Matter:
-
anything that has mass
-
and takes up space
-
found in two forms
o
elements
distinctive building
blocks
α
atoms
o
smallest unit of matter
that is unique to a particular element
o
examples
hydrogen (H)
carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
α
Ions
o
Electrically charged
atoms or combinations of atoms
α
Molecules
o
Combinations of two or
more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
o
compounds
two or more different
elements
held together by
chemical bonds
What are atoms made of?
-
positively charged (+)
protons(p)
-
negatively charged (-)
electrons(e)
-
neutrally charged
neutrons(n)
-
properties:
o
nucleus
extremely small center
contains protons(+) and
neutrons
o
electrical charge
none
-
equal to the number of
protons in itΥs nucleus
-
total number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus
-
Various forms of an
element having same atomic number but different mass numbers
-
atoms that have lost or
gained an electron to become positively or negatively charged
-
are notated with a
superscript + or ∆
o
Na+ or Cl-
-
ionic compounds
o
made up of oppositely
charged ions
example
α
NaCl (Na+
& Cl-)
-
covalent or molecular
compounds
o
made up of molecules or
uncharged atoms
example
α
H2O
-
contain carbon (C) atoms
combined with other atoms
-
almost all are molecular
compounds held together by covalent bonds
-
can be natural or
synthetic
-
examples:
o
Hydrocarbons
Carbon (C) & Hydrogen
(H)
Methane gas (CH4)
o
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Carbon, Hydrogen, &
Chlorine
DDT (C14H9Cl15)
o
Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon, Chlorine, &
Fluorine
Freon-12 (CCl2F2)
o
Simple carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Glucose (C6H12O6)
used by plants & animas
o
Polymers
Larger & more
complex organic compounds
Consist of a # of basic
structural molecular units (monomers)
Complex carbohydrates
α
Linked number of simple
~ molecules
α
Starch in rice and
potatoes
Proteins
α
Produced by linking 20
different monomers
o
Alpha-amino acids
o
Specified by DNA
o
10Υs of millions can be
produced
Nucleic Acids
α
Ex: DNA
α
Made by linking 5
different monomers called Nucleotides
o
Gene
sequence of nucleotides
contain code to produce
proteins
code determines traits
Genome
α
Collective set of
genetic information
Gene mutations
α
When one or more of the
nucleotides is added, deleted, or replaced
Chromosomes
α
Combinations of genes
that make up a single DNA molecule
Inorganic Compounds
-
compounds which do not
contain carbon (C)
-