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A Rose Flower
INTRODUCTION
The story of aphrodisiacs is quickly told. It needs to be, because the real interest in the subject lies in looking at the information piece by piece, in seeing what other cultures and other times have to say about sexuality, and comparing it with what we believe. The excitement comes with exploring the never-never land between fact and fantasy.

What are Aphrodisiacs?
Any substance or activity which stimulates sexual desire and pleasure. They take their name from the Greek goddess of love, but all the world's cultures - ancient and modern, civilized and rural - have their own 'aphrodisiacs'. These range from substances and recipes reputed to inflame passion to erotic practices and techniques which raise human sexuality to an art form. The Arts themselves - literature, painting, music and dance - often have Aphrodite for their Muse. This is an encyclopedia of the foods and potions, arts and literature, practices and techniques which different cultures have dedicated to the goddess of love. We may call them 'erotic', after her son Eros, but without love - the principle she embodies - it is all empty shadow play.

Do Aphrodisiacs Work?
This is a very difficult question. The only possible answer is 'if it works for you it works'. That is not to say that aphrodisiacs can only have, at best, a placebo effect. For all its expertise in marketing, the contemporary pharmaceutical industry, despite its immense investment in research and development, cannot synthesize certain active plant principles (for example codeine). A great many important drugs are derived from the higher plants, but at the same time the pharmacological effect of many traditional herbal remedies has not been fully explored. Nobody really knows what essential oils do in plants or what effect they can have on human beings. Thousands of years of trial and error may have the advantage over Science which must say 'no' when it cannot understand.
Those aphrodisiacs which affect the brain and senses in other ways - erotic images, descriptions or performances - certainly do work. So do the sexual postures which have formed the basis of hundreds of sex manuals - good and bad - down the ages. Variety is the best aphrodisiac and that is what all the concern with sexual posture is really about.

Why do we need Aphrodisiacs?
The only aphrodisiac which a healthy and affectionate couple need is variety, and that is why this website places such emphasis on techniques and postures. 'Variety and experimentation' are the silent message of even the more impractical and esoteric lovemaking positions. Some may seem alien or absurd to us, but they represent thousands of years and countless thousands of lives of sexual experimantation which is hard to ignore. This website is a list of possibilities - ideas to try and to encourage experimentation. You will not like everything: but then you would not expect to fancy every dish in a comprehensive international menu.
Variety as an aphrodisiac is easily understood. Since the beginning of time couples have needed an interesting and varied sexual diet to avoid boredom in what is essentially a repetitive activity. Strengthening one loving relationship by the simple expedient of using a little imagination is infinitely to be preferred to seeking variety in promiscuous and inevitably shallow relationships.
The bewildering array of foods, drinks, herbs and spices which have been credited with aphrodisiac qualities is a much more difficult area. There is no proof that any of them work: the principles employed in making a selection for inclusion in this website will be explained in a moment. First there is the question of why people needed them, or felt they did. Here are a few tentative suggestions:

1. Most of us (at least most of us visiting this website) are fortunate enough to have a well-balanced diet. Those who choose to live on cakes or fast food at least know, if only in a general way, that these things do not constitute a healthy diet.
Until relatively recently no such knowledge existed. The rich had the choice of everything, and ate badly by concentrating on meat. The middle class, where one existed, wished only to emulate the rich. The poor had vegetables - often only one vegetable - and insufficient meat. Nobody had the balanced diet with vitamins, minerals and protein which we (and our pets) now take for granted.
The 'aphrodisiacs' of the rich, in which the medical books of the ancient and medieval wourld abound, and the folk recipes of the rural poor may represent an attempt to balance their respective diets.

2. Over-population was not always a problem. Most of the early religions were concerned (and some still seem to be) with increasing population. The fertility cults had animals associated with them and often plants of various kinds. Time seems to have transmuted some of these totemic animals and sacred plants into 'aphrodisiacs'. This does not necessarily rule out the possibility that they have aphrodisiac qualities since the protracted orgies and feats of copulation which gods like Dionysus demanded of their followers made San Fransisco in the early 1970s look like a quiet place.

3. Male dominated societies are very concerned with virility. Virility means succession because it produces sons. The symbol and instrument of all this is the penis: the magic wand which men have and women do not. Unfortunately the rigours of excessive endeavour - either in traditional warrior societies or in modern commerce - mean that the wand can sometimes lose its magic. Although an adjustment of priorities would have probably been sufficient to restore vigour, generations of high achievers have relied instead on quack remedies and fashionable stimulants.
The inescapable biological differences between the sexes and the natural limitations of male sexual performance are another reason for the universal interest in aphrodisiacs. In India these matters have been the subject of serious study for thousands of years which is why no book on human sexuality can ignore Hindu erotology.

4. Until the advent of modern dentistry tooth decay was a problem and with it went halitosis. Many 'aphrodisiacs' had an aromatic, astringent and even anti-septic quality evidently intended (though this was never made clear) to overcome the ageold anaphrodisiac of bad breath.

Problems
It is not within the scope of this website to deal with sexual problems which everyone has at some time. Such problems may be physical or psychological. Your doctor may or may not be trained as a sex counsellor - probably not. Ask to see one, ask for referral to a teaching hospital, persist until you are confident that you are getting the best possible advice and treatment from gynaecologist, urologist, psychiatrist or sex counsellor - depending on the problem. Do not be told that you must live with the problem: there is a fair chance that it is not true. If your GP is a barrier, consult the telephone book for self-help organizations. Sex is too important: its powerful dynamics mean that great joy when it is right, turns to abject misery when it is not. Persist.

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