CHAPTER 12
POLITICS OF THE ROARING 20S
- RENEWED ISOLATIONISM
- RESURGENT NATIVISM
- POLITICAL CONSERVATISM
o TURNING AWAY FROM GOVERNMENT ACTIVISM
- THE RED SCARE DEF FEAR OF COMMUNISM
§ COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY
·
DIALECTIC
·
NEVER-ENDING
o
CAUSES
§
BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION IN
§
COMMUNIST UPRISINGS IN
§
FORMATION OF 2 COMMUNIST PARTIES IN THE
o
EFFECTS
§
PALMER RAIDS
· THE ROUNDING UP AND DEPORTATION OF THOSE WHO ESPOUSED RADICAL PHILOSOPHY
o MANY CIVIL LIBERTIES DENIED
o OFTEN WITHOUT A WARRANT
12/ 2
§ FBI ESTABLISHED UNDER J. EDGAR HOOVER
· RATIONALE GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT DOMESTIC RADICAL ACTIVITIES
o VIOLATED 4TH AMENDMENT RIGHTS TO PRIVACY
o VIOLATED 5TH AMENDMENT RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND HABEAS CORPUS
§ XENOPHOBIA DEF - HATRED OF FOREIGNERS
§ RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION
· EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT OF 1921
o
LIMITED IMMIGRATION TO 3% OF THOSE LIVING IN THE
o TOTAL IMMIGRATION LIMITED TO 350,000/ANNUM (QUOTAS)
· NATIONAL ORIGINS ACT OF 1929
o LIMITED IMMIGRATION TO 2 % OF THOSE PRESENT IN 1890
§
FAVORED WASPS FROM N. AND W. EUROPE AS OPPOSED TO E. AND
§ TOTAL IMMIGRATION LIMITED TO 150,000/ANNUM (QUOTAS)
§ OUTLAWED JAPANESE IMMIGRATION
§ SACCO AND VANZETTI TRIAL
· 2 ITALIANS SENTENCED TO DEATH BECAUSE OF THEIR ANARCHIST BELIEFS
12/3
§ RESURGENCE OF THE KU KLUX KLAN
·
AGENDA
o
KEEP
o KEEP BLACKS IN THEIR PLACE
o GET RID OF CATHOLICS, JEWS, FOREIGNERS AND RADICALS
o OPPOSE UNION ORGANIZERS
- LABOR UNREST
o UNIONS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO STRIKE DURING THE WAR
o MANAGEMENT PORTRAYED UNION MEMBERS AS RADICALS
o
§ STRIKES BY PUBLIC EMPLOYEES
§ NATIONAL GUARD BROUGHT IN TO END STRIKE
·
THE
o COAL AND STEEL STRIKES
§
SCABS - DEF (STRIKE BREAKERS) WERE BROUGHT IN TO
WORK
12/4
-
MANAGEMENT ATTEMPTS AT DISCOURAGING UNIONISM
o
THE CARROT AND STICK APPROACH
§ CARROT
· WELFARE CAPITALISM POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
o
FRINGE BENEFITS
§ INSURANCE, CHILD CARE,
PENSION PLANS
o
IMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONS
o GLEE CLUBS, BOWLING TEAMS, COMPANY PICNICS, CHRISTMAS PARTIES
o
RATIONALE - EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION LED TO INCREASED EFFICIENCY WHICH LED
TO AN INCREASE IN PRODUCTION WHICH LED TO AN INCREASE IN PROFITS FOR
OWNERSHIP AND AN INCREASED IN THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE EMPLOYEE
§ STICK
· AMERICAN PLAN NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
o BLACK LISTING
o
YELLOW DOG CONTRACT
§ RESTRICTIVE COVENANT
12/5
-
THE LABOR MOVEMENT LOSES APPEAL
o
MOST UNION MEMBERS WERE IMMIGRANTS AND WERE WILLING TO WORK IN POOR
CONDITIONS
o
UNIONS HAD TROUBLE ORGANIZING IMMIGRANTS BECAUSE OF THE LANGUAGE
BARRIER
o
FARMERS WERE DIFFICULT TO ORGANIZE BECAUSE THEY WERE ACCUSTOMED TO
BEING INDEPENDENT
o
MOST UNIONS EXCLUDED AFRICAN AMERICANS
o UNIONISM WAS ASSOCIATED WITH RADICALISM
-
THE LABOR MOVEMENT - GENERAL COMMENTARY
o COLLECTIVE BARGAINING DEF TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE UNION PROCESS
o
PUBLIC EMPLOYEE DEF SOMEONE WHO WORKS FOR GOVERNMENT
o
OPEN SHOP DEF - EMPLOYS UNION OR NON-UNION WORKERS
o CLOSED SHOP DEF EMPLOYS ONLY UNION MEMBERS
o
UNION SHOP DEF EMPLOYS NON-UNION WORKERS WHO EVENTUALLY HAVE TO JOIN A
o
CRAFT UNION
§ A.F.L. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
· EXAMPLE CARPENTERS,
WELDERS, ELECTRICIANS
12/6
o
TRADE UNION
§ INDIVIDUALS WHO WORK IN MANUFACTURING
AND INDUSTRY ASSEMBLY LINE WORKERS
§
C.I.O. CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION
· THE WOBBLIES (IWW) - precursor to the CIO
· EXAMPLE ASSEMBLY LINE
WORKERS
o
OTHER CONTEMPORARY UNIONS
§ TEAMSTERS REPRESENT
TRUCKERS
§ I.L.A. REPRESENTS
DOCKWORKERS
-
HARDING CAMPAIGN PROMISE
o RETURN TO ISOLATIONISM
-
POSTWAR DIPLOMACY
o DAWES PLAN
§ AN ATTEMPT TO AVERT ANOTHER
WAR RESULTING FROM A GERMAN DEFAULT ON WAR REPARATIONS
o KELLOG-BRIAND PACT..\20hist2\ADDENDA\The
Avalon Project Kellogg-Briand Pact
1929.htm
§ AN ATTEMPT TO OUTLAW WAR
· UNENFORCEABLE
o
§ AN ATTEMPT AT DISARMAMENT
§
12/7
-
THE REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS OF THE 1920S WERE PRO-BUSINESS
o
WHAT IS GOOD FOR BUSINESS IS GOOD FOR
o THE PENDULUM SWUNG FROM GOVERNMENT REGULATION TO GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
o SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS
§ TRICKLE-DOWN THEORY
§ THIS DIDNT WORK AND HUGE DEFICITS WERE THE OUTCOME BECAUSE BUSINESS WILL INMOST CASES KEPT THE SAVINGS AND DID NOT REINVEST AS PREDICTED
-
GENERAL INFORMATION
o
DURING THE 1920S, BUSINESSMEN WERE REVERED AS ICONS
o
AMERICANS CREDITED BIG BUSINESS FOR THE PROSPERITY ENJOYED DURING THE
1920S
o
THE
o
§ INCREASE IN TECHNOLOGY -
ELECTRIC MOTORS
§ GREATER EFFICIENCY -
ASSEMBLY LINE
12/8
§ AUTO INDUSTRY
·
SUBSIDIARY INDUSTRIES
o
MAKE PARTS FOR A PARENT COMPANY
·
PARALLEL INDUSTRIES
o
TOURISM, AND RESTAURANT BUSINESSES
·
SUPPORT INDUSTRIES
o
SALES, MARKETING, FINANCE, AUTO REPAIR
-
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
o
WHEN YOU PRODUCE IN LARGE QUANTITIES, YOU LOWER THE UNIT COST OF
PRODUCTION WHICH ENABLES YOU TO LOWER PRICE WHICH CREATES AN INCREASE IN DEMAND
WHICH DEPLETES INVENTORIES WHICH MUST BE REPLENISHED WITH MORE PRODUCTION
§ AS PRICES BECOME LOWER, MORE
PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO PURCHASE PRODUCTS - THUS - RAISING THEIR
STANDARD
OF LIVING
· A MEASURE OF HOW A PERSON
LIVES WITH REGARD TO THE AMOUNT OF GOODS AND SERVICES USED TO SATISFY ONES
WANTS AND NEEDS
-
THE CORPORATE REVOLUTION
o
MANY MOM AND POP BUSINESSES EITHER FAILED OR WERE BOUGHT UP OR MERGED
WITH LARGER COMPANIES
§ WHY - THEY COULD NOT COMPETE
- Y - THEY LACKED CAPITAL (MONEY) FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o
THE FTC WHICH WAS INSTITUTED TO PROTECT SMALL BUSINESS AGAINST A
TAKEOVER WAS USED TO ENCOURAGE TAKEOVERS
12/9
o
THESE MERGERS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLIGOPOLY MARKETS
§ A MARKET CHARACTERIZED BY A
FEW LARGE COMPETITORS
§ THERE IS A DANGER OF COLLUSION
· AGREE NOT TO COMPETE
· AGREE TO FIX PRICES
§ MANY SMALL BUSINESSES WERE
REPLACED BY CHAIN STORES
· MOM AND POP STORES COULD NOT
COMPETE BECAUSE THEY LACKED THE CAPITAL TO PROVIDE THE VARIETY THAT THE LARGE
STORES PROVIDED
· EXAMPLE - MACYS, A & P,
SEARS
-
THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK
o
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT COUPLED WITH IMPROVED
TECHNOLOGY
§ CONCEPT - CREATING MORE EFFICIENT
WORKING METHODS WOULD LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN WORKER PRODUCTIVITY WHICH IN TURN
WOULD LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN WAGES AND PROFIT
o
THE ASSEMBLY LINE - FORD -
MASS PRODUCTION
§ ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
· RAISED PRODUCTION - MONOTONOUS, DULL
BORING
· RAISED WAGES - LOSS OF WORKER
ACCOMPLISHMENT
· RAISED PROFITS - NO PRIDE OR PLEASURE IN
SEEING THE FRUITS OF
ONES LABOR