DESTINATION ENGLAND
The 20th century hasn't been too kind to England. The last 100 years
have witnessed the fall of empire, the loss of the trading base and the
nation's stubborn refusal to adjust to a diminished role in the modern
world - from Colonial Empire to bickering member of the EEC in a few
short decades. But while the Family may have taken a right Royal
battering, many of the other august institutions at the cornerstone of
British life have muddled their way through with a stiff upper lip and a
strong sense of protocol.
The notion of England as a gentle, fabled land freeze-framed some
time in the 1930s when community life revolved around the post office,
the country pub and the local vicarage has been erased by the juggernaut
of the late-20th century and vast suburban sprawl. The heralded 'new'
Britain, led by Labour PM Tony Blair, is being transformed from
Thatcherite bleakscape into post-Diana cuddledom: the Queen and Prince
Charles are coming on folksy, the Spice Girls are the new face of
feminism and a couple of rude brothers with monobrows are the biggest
posterboys around. Still, a country that gives a wig-wearing ex-junkie
balladeer a knighthood must be doing something right.
Map
of England (15K)
Facts
at a Glance
Area: 129,720 sq km (50,085 sq mi)
Population: 48 million
Capital city: London
People: Anglo-Saxons, Scots, Welsh, Irish, West Indians,
Pakistanis, Indians.
Language: English
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Baptist, Catholic and
Muslim
Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II
Prime Minister: Tony Blair
Environment
England is the largest of the three political divisions within the
island of Great Britain. Bound by Scotland to the north and Wales to the
west, England is no more than 29km (18mi) from France across the
narrowest part of the English Channel. Much of England is flat or
low-lying. In the north is a range of limestone hills, known as the
Pennines, to the west are the Cumbrian Mountains and the Lake District.
South of the Pennines is the heavily-populated Midlands, and in the
south-west peninsula, known as the West country, is a plateau with
granite outcrops, good dairy farming and a rugged coastline. The rest of
the country is known as the English Lowlands, a mixture of farmland, low
hills, an industrial belt and the massive city of London.
England was once almost entirely covered with woodland, but tree
cover is now the second lowest in Europe (after Ireland). Since early
this century the government has been planting conifers to reverse this
situation, but the pines have turned the soils around them acid and
destroyed large areas of ancient peatland. Other common trees include
oak, elm, chestnut, lime (not the citrus variety), ash and beech.
Although there isn't much tall flora around, you'll see plenty of lovely
wildflowers in spring - snowdrops, daffodils, bluebells, primroses,
buttercups and cowslips all lend a touch of colour to the English
countryside. On the moors there are several varieties of flowering
heathers.
The red deer is the largest mammal in England, and there are plenty
of them (as well as fallow and roe deer) around. Foxes prosper, and if
you're lucky you may see a badger or hedgehog. Introduced American grey
squirrels are forcing out the smaller local red variety. Rabbits are
everywhere, while smaller rodents such as the shrew, harvest mouse and
water vole are less common (but frightfully cute). England's only
poisonous snake, the adder, is rare and protected. Birdwatching is a
popular pastime in Britain, but while the numbers and diversity of
coastal bird species do not appear to be in danger, the same cannot be
said for other British birds - a number of species that were quite
common only 25 years ago are rapidly dwindling because of habitat
destruction.
England's national parks cover about 7% of the country and include
Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Lake District, the Peak District, the Yorkshire
Dales, the North York Moors, the New Forest, the Broads and
Northumberland. English national parks are not wilderness areas, but
they do include areas of outstanding national beauty - they also tend to
be privately owned.
England's climate is mild and damp, with temperatures moderated by
the light winds that blow in off its relatively warm seas. Temperatures
inland don't get much below freezing in winter (December to February),
or much above 30°C (86°F) in summer (June to August). The north is the
coldest area; London, the south-east and the West Country are the
warmest. Rainfall is greatest in hilly areas and in the West Country.
You can expect cloudy weather and light drizzle in any part of England
at any time.
History
The first-known inhabitants of England were small bands of hunters,
but Stone Age immigrants arrived around 4000 BC and farmed the chalk
hills of Salisbury Plain, constructing the mysterious stone circles at
Stonehenge and Avebury. They were followed by the Bronze Age Celts from
Central Europe who began arriving in 800 BC, bringing the Gaelic and
Brythonic languages (the former is still spoken in Scotland, the latter
in Wales).
The Romans invaded in 43 AD and took only seven years to quell
resistance and control most of England. The Scottish and Welsh tribes
were more of a problem, resulting in the building of Hadrian's Wall
across northern England to keep out the marauding Scots. The Romans
brought stability, nice and straight paved roads and Christianity; in
return, the Brits gave the Romans a headache and a dent in the empire's
expense account. The Romans were never defeated, they just sort of faded
away around 410 AD as their empire declined.
Tribes of heathen Angles, Jutes and Saxons began to move into the
vacuum, absorbing the Celts, and local fiefdoms developed. By the 7th
century, these fiefdoms had grown into a series of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
which had come to collectively think of themselves as English. By the
mid-9th century, Vikings had invaded northern Scotland, Cumbria and
Lancashire and the Danes were making inroads into eastern England. By
871, only Wessex - the half-Saxon, half-Celtic country south of the
Thames - was under English control. At this low point, the English
managed to neutralise the Vikings' military superiority and began a
process of assimilation.
The next invader was William of Normandy (soon to become known as
William the Conqueror), who arrived on the south coast of England in
1066 with a force of 12,000 men. After victory at the Battle of
Hastings, he replaced English aristocrats with French-speaking Normans.
The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system,
administered a census and, once again, began to assimilate with the
Saxons.
The next centuries saw a series of royal tiffs, political intrigues,
plague, unrest and revolt. The Hundred Years War with France blurred
into the domestic War of the Roses and enough Machiavellian backstabbing
among royalty to make the present foibles of the monarchy seem even more
trifling than they already are. In the 16th century, Henry VIII's
matrimonial difficulties led to the split with Catholicism. Henry was
appointed head of the Church of England by the English Parliament and
the Bible was translated into English. In 1536, Henry dissolved the
smaller monasteries and confiscated their land as the relationship
between Church and State hit rocky times.
The power struggle between monarchy and Parliament degenerated into
civil war in the mid-17th century, pitching Charles I's royalists
(Catholics, traditionalists, the gentry and members of the Church of
England) against Cromwell's Protestant parliamentarians. Cromwell's
victory segued into a dictatorship, which included a bloody rampage
through Ireland, and by 1660 Parliament was so fed up that it reinstated
the monarchy.
A period of progressive expansionism followed, as England collected
colonies down the American coast, licensed the East India Company to
operate from Bombay and eventually saw Canada and Australia come within
its massive sphere of influence. At home, England exerted increasing
control over the British Isles. The burgeoning empire's first setback
occurred in 1772 when the American colonies won their independence.
Meanwhile, Britain was fast becoming the crucible of the Industrial
Revolution as steam power, steam trains, coal mines and water power
began to transform the means of transport and production. The world's
first industrial cities sprung up in the Midlands, causing severe
dislocation of the population. By the time Queen Victoria took the
throne in 1837, Britain had become the world's greatest power. Its fleet
dominated the seas, knitting together the British empire, while its
factories dominated world trade. Under prime ministers such as Gladstone
and Disraeli, the worst excesses of the Industrial Revolution were
addressed; education became universal, trade unions were legalised and
most men were enfranchised - women had to wait until after WWI.
Britain bumbled into the stalemate of WWI in 1914, resulting in the
senseless slaughter of a million Britons and a widening gulf between the
ruling and working classes. The latter set the stage for 50 years of
labour unrest, beginning with the 1926 Great Strike and growing
throughout the 1930s depression. Britain dithered through the 1920s and
'30s, with mediocre and visionless government, which failed to confront
the problems the country faced - including the rise of Hitler and
imperial Germany.
Britain's never-say-die character was forged in WWII under the
guidance of Winston Churchill. Britain bounced back from Dunkirk, the
relentless Luftwaffe air raids and the fall of Singapore and Hong Kong
to win the Battle of Britain and play a vital role in the Allied
victory. Despite the euphoria, Britain's resources and influence were
exhausted and its new role as a secondary power became clearer as first
India (1947), then Malaysia (1957) and Kenya (1963) gained independence.
It took until the 1960s for wartime recovery to be fully completed,
but by then Britons had supposedly `never had it so good', according to
their prime minister, Harold Macmillan. The sixties briefly repositioned
swinging London back at the cultural heart of the world, as the Beatles,
the Rolling Stones, Mary Quant, David Bailey, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton and
Co strutted their stuff on the world stage. But the sixties weren't all
mini skirts and Sergeant Pepper: factionalism in Northern Ireland became
overtly violent, leading to the deployment of British troops in 1969.
The Troubles, as they are euphemistically known, have been dogging the
British and Irish governments and ruining Northern Ireland ever since.
The 1970s' oil crisis, massive inflation, the three-day working week and
class antagonism also brought reality crashing into the party, and in
1979 the Brits elected matronly Margaret Thatcher to come and mop up
their mess for them.
Thatcher broke the unions, privatised national industries,
established a meritocracy, sent a flotilla to the Falklands and
polarised British society. She became the longest-serving prime minister
this century and left such a deep mark on the Brits that even now, going
on for a decade after she was dumped by her political party, Dame Maggie
looms large over any discussion of domestic affairs. The ever-so-nice
John Major, PM from 1990, failed to rally the nation to the Conservative
cause, and was booted out in no uncertain terms in elections in May
1997.
England under PM Tony Blair is a changing place. As yet though, the
'new dawn' hasn't quite given way to a sunlit day - two decades of Tory
glory isn't easy to dismantle and post-victory jubilance has given way
to a temperate optimism. The hopeful mood appears justified: the
Northern Ireland peace process is getting on track, the young Princes
are pashing the Spice Girls and suspicion of European union doesn't seem
to be running so thickly through the English bloodstream.
Economic
Profile
GDP: US$1054 billion
GDP per head: US$18,138
Annual growth: 3%
Inflation: 3%
Major industries: Banking and finance, steel, transport
equipment, oil and gas, tourism
Major trading partners: EU & USA
Culture
England's greatest artistic contributions have come in the fields of
theatre, literature and architecture. Although there is not an
equivalent tradition in painting and sculpture, England is a treasure
house of masterpieces from every age and continent thanks to its
rapacious past. Most visitors are overwhelmed by the stately homes of
the aristocracy, and England's fine collection of castles and
cathedrals. Unfortunately, this significant architectural heritage has
failed to lead to anything more inspiring in the 20th century than
motorways, high-rise housing and tawdry suburban development. Anyone who
has studied English literature at school will remember ploughing through
Chaucer, Shakespeare, Dickens and Morrissey, and painful though it might
have been at the time, no-one can deny England's formidable contribution
to the Western literary canon.
Perhaps England's greatest cultural export has been the English
language, the current lingua franca of the international community.
There are astonishing regional variations in accents, and it is not
unusual to find those in southern England claiming to need an
interpreter to speak to anyone living north of Oxford.
The majority of English who profess religious beliefs belong to the
Church of England, which became independent of Rome in the 16th century.
Other significant protestant churches include Methodist, Baptist and the
Salvation Army. One in 10 Britons consider themselves Catholic, and
there are now over a million Muslims and sizeable Hindu and Sikh
populations. Despite this variety of religions, most English are fonder
of their churches as architectural icons of grandeur and stability than
as houses of religious piety.
Perhaps the least appealing aspect of English culture is the food,
which is stodgy, uninspiring and expensive. Although London is
experiencing a renaissance in quality, creative cuisine, travellers in
the provinces or those on a budget should be prepared for uninventive,
overcooked meat-and-two-veg and an assortment of fish `n' chips, eggs
and bacon, and mashed potatoes and sausages.
The
House of Lords
Events
For the sporty, the traditional Oxford/Cambridge University Boat Race
is held in London on the River Thames in late March; the famous but
gruelling Grand National steeplechase takes place at Aintree,
Liverpool, on the first Saturday in April; the FA Cup soccer
tournament reaches its climax at London's Wembley stadium in May; the
strawberries and cream Lawn Tennis Championships take place at Wimbledon
in late June; the champagne-quaffing set head for the Henley Royal
Regatta at Henley-on-Thames also in June; and the Cowes Week
yachting extravaganza pushes off on the Isle of Wight in late July.
Those uninterested in ball games and fast-moving animals should check
out the Chelsea Flower Show at London's Royal Hospital in May;
the Trooping of the Colour pageantry on the Queen's birthday in
London in mid-June; the bacchanalian Glastonbury Festival music
extravaganza which swamps Glastonbury's paddocks in June; and the
riotous (in the best possible sense) Caribbean carnival in London's Notting
Hill in late August.
Facts
for the Traveller
Visas: EU citizens may live and work free of any immigration
controls. Citizens of the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are
generally allowed to stay six months without a visa.
Health risks:
None
Time: GMT/UTC
Electricity: 240V, 50Hz
Weights & Measures: Metric (except beer, which is measured in
pints)(see conversion
table)
Money
& Costs
- Budget meal: US$5-10
- Moderate restaurant meal: US$15-25
- Top-end restaurant meal: US$30 and upwards
- Budget room: US$15-30
- Moderate hotel: US$40-100
- Top-end hotel: US$100 and upwards
England is extremely expensive and London is horrific. While in London
you will need to budget about US$35 for bare survival (dorm
accommodation, a one-day travel card and the most basic sustenance).
Even moderate sightseeing or nightlife can easily add another US$25 to
this. If you stay in a hotel and eat restaurant meals you could easily
spend US$90 a day without being extravagant. Once you get out of the big
smoke the costs will drop, particularly if you have a transport pass and
if you cook your own meals. You'll still need at least US$30 a day, and
if you stay in B&Bs, eat one sit-down meal a day and don't stint on
entry fees, you'll need about US$65 a day.
Travellers' cheques are widely accepted in English banks and you
might as well buy them in pounds sterling to avoid changing currencies
twice. Change bureaus in London frequently levy outrageous commissions
and fees, so make sure you establish any deductions in advance. The
bureaus at the international airports are exceptions to the rule,
charging less than most banks and cashing sterling travellers' cheques
for free. Cashpoints (ATMs) are very common in Britain: most are linked
to major credit cards as well as the Cirrus, Maestro and Plus cash
networks, but if a machine swallows your card it can be a nightmare.
Most banks insist on chopping it in half and sending it back to your
home branch - very helpful.
If you eat in an English restaurant you should leave a tip of at
least 10% unless the service was unsatisfactory. Waiting staff are often
paid derisory wages on the assumption that the money will be
supplemented by tips. Some restaurants include a service charge on the
bill, in which case a gratuity is unnecessary. Taxi drivers expect to be
tipped about 10%, especially in London.
When
to Go
Anyone who spends any extended period of time in England will sympathise
with the locals' obsession with the weather, although in relative terms
the climate is mild and the rainfall is not spectacular. The least
hospitable months for visitors are November to February - it's cold and
the days are short. March and October are marginal - there's more
daylight but it can still be very cold. April to September are
undoubtedly the best months, and this is, unsurprisingly, when most
sights are open, and when most people visit. July and August are the
busiest months, and best avoided if at all possible. The crowds on the
coast, at the national parks, in London and popular towns like Oxford,
Bath and York have to be seen to be believed.
Attractions
London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds, of
chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment, the avowedly working class
and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London
looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting
London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged
with traffic. Even though you probably won't know where the hell you
are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar. The city is so
enormous, visitors will need to make maximum use of the underground
train system: unfortunately, this dislocates the city's geography and
makes it hard to get your bearings.
Canterbury Cathedral
The most impressive and evocative, if not the most beautiful, cathedral
in England is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of
All England. Like most cathedrals, it evolved in stages and reflects a
number of architectural styles, but the final result is one of the
world's great buildings. The ghosts of saints, soldiers and pilgrims
fill the hallowed air, and not even baying packs of French children can
completely destroy the atmosphere. After the martyrdom of Archbishop
Thomas à Becket in 1170, the cathedral became the centre of one of the
most important medieval pilgrimages in Europe, a pilgrimage that was
immortalised by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.
Canterbury itself was severely damaged by bombing in WW II and parts of
the town have been insensitively rebuilt, but it still attracts flocks
of tourists, just as it has for the past 800 years - though numbers may
decrease now pilgrims are charged a US$5 fee to enter the cathedral.
Stonehenge
Five-thousand-year-old Stonehenge is the most famous prehistoric site in
Europe, but it remains both a tantalising mystery and a hackneyed
tourist experience. It consists of a ring of enormous stones topped by
lintels, an inner horseshoe, an outer circle and a ditch. Although
aligned to the movements of the celestial bodies, little is known about
the site's purpose. What leaves most visitors gobsmacked is not the
site's religious significance but the tenacity of the people who brought
some of the stones all the way from South Wales. It's estimated that it
would take 600 people to drag one of these 50-ton monsters more than
half an inch. The downside of Stonehenge is that it's fenced off like a
dog compound; there are two main roads slicing past the site; entry is
via an incongruous underpass; and clashes between new age hippies and
police at summer solstice have become a regular feature of the British
calendar.
Bath
Famous for its Roman Baths and its elegant, honey-coloured Georgian
architecture, Bath is both a World Heritage Site and a tourist mecca. If
it feels like a historical theme park at times, that's the price you pay
for getting so many spectacular sites in the same town. Bath was the
haunt of English fashionable society in the 18th century, but the
frivolous aristocrats who flocked here to gamble, gossip and flirt also
brought brilliant architects who designed the Palladian terraced
housing, the circles, crescents and squares which dominate the city.
Attractions include the gorgeously located Bath Abbey, the Roman
Baths, the elegant Pump Rooms and the much-photographed,
shop-lined Pultney Bridge. It's a small, compact, civilised city,
built for strolling around, exploring alleyways, gawking at the superb
housing and ogling the expensive products in the shops. In summer,
buskers and crowds fill the streets, but you can escape to the idyllic
River Avon and row through the town in peace.
The Cotswolds
This limestone escarpment, 18 miles north-east of Bristol, overlooking
the Severn Vale, is an upland region of stunningly pretty, gilded stone
villages and remarkable views. Unfortunately, the soft, mellow stone and
the picturesque Agatha Christie charm have resulted in some villages
being overrun by coach tourists and commercialism. Renowned villages
include Bibury (claimed to be the most beautiful village in England);
the chocolate-box town of Bourton-on-the-Water; and the breathtakingly
pretty Chipping Camden. The best way to explore the Cotswolds is to
walk; the 100-mile Cotswold Way is a gem of a hike, full of history and
interesting terrain that make the abundance of quaintness easier to
swallow.
Off the
record
Oxford
Arguably the world's most famous university town, Oxford is graced by
superb college architecture and oozes questing youthfulness, scholarship
and bizarre high jinks. The views across the meadows to the city's
golden spires are guaranteed to appear in three out of 10 English period
dramas, but they manage to remain one of the most beautiful and
inspiring of sights. Back in the real world, Oxford is not just the turf
of toffs and boffs, it was a major car-manufacturing centre until the
terminal decline of the British car industry and is now a thriving
centre of service industries. The pick of the colleges are Christ
Church, Merton and Magdalen, but nearly all the colleges are drenched in
atmosphere, history, privilege and tradition. Don't kid yourself you
would have studied any harder in such august surroundings.
York
This proud city attracts millions of visitors, but it's too old, too
impressive and too convinced of its own importance to be overwhelmed by
mere tourists. For nearly 2000 years it has been the capital of the
north, and played a central role in British history under the Romans,
Saxons and Vikings. Its spectacular Gothic cathedral, medieval city
walls, tangle of historic streets and glut of teashops and pubs make it
a great city for ambling around. York Minster is the largest cathedral
in Europe, and right up there with the world's great buildings. The
city's Museum Gardens are amongst the most beautiful in Britain and
include a number of picturesque ruins and buildings.
The Lake District
The most green and pleasant corner of a green and pleasant land, the
landscapes of the Lake District are almost too perfect for their own
good: 10 million visitors can't be wrong, but they can sure cause a few
traffic jams. The area is a combination of luxuriant green dales, modest
but precipitous mountains and multitudinous lakes. Each of the lakes has
its own distinct character: wisdom holds that Ullswater, Grasmere and
Windermere are the prettiest, but Wast Water, Crummock Water and
Buttermere are equally spectacular and far less crowded. Be prepared to
hike into the hills, or visit on weekdays out of season if you have any
desire to emulate the bard and wander lonely as cloud.
Durham
Durham is the most dramatic cathedral city in Britain. It straddles a
bluff surrounded on three sides by the River Wear and is dominated by
the massive Norman cathedral which sits on a wooded promontory, looking
more like a time-worn cliff than a house of worship. The cathedral may
not be the most refined in the land, but no other British cathedral has
the same impact. The cathedral shares the dramatic top of the bluff with
a Norman castle and the University College, while the rest of the
picturesque `city' (population 38,000) huddles into the remaining space
on the teardrop-shaped promontory.
Off the Beaten Track
Isles of Scilly
The balmy Scilly Isles, 28 miles south-west of Land's End, comprise 140
rocky islands slap in the middle of the warm Gulf Stream. The mild
climate enables plants and trees that grow nowhere else in Britain to
flourish, and growing flowers for the mainland is an important industry.
The pace of life on the five inhabited islands is slow and gentle, and
there's no need for a car because the largest island (St Mary's) only
measures around three by two miles. Most of the islands have white,
sandy beaches, gin-clear waters and a swag of shipwrecks, making it
attractive territory for divers. The major tourist attraction is the
subtropical gardens at Tresco Abbey on Tresco. The best beaches are on
St Martin's, but the most powerful sight is Bryher's Hell Bay in the
middle of an Atlantic gale. Visitors can fly to St Mary's from Land's
End, Exeter, Newquay, Plymouth and Bristol, or catch a boat from
Penzance.
New Forest
Wedged between Southampton and Bournemouth on the holiday South Coast,
this 145-sq-mile patch of woodland is the largest area of natural
vegetation left in England. It has been that way since William the
Conqueror gave the area its name in 1079. Befittingly, a number of
ancient traditions survive in the forest, including commoners' rights to
graze their stock. There are some 5000 wild ponies and cattle grazing in
the forest, and plenty of deer, badgers and foxes residing among the
fine stands of oak, beech and holly. It's a pretty area to drive
through, but even better if you get off the roads and onto the walking
and cycling tracks.
Shropshire
The `blue remembered hills' of Shropshire form one of the most
beautiful, peaceful and underrated areas of Britain. The gentle terrain
and the low population density make it perfect cycling or open walking
country. The county's capital, Shrewsbury, is probably the finest Tudor
town in England, famous for its half-timbered buildings and winding
medieval streets. Nearby Wroxeter boasts the ruins of Viroconium, the
fourth-largest city in Roman Britain. Ironbridge, south of Telford, was
the Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution, and the Ironbridge
Gorge Museum is Britain's finest museum of industrial archaeology.
Northumberland
This is one of the wildest and least-spoilt counties in England. There
are probably more castles and battlefield sites here than anywhere else
in the country, testifying to the long and bloody struggle with the
Scots. The most interesting and well-known relic is Hadrian's Wall. The
Northumberland National Park has a windswept grandeur that is distinctly
un-English in character. The grassy Cheviot Hills, part of the park, are
a lonely, beautiful and challenging hiking area. The main town in the
area is Berwick-upon-Tweed, the northernmost town in England; the
prettiest villages are Brampton and Corbridge.
Activities
England may be densely populated but it is also crisscrossed by
footpaths and rights of way, which provide access to just about every
nook and cranny of the country if you want to take a short stroll. The
more energetic should tackle at least one long-distance walk. The
best of the hikes include the South-West Coast Path around the dramatic
shores of Somerset, Devon, Cornwall and Dorset (up to 14 days); the
picturesque Cotswold Way (five days); and the dramatic moorland and
coastal scenery of the Cleveland Way (up to a week). Cycling is
another great way to get off the beaten track and down some unexplored
country lanes; the main roads are best avoided. The best beaches for swimming
are in Devon and Cornwall; the best surf is on Cornwall's west
coast, notably at Newquay.
Getting
There & Away
London is one of the most important air-transport hubs in the world and
the centre for discounted long-haul airfares, so there are plenty of
opportunities to find cheap flights. There are five international
airports servicing London (Heathrow, Gatwick, Luton, Stansted and London
City), and international connections to Manchester, Newcastle and
Bristol. The departure tax on international flights is US$34 (US$17 if
you're flying to an EU country).
For the first time since the ice ages, Britain has a land link with
mainland Europe. Two services operate through the Channel Tunnel:
Eurostar is a high-speed passenger service between London, Paris and
Brussels; Eurotunnel has a shuttle service (Le Shuttle) for cars,
motorbikes and buses between the English port of Folkestone and the
French port of Calais.
If you feel uncomfortable with the idea of a tunnel or want to get
some fresh air in the English Channel, you can get a bus or train
connection to mainland Europe with a short ferry or hovercraft ride
thrown in. The boat trip on the shortest routes (from Dover or
Folkestone to Calais or Boulogne) takes about 90 minutes; the hovercraft
takes about 35 minutes. Ferries go to France, Belgium, Germany, the
Netherlands and Scandinavia from a number of southern and eastern
British ports; to Spain from Portsmouth; and to Ireland from a handful
of western English ports.
Getting
Around
Public transport in England is generally of a high standard, but can be
expensive. Buses or coaches are the cheapest but slowest way to get
around. On longer journeys they are also the least scenic way to travel.
England has an impressive rail network which includes a couple of
beautiful lines through sparsely populated country. Fast intercity
trains make air travel unnecessary unless you're in a real hurry. Car
hire is worth considering if you want to explore some of the remoter
towns and villages at your own pace. Taxis are plentiful in London, but
less conspicuous in regional centres.
Recommended Reading
- The heavyweights of modern English fiction are Peter Ackroyd, (dishy)
Martin Amis, Julian Barnes, A S Byatt, Margaret Drabble, Ian McEwan
and Jeanette Winterson.
- The most accessible travelogue on England is perhaps Bill Bryson's
Notes From a Small Island, but Paul Theroux's foul-tempered
tramp around the coast in Kingdom by the Sea is a more
substantial read.
- A Traveller's History of England by Christopher Daniell
offers a quick introduction to English history, and The State
We're In and The State to Come by Observer editor
Will Hutton lean to the left in their analysis of Britain's position
at the end of the 20th century.
- Natasha Walter has written an upbeat account of the state of 20th
century feminism in Britain in The New Feminism, and Linda
McDougall's Westminster Women examines what difference the
arrival of around 100 female MPs in the House of Commons since the
last election is likely to make.
- Windrush - The Irresistible Rise of Multicultural Britain
by Mike and Trevor Phillips traces the history of black Britain and
the impact of immigrants on British society.
- Julian Barnes' Letters from London is a collection of
despatches written for the New Yorker, which attempt to
explain the quirks of English life to Americans.
Lonely Planet Guides
Britain
- a travel survival kit
Europe
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Western
Europe on a shoestring
Europe
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Travellers' Reports
On-line Info
England
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