Evolution  Defined
"Official" Definitions My (tongue-in-cheek) Definition of Evolution
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html

One of the most respected evolutionary biologists has defined biological evolution as follows: "In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies, languages, and political systems all evolve."

{{Ummm, these examples do not contain
the vital ingredient we call "LIFE" !!!}}

Biological evolution ... is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual. The ontogeny of an individual is not considered evolution; individual organisms do not evolve. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the next. Biological evolution may be slight or substantial; it embraces everything from slight changes in the proportion of different alleles within a population (such as those determining blood types) to the successive alterations that led from the earliest proto organism to snails, bees, giraffes, and dandelions." (Douglas J. Futuyma in Evolutionary Biology)

It is important to note that biological evolution refers to populations and not to individuals and that the changes must be passed on to the next generation. In practice this means that, "Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations." This is a good working scientific definition of evolution; one that can be used to distinguish between evolution and similar changes that are not evolution.

Another common short definition of evolution can be found in many textbooks: "In fact, evolution can be precisely defined as any change in the frequency of alleles within a gene pool from one generation to the next." (Helena Curtis & N. Sue Barnes, Biology, 5th ed., p.974)

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.html - Biologists consider the existence of biological evolution to be a fact. It can be demonstrated today and the historical evidence for its occurrence in the past is overwhelming. However, biologists readily admit that they are less certain of the exact mechanism of evolution; there are several theories of the mechanism of evolution....

Moreover, "fact" doesn't mean "absolute certainty"; there ain't no such animal in an exciting and complex world. The final proofs of logic and mathematics flow deductively from stated premises and achieve certainty only because they are NOT about the empirical world. Evolutionists make no claim for perpetual truth....

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html - The English moth, Biston betularia, is a frequently cited example of observed evolution [evolution: a change in the gene pool]. In this moth there are 2 color morphs, light and dark. H. B. D. Kettlewell found that dark moths constituted less than 2% of the population prior to 1848. The frequency of the dark morph increased in the years following. By 1898, the 95% of the moths in Manchester and other highly industrialized areas were of the dark type. Their frequency was less in rural areas. The moth population changed from mostly light colored moths to mostly dark colored moths. The moths' color was primarily determined by a single gene [gene: a hereditary unit]. So, the change in frequency of dark colored moths represented a change in the gene pool [gene pool: the set all of genes in a population]. This change was, by definition, evolution.

The increase in relative abundance of the dark type was due to natural selection. The late 1800s was the time of England's industrial revolution. Soot from factories darkened the birch trees the moths landed on. Against a sooty background, birds could see the lighter colored moths better and ate more of them. As a result, more dark moths survived until reproductive age and left offspring. The greater number of offspring left by dark moths is what caused their increase in frequency. This is an example of natural selection.

...The process of evolution can be summarized in 3 sentences: Genes mutate [gene: a hereditary unit]. Individuals are selected. Populations evolve.... The word evolution has a variety of meanings. The fact that all organisms are linked via descent to a common ancestor is often called evolution. The theory of how the first living organisms appeared is often called evolution. This should be called abiogenesis. And frequently, people use the word evolution when they really mean natural selection -- one of the many mechanisms of evolution.

...Selection is not a force in the sense that gravity or the strong nuclear force is. However, for the sake of brevity, biologists sometimes refer to it that way. This often leads to some confusion when biologists speak of selection "pressures." This implies that the environment "pushes" a population to more adapted state. This is not the case. Selection merely favors beneficial genetic changes when they occur by chance -- it does not contribute to their appearance.

So the above quotes refer to an all-pervasive, unknown process whose 'exact' (what's with "exact") mechanism is (to put it mildly) uncertain.

Science (& biological evolution) CANNOT disprove the existence of God. However, scientific research & experiments have discovered design & complexity, minuteness & colossal size / distance, beyond comprehension.

Without fully understanding how & why we think,
but by faith we Think & Do believe
(because we weren't there "In the Beginning")
that our universe (& perhaps many other bubble-universes) arrived via a (very) big-bang;

that perhaps split into 11 dimensions
& birthed multiple theories (were up to M :-)
strung together with super-symmetry & chalk;

that perhaps came from one force that divorced into
electric & magnetic forces, & strong & weak nuclear forces & the troublesome, mind-boggling, weakling force of the gravity of the situation;

that somehow, resulted in the pooling of caustic chemicals
on a VERTIGO-FREE Earth:

  • (that spins on its axis every 24 hours @ 331 miles / hr) ~ (that spins around a hot sun every year @ 66,600 miles / hr)
  • (that wobbles on its axis, which shifts the pole around on a 26,000-year cycle)
  • (that spins around in a private galaxy @ 43,000 miles / hr)

that conveniently & vitally has an abundant supply of a miraculous life-sustaining substance called WATER (with hot / cold, & sweet / salty faucets) & found in liquid, solid, & gaseous states, that is composed of 2 parts of highly explosive hydrogen & 1 part necessary-for-combustion oxygen),

that conveniently & fortunately & inexplicably formed into a life-giving, recyclable cycle;

that conveniently & vitally has an abundant supply of a miraculous substance called OXYGEN;

that is also conveniently perfectly-spaced & ozone-shielded from a violent but vital heat & light source;

that produced living matter via an UNKNOWN, "all-pervasive" process or mechanism that "merely" resulted in heritable changes in ALL populations spread over many generations;

that was then aided by the tri-part mother (Nature) of all obnoxious, nagging FORCES
(i.e. "natural selection, mutations, & environmental pressures" -- a.k.a. unguided chance ad infinitum, impossible flukes, & bad-hair days / months / years - & millions of them!!!);

that left nothing alone, but naggingly pushed ALL living things to increasingly more complex states (oooops... except for the "How Come?" conundrum -- coelacanth fish, Gingko trees, crocodiles, horseshoe crabs, & cockroaches, etc.),

to keep on going & going in spite of colossal changes in environment, eon after eon -- all the while making sure that male & female variations simultaneously appeared (in continuous perfect-working-order) & with the ability to combine inheritable DNA, & somehow give birth to helpless offspring that could grow from miniature to gigantic proportions;

to become part of a simultaneous, self-sustaining, co-dependant, abundant, varied, colourful, age-appropriate food-chain;

with the icing-on-the-cake bonus of multiple special poisons & sugars to cater to all tastes,

with the only drawback being the formation of MORTALS (with a very flexible internal moral code),

inclined to greed, pride, arrogance, & self-centredness,

combined with a proneness to verbal, physical, sexual & environmental abuse,

but capable of random acts of kindness & love,

curiously full of emotions & memory,

& endowed with a mathematical ability to build bridges & keep score;

ironically able to repent & change because of a universal consciousness of sin, & GOD. :-)


Should we rest our eternal destiny on these latest guesses, eh? ~ I don't think so.
This is what Ananova Reported
Story filed: 07:49 Thursday 25th April 2002
This is what JOHN WHITFIELD actually Reported in Nature
25 April 2002
Humans descended from mouse-like creature
We are all descended from a mouse-like animal that scurried among the dinosaurs 125 million years ago, scientists revealed today.

The long-tailed creature, which probably fed on insects, is the earliest known example of a eutherian.

This is the group of animals which nourish young in the womb through a placenta & includes most mammals today.

A well-preserved fossil skeleton was discovered in China's Liaoning province.

The researchers who found it gave it the name Eomaia scansoria. Eomaia means "dawn mother" while scansoria refers to climbing.

It had long fingers which scientists believe were adapted to grasping twigs.

The animal was the size of a big mouse & possibly avoided dinosaurs by dashing up trees.

Although Eomaia was an ancestor of placental mammals it probably reproduced more like marsupials do today.

The discovery, made by a team led by Zhe-Xi Luo from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh pushes back the records of eutheria by more than 40 million years. Their research is published in the journal Nature.

Fossil find hints at life of one of our earliest mammalian forebears.
A mouse-sized fossil from 125 million years ago is the earliest known member of the mammal group that includes humans, say researchers.

The animal is a primitive example of today's dominant mammals. "It's at the very root of this diverse & incredibly important group," says paleontologist Zhe-Xi Luo of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh1.

The mammal, Eomaia scansoria, might have scampered up a tree as a feathered dinosaur ran past. The animal's elongated digits suggest that it was adept at climbing; its name translates as 'dawn-mother climber'.

Luo & his colleagues discovered Eomaia in China. Its skeleton is exceptionally well preserved, & the fossil shows its dense fur. Most mammals of a similar vintage are known only by their teeth.

Eomaia's teeth & ankle-bones mark it out as a member of the group called the Eutheria, rather than a marsupial or one of the egg-laying group called monotremes.

But Eomaia probably lacked a placenta, & would have reproduced in a similar way to modern marsupials. Its hips are too narrow to give birth to large young; its babies would have been born at an early stage of development & clung to their mother for shelter & nourishment.

Eomaia was discovered in a fossil lakebed. When it lived, the surrounding landscape would have been lush & densely vegetated. The animal's teeth suggest that it ate insects, & it may have led a shrew-like life in bushes & trees.

Treasure trove
The rocks that hold Eomaia are a fossil treasure trove, containing many beautifully preserved animals, including feathered dinosaurs. There are also other mammals, ranging from beasts smaller than Eomaia to a predator slightly larger than a domestic cat. These other species seem to have been less well adapted for climbing.

"What's so cool is that we're beginning to get some sense of how these animals lived together," says paleontologist Anne Weil of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Although, she warns, reconstructing fossils' lives is "a bit of a guessing game".

Mammals were already a diverse group by this stage, adds paleontologist Jerry Hooker of the Natural History Museum, London. "We must go back further to look for even older eutherians," to truly understand the evolution of early mammals, he says.

Fossils suggest that there were seven mammal lineages present at his time - our ancestors would have been "just another face in the crowd", says Weil. But only three of these groups survive today. Three died out while dinosaurs still roamed, the fourth about 35 million years ago.

Early marsupials - another lineage that survived & thrived - seem also to have been tree dwellers. An ability to climb might have given them, like Eomaia, the edge over their contemporaries, Weil suggests.

References
1.Ji, Q. et al. The earliest eutherian mammal. Nature, 416, 816 - 822, (2002).

*

This is what Ananova Reported
Story filed: 18:59 Wednesday 1st May 2002
Strange life form found in ocean ~ A strange new life form has been discovered in the depths of the ocean off the north-east coast of Iceland.

The bugs belong to an entirely new group of microbes and are probably the smallest living things on Earth. At a mere 400 millionths of a millimetre across, more than six million would fit on the head of a pin. The microbes are classified as Archaea - one of the three giant branches of life that also include bacteria and eukaryotes, organisms with cell nuclei. Archaea are genetically different from bacteria and many are "extremophiles" that live in the most extreme environments on Earth.

But although Archaea include some very strange primitive life forms, the new group is odder than anything found before and thought to comprise a new category within the domain. Named Nanoarchaeum equitans, the spherical bugs live on the surface of a much bigger Archael organism, Ignicoccus.

German scientists led by Karl Stetter at the University of Regensburg found them 120 metres under the sea off Iceland, in a place where volcanic activity heats the water close to boiling point. The Nanoarchaeota appear to be reliant on their host microbe and unable to survive on their own.

But what the relationship is between the two remains a mystery. Writing in the journal Nature, the scientists say the tiny bugs are clearly not preying on Ignicoccus as parasites. The two organisms probably lived a symbiotic existence, which meant each was dependent on the other - but how is not known. Direct contact with Ignicoccus appears to be necessary for Nanoarchaeota to grow.

Discussing the discovery in Nature, evolutionary biologist Ford Doolittle and Yan Boucher from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, refer to Nanoarchaeum as "an exciting new creature". They said: "Although invisible to the naked eye, it is as worthy of our notice as any coelacanth or other macroscopic 'living fossil'."


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