruised; beaten

[is] sore; hurt; injured

[is] sore; injured

[is] scraped; abraded; scratched

[is] (feeling) hurt

[is] chipped

[is] dimpled; indented; pock-marked

[is] flattened; dented; bashed-in

[of shape] [is] distorted

[is] balding; [is] losing hair; [is] "going grey"

[has] tooth rot; tooth decay

Body/Shapes/Objects

[is] broken; shattered

[is] shoddy; poor; inferior; low; base; cheap

[is] very shoddy; very cheaply made

[is] smart-looking; elegant; chic

[is] flashy; luxurious; smart-looking

[is] bare; barren; bald; denuded; thin; naked

[is] naked; unclothed

[is] hard; solid; stiff; rigid; strong; firm; [of a swimmer] strong

[general] [has] legs crossed; [is] crossing (his) legs

[is] beautiful; pretty; attractive; gorgeous; fine; complete

[is] cute; tiny; amiable (used to describe a girl's face); delicate; lovely; dainty; cute

[is] good; well; fine; nice

[is] very good

[is] squat; low; dwarf; diminutive

[is] common; general; run-of-the-mill

[is] very common

[is] homely; commonplace; nothing special

[is] usual; ordinary; normal; average; plain; regular; natural; common

[of a girl] [is] beautiful; gorgeous

[of a child or cub, vegetables and fruits] [is] young; fresh; green

[is] gaping; hollow; empty; perforated

[is] coiled; curled up; rolled up; twisted or bent into a coil

[of an object] [is] old; antique; decrepit

[is] snug; well-fitting; perfectly (sized)

[is] blocked (road, pipe, sink); solid; choked; clogged

[is] (physically) stopped; caught in; stuck; blocked; obstructed; interfered with; interrupted; halted; brought to a standstill

[is] compressed; crushed; closely packed

[is] crushed; [is] broken into pieces

[is] dead; lifeless; terminated

[is] rotten; decomposed; disintegrated; to become decayed

[is] rotten; decayed; dead; putrid; spoiled

[is] oozing; rotten; muddy; putrid; decomposed

[is] short; low [used to describe people or objects]

[is] very short or low; not tall

[is] big; large; grown

[is] grown up

[is] parallel; lying parallel

[is] nimble; agile; elusive; brisk; quick

[is] thin; lean; not fat; skinny; slender; slim

[is] slender; thin; tapered

[is] protruding; showing a small part of; revealing a portion of

[is] close to; attached to; clinging to; adjacent to; side by side with; snuggled up to; enclosed within

[of a person] [is] weak; frail; infirm

[is] ruined; broken

[is] flat; [of a hand or foot] deformed

[of hair] [is] silver-gray

[is] inflated; filled up

[is] overloaded; heavily loaded; too full

[of a muscle] [is] stiff; tight; sore

[is] crushed; [is] crumpled; [is] wrinkled

[is] sagging; slack; relaxed

[is] spent; broken; wasted; malfunctioning; defective; out of order; rotten; bad

Taste/Smell/Touch/Senses

[is] salty; salted

[is] mild (tasting); [is] not spicy

[is] bland; tasteless

[is] tasteless; dry; flavorless; tame

[is] oily; fatty; greasy; nutty; crisp; starchy (taste)

[is] fragrant; aromatic; scented; pleasant-smelling

[is] sweet

[of cooked food] [is] soft; tender

[does] stink; [does] smell bad; [is] stinking

[is] appetizing; appealing to the taste; savory

[is] soft; pliable; tender

[is] very soft

[of an object, liquid, or time of day] [is] cool; cold

[of an object, etc.] is very cold

[feeling] [is] cool; cold

[of food] [is] spicy; flavored with spices (not neccessarily spicy-hot)

[is] stinky; foul-smelling; bad-smelling; odiferous

[has a] buzzing in the ears; [feels] temporarily deafened

[is] fatty; oily; greasy

[of taste] [is] spicy (peppers and spices other than chilli)

[of taste] [is] sour; acetic

[is] hungry; [has] a rumbling stomach

Color/Light/Brightness

[of color] [is] pale; light; ashen; bleached; faded; pallid; pasty; wan

[of color] [is] very pale

[of color] [is] dark

[is] very dark; darkly

[is] dark; blurred; indistict; dusky

[is] dark; dim; darkened; tanned; blurred; obscure

White

[of night] [is] dark; black; having no light

[is] vivid; stark

[is] vivid; bright

[is] bright; glowing

[is] bright; clear; shiny

[is] luminous; sparkling

[of a color] [is] intense; dazzling

Place/Weather

[of weather] [is] clear; fine

[of the sky] [is] gloomy; dark; overcast

[is] cloudy; dark; misty; murky; foggy; dim

[is] near; close

[is] far; distant

[is] sheltered; shady; protected; cloistered; isolated; quiet; screened; secluded; shaded; shielded

[is] cool and shady

[is] peaceful; secure

[is] wide open; broad

[of jungle, forest, woods] [is] dense and overgrown

[is] shady; cool; (of weather) pleasant

[of temperature] [is] hot

Miscellaneous

[is] unlucky; on the outs; declining; in decline

[is] difficult to deal with; tough; strict; resolute; unbending; hard-bitten

[is] squeezed; pressed-in; flanked; sandwiched

[is] at the same level (with); even (with); flush (with)

[is] strict

[is] wide; broad

[is] skilled; talented; superbly performed; skillful; clever

[is] flooded with; scattered with

[is] mature; ripe

[is] bitter

[is] covered (over); hidden; unclear; enveloped; blanketed (with)

[is] horrible; terrifying

[is] turbid; unclear; cloudy; muddy; mucky; murky; gloomy

[of a problem] [is] hard; difficult; troubling

[is] dark; concentrated; strong; intense

[is] brave; courageous; dense; durable; obstinate; perverse

[is] bent; crooked; dishonest; not straightforward; curved

the people; the populace; the masses

carry favour; govern one's heart; maintain popular morale; win one's heart

[is] noisy; rambunctious

[is] loud; noisy

[is] shady; cloudy; overcast; dark; cool; gloomy

[is] askew; lopsided

[is] almost; nearly; somewhat; rather; inclined towards; tending towards; leaning towards

[is] interrupted (as during a meal); unfinished; incomplete; dangling; remaining

[is] narrow

[is] constricted; narrow; contracted (down in size)

[is] in tight or short supply

[of a liquid, stew, or sludge] [is] concentrated by evaporation; dried up; evaporated; nearly dry

[is] easy; not difficult; simple

[is] ajar; partly open

[is] abutting; joined with; touching against; contiguous with

[of a street, office] [is] busy; noisy; congested; bustling; crowded

[is] scattered; expanded; disassembled

[is] specific; particular; limited; provisional

[is] top grade; first-quality; foremost

[is] slow; slowly

[is] very slow; very slowly

[is] expert (in); skilled; seasoned; professional (at); adept; proficient (in)

[is] plentiful; abundant; ample; abounding

[is] fertile; prolific; fruitful; productive

[is] abundant; plentiful; widespread

[is] plentiful; abundant; numerous; bountiful

[is] convex; bulging out; curving out; swollen

[is] moist; moistened; damp; soaked; wet and juicy; humid; succulent; watery; luscious; refreshing; fresh

[is] refreshing; happy; joyful; cheerful; moist; damp; soaked; wet

[is] fully convinced

[is] thin; lean; skinny; gaunt; scrawny; emaciated

[is] plumb; straight up and down

[of a carcass] [is] uncremated

[is] raw; unripe; green; [of meat] undercooked; rare; uncooked; half-cooked; unfinished; half-finished; crude; unrefined; untreated

(of meat, fruits) [is] undercooked; unripe; raw

[is] primeval; prehistorical; ancient

[is] original; initial; first

[is] embossed

[is] on time

[is] funny; comedic

[is] true; correct; right; conforming

[is] exact; precise; correct; accurate

[is] very true; very correct

[is] virgin(al); unused; unspoiled

[is] expeditious; efficient; speedy; rapid

[is] blunt; dull; not sharp

[is] equal; equivalent; even; as much as

[is] synonymous; alike-sounding; identical; in agreement; coincident; simultaneous; allied

[is] little; small; minor; tiny; less; few; slight; a little bit; a small amount

[is] very little; very tiny

[is] still; immobile; silent; motionless; quiet

[is] assigned; permanently placed; constant; fixed

[is] serving; stationed; posted; assigned to; on active duty

[is] multitudinous; crowded; overwhelmed in quantity; squeezed in

[is] mixed; compounded; mingled; combined; amalgamated

[is] incorrect; wrong; mistaken; false; faulty

[is] very wrong; very incorrect

[is] precise; accurate; exact

[is] dirty; soiled; filthy; stained

[of sound or voice] [is] unnatural; discordant; jarring; out of tune; dialectal; with a foreign accent; butchered; [of a situation] vague; different

[is] inaccurate; distorted; off; untrue; [of sound or voice] out of tune; with a foreign accent; butchered

[is] very unnatural (sounding)

[is] false; artificial

[is] strange; unusual; queer; weird; peculiar; odd; curious

[is] very strange

[is] (shining or appearing) intermittently

[is] sufficient; [does] suffice; [is] adequate; enough

[is] dilligent; perservering; taking pains; industrious; patient; unremitting

[is] disabled; handicapped; crippled; lame; deformed; maimed; deficient

[of an animal] [is] lost; stray; estranged; returned to the wild

[is] fully prepared; ready

[is] swaying

[is] long and flowing

[is] deflated; flat; out of air

[is] ascendant; rising; [is having] good luck

[is] engrossed (in); [has] immersed oneself (in); [is] absorbed (in); concentrating (on); working hard (on)

[is] frowning

[is] difficult; hard; not easy

[is] very difficult; very hard; complicated; miserable; toilsome; laborious

[is] emboldened; encouraged; over-confident; unscrupulous; reckless; unbridled; wilful; unrestrained

[negative connotation] [is] encouraged; emboldened; [is] rash; bold; [is] becoming emboldened; [is] becoming bolder

[is] enduring; long-standing; lifelong

is] involved or entangled with in a complicated way; [people, things] muddled; messed up; [hair] tousled, untidy; mixed up

[is] messy; confused; complicated; complex; tangled

[is] relaxed

[is] careful; cautious

[is] fed up; bored with

[is] bothered (by); disturbed (by); averse (to), hostile or repugnant (toward); hateful; prejudiced against, disgusted with; abject to; against

[is] encircling; binding (together); (having the effect of) gathering (up)

[is] bad; very bad; fierce; cruel; harmful; evil; wild

[is] foreceful; harsh; violent; severe; strong; radical; extreme

[is] awkward; clumsy

[is] even; orderly; tidy; simple; neat; smooth

[is] polite and well mannered

[is] neat; ready; all set; all in order; orderly; tidy

[is] neglected; out-of-use; disused

[is] straightforward; upright; honest; trustworthy

[is] windy

[is] pure; absolute; pristine

[is] slow; late; tardy

[is] exhausted; fatigued; tired

[is] brusque; (prone to) taking liberties with a woman; forward; fresh

[is] infatuated (with); [is] enamored (with)

[of attitude or habit] [is] fearless; "ready-to-rumble"

[is] flat; level; smooth; even

[is] rumored; suspected; speculated

[is] red in the face; [is] flushed

[is] dry

[is] concave; caved-in; indented

[is] fresh; green; not spoiled; new; newly produced or minted; raw

[is] fun; enjoyable; entertaining; amusing; pleasant

[is] very calm; tranquil; easygoing; comfortable

[is] becoming; suitable for; appropriate; conforming; worthy of; well matched (with); cooperative (with); united (with)

[of shape] [is] tapered; cone-shaped

[is] clean

[is] left without answer, excuse or argument; rendered speechless; unable to respond

[is] careful; mindful; aware; wary

[of a feeling] [is] confused; bewildered; at sea; baffled; disorientated; flummoxed; muddled; nonplussed; perplexed; puzzled; taken aback

[is] related; associated with

[is] suitable; proper; fitting; satisfying; gratifying

[is] united; harmonious; in unison

[is] (feeling) penitent; remorseful; regretful

[is] sorry

[is] suffocated or suffocating

[is] suitable (for); [is] intended (for)

[is] ripe; mature; cooked; boiled

(of meat) [is] cooked well-done

(of meat) [is] cooked medium

is] finished; ended; terminated; concluded

[is] empty; finished; all used up; complete

[is] dead; not living

[is] tall; high; advanced

[is] very tall

[is] rundown; weak; faint; feeble; debilitated; effete; fragile; frail; infirm; puny; sickly; unsteady; not severe; [of drugs] mild

[is] clear; transparent

[is] heavy; laden; fully loaded

[is] dull; tarnished; darkened; sad

[is] sterile; infertile; impotent

[is] serrated; wavy; notched; jagged; barbed; toothed

[is] curly; wavy; kinky; wooly; frizzy

[is] dented; concave

[is] forbidden; taboo; prohibited; banned

[is] eerie

[is] last; final; rearmost; hindmost

[is] new; modern; fresh

[is] tumultuous; chaotic; wild; boisterous; riotous; rowdy; turbulent; unruly; reverbverating; loud; resonant; noisy; uproarious

[is] tumultuous; turbulent; confused; perplexed; disordered; disorderly; unorganized; disturbing

[is] full of food; [has] had enough to eat

[is] very full with food; stuffed