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my words SCRIPTURE, or Scriptural perspective WT view / quotes / info PERSONALITY concept EMPHASIS
GREEK NOUNS

The following documentation proves that NEUTER nouns are used for The Father, The Son, The Holy Spirit, demons, etc.

Therefore, the fact that pneuma is neuter in gender does not make The Holy Spirit an 'it'.

This is just one of various tests that establish that the Scriptures unite to show The Holy Spirit is a PERSON or BEING.

You don't have to be a Greek scholar to verify for yourself if the following words are neuter in gender. Look up the Scripture references for each word & compare the spelling of the Greek definite article "the" (usually) in front of the Greek noun, with the spelling of the neuter definite article in the chart on the back cover of the Kingdom Interlinear (Click HERE).
  • pneuma = spirit & is always neuter in gender, therefore ALL pneumas are ITS grammatically !
  • Jehovah God is a neuter-pneuma 'IT' Spirit (see Jn.4:24)
  • Jesus is God & a neuter-pneuma 'IT' Spirit (see Jn.1:18 & 1Cor.15:45)
  • Angels are neuter-pneuma 'IT' spirits (see Heb.1:14)
  • Demons are neuter-pneuma 'IT' spirits (found 45x)
  • Demons are neuter-daimonion 'IT' spirits (found 60x)
  • Demons are masculine-daimon 'IT' spirits (found 4x) (Mt.8:31; Mk.5:12; Lk.8:29; Rev.16:14; 18:2)
  • daimonion = demon 1140-131 (Mt.12:24,27,28; Mk.7:26,29,30; Lk.4:33,35,41; etc.)
  • brephos = baby, infant 1025-111 (Lk.1:41,44; 2:12,16; 18:15; Acts 7:19; 2Tim.3:15; 1Pet.2:2)
  • paidion = child, infant 3813-582 (Mt.2:8,9,11,13,14,20,21; 14:21; 15:38; 18:2-5; 19:13,14; Mk.5:39-41; etc.)
  • teknon = child, children 5043-726 (Mt.2:18; 3:9; 7:11; 9:2; 10:21; 11:19; 15:26; 18:25; 19:29; 21:28; etc.)
  • korasion = little girl, maiden 2877-429 (Mt.9:24,25; 14:11; Mk.5:41,42; 6:22,28)
  • genos = descendants, nation, people 1085-115 (Mt.13:47; 176:21; Mk.7:26; 9:29; Acts 4:6,36; 7:13,18; 13:26; etc.)
  • ethnos = nation, people 1484-181 (Mt.4:15; 6:32; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 20:19,25; 21:43; 24:7,9,14; 25:32; 28:19; etc.)
1484 = Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, Greek Dictionary #
WORD search = www.khouse.org/blueletter/search0.html#strongs
Number search = www.khouse.org/blueletter/search0.html#search
181 = Englishman's Greek Concordance, page #
Greek grammar requires that if a noun is neuter in gender,
then technically, associated adjectives & pronouns must also be shown as neuter,
even if a person is being referred to.
[For readability, translators normally adapt to the grammar & idiom of the language chosen.]

Greek & other languages have GRAMMATICAL gender, & NATURAL gender words.
The French word for "tree" is masculine in gender.
Should English people conclude that French trees are "men";
or that Greek neuter nouns, pronouns, & adjectives
make THE Father, THE Son, & THE Spirit (& angels, demons, infants, etc.) into "ITS"? -- Obviously not.

- - -

GREEK PRONOUNS -- That One, Himself, He Himself, I, Me, He
The following documentation proves that the VERY SAME pronouns
are used for The Father, The Son, The Holy Spirit, demons, etc.

Therefore, impersonal pronouns used in connection with The Spirit do not make HIM an 'it'.

This is just one of various tests that establish that the Scriptures unite to show The Holy Spirit is a PERSON or BEING.

"THAT ONE" = EKEINOS (Strong's #1565 - EGC p.# 225)

EKEINOS denotes THAT ONE, THAT PERSON... its use marks SPECIAL DISTINCTION, favourable or unfavourable; this form of EMPHASIS should always be noted..." Vine's, Vol.2, p.202

The PERSONALITY of THE SPIRIT is emphasized at the expense of strict grammatical procedure in John 14:26; 15:26; 16:8,13,14, where the EMPHATIC pronoun EKEINOS, "HE," is used of HIM in the masculine, whereas the noun pneuma is neuter in Greek... Vine's, Vol.4, p.64

"It is true that Jesus spoke of the holy spirit as a 'helper' & spoke of such helper as 'teaching,' 'bearing witness,' 'giving evidence,' 'guiding,' 'speaking,' 'hearing,' & 'receiving.' In so doing, the original Greek shows Jesus at times applying the personal pronoun 'he' to that 'helper' (paraclete). (Compare John 14:16, 17, 26; 15:26; 16:7-15.)" [Insight p.1019, & Aid p.1543] [ Excellent ! This part of the article is factual & right on. ]

  • Jesus said to them: "This is the work of God, that you exercise faith in Him whom EKEINOS [The Father] sent forth. Jn.6:29
  • No man has seen God at any time; The Only-Begotten GOD who is in the bosom of The Father EKEINOS [The Son] has explained Him. Jn.1:18
  • The HELPER, THE SPIRIT THE HOLY..., EKEINOS [The Spirit] will TEACH you all things & bring back to your minds all the things I told you. Jn.14:26
  • When The HELPER arrives that I will send you from the Father, THE SPIRIT of THE TRUTH, ... EKEINOS will BEAR WITNESS about Me... Jn.15:26
  • For if I do not go away, The HELPER will by no means come to you.... & when EKEINOS arrives He will give the world CONVINCING EVIDENCE... Jn.16:7,8
  • when EKEINOS arrives, THE SPIRIT of THE TRUTH, He will guide you into all the truth..., & HE will declare to you the things coming. EKEINOS will glorify Me... & will declare it to you Jn.16:13,14

- - -

"HIMSELF" = HEAUTOU S# 1438 - EGC p.# 172

  • just as THE FATHER has life in HEAUTO, so He has granted also to THE SON to have life in HEAUTO. Jn.5:26
  • not only was He breaking the Sabbath but He was also calling God His own Father, making HEAUTON EQUAL TO GOD. Therefore, in answer, Jesus went on to say to them: "Most truly I say to you, THE SON cannot do a single thing APH HEAUTOU..." Jn.5:18,9
  • THE SPIRIT of THE TRUTH, He will guide you into all the truth, for He will not speak APH HEAUTOU... Jn.16:13
  • Then IT goes ITS way & takes along with IT seven different spirits more wicked than HEAUTOU... Mt.12:45

- - -

"I" = EGO (as a separate word) S# 1473 - EGC p.# 178

"EGO is the nominative case of the first personal pronoun. The pronoun "I," however, generally forms a part of the verb itself in Greek... Where the pronoun EGO is added to the verb, it is almost invariably, if not entirely, emphatic." (Vine's Expository Dictionary, Vol.2, p.243)

  • THE SPIRIT SAID: "Look! Three men are seeking you. However, rise, go downstairs & be on your way with them, not doubting at all, because EGO have dispatched them." Acts 10:19,20
  • JESUS said to him: "EGO am The Way & The Truth & The Life. No one comes to The Father except through Me.." Jn.14:6
  • EGO am the God of Abraham & the God of Isaac & the God of Jacob" Mt.22:32

"I" = EGO (when forming part of the verb)

  • THE SPIRIT THE HOLY said: "... set Barnabas & Saul apart for ME for the work to which I have called them." Acts 13:2
  • THE SPIRIT THE WICKED said to them: "I know Jesus..." Acts 19:15

- - -

"ME" = MOI S# 3427 - EGC p.#  503

  • to which of the angels did He ever say: ... "I shall become His FATHER, & He will become to MOI (lit.) - My Son. Heb.1:5
  • [The Son said:] you do not believe MOI... why is it you do not believe MOI? Jn.8:45,46
  • THE SPIRIT THE HOLY said: "... set Barnabas & Saul apart for MOI for the work to which I have called them." Acts 13:2
  • "What is your name?" & he said...: 'LEGION NAME TO MOI (lit.) because there are many of us." Mk.5:9

- - -

"HE, it, she" = AUTOS S# 846 - EGC p.#  91

1. AUTOS, HE HIMSELF & NO OTHER, emphatic, e.g., Matt.1:21, where the R.V. brings out the emphasis by the rendering "it is HE;" 3:11 (last clause), where the repeated "He" brings out the emphasis... Vine's, Vol.2, p.201

2. AUTOS, he, also means SELF, in the reflexive pronouns myself, thyself, himself, etc. (see, e.g., He), expressing distinction, exclusion, etc.... Vine's, Vol.3, p.341

1. AUTOS, denotes 'the SAME' when preceded by the article... Vine's, Vol.3, p.317

Notes: (1) When "VERY" forms part of the translation of numerous other words (e.g., act, bold, many, precious, sorrowful, well), there is no separate word in the original... (3) Occasionally one of the forms of the pronoun autos, self, same, is translated "very;" the R.V. rendering is sometimes "himself" etc., e.g., 1Thess.5:23, "(The God of peace) Himself;" Vine's, Vol.4, p.185

Again & again, various Scriptures prove that Greek has a GRAMMATICAL gender & a NATURAL gender.
ANOTHER Helper to be with you forever, THE SPIRIT of THE TRUTH, which the world cannot receive, because it neither beholds AUTO = IT nor knows it. You know AUTO = IT, because it remains with you & is in you. Jn.14:16,17

The Helper will by no means come to you; but if I do go My way, I will send AUTON = HIM to you. And when THAT ONE arrives He will give the world CONVINCING EVIDENCE concerning sin... righteousness... judgment: Jn.16:7

THE SPIRIT AUTO = ITSELF BEARS WITNESS with our spirit that we are God's children. Rom.8:16

THE MANIFESTATION OF THE SPIRIT is given to each one for a beneficial purpose. For example, to one is GIVEN THROUGH THE SPIRIT speech of wisdom, to another speech of knowledge ACCORDING TO THE SAME SPIRIT, to another faith BY THE SAME SPIRIT, to another gifts of healings BY THAT ONE SPIRIT, to yet another operations of powerful works, to another prophesyings, to another discerning of SPIRITS, to another different tongues, & to another interpretation of tongues. BUT ALL THESE OPERATIONS THE ONE & THE AUTO = SAME SPIRIT PERFORMS making a distribution to each one respectively JUST AS IT WILLS. 1Cor.12:7-11

But Jesus rebuked AUTO = IT, saying: "Be silent, & come on out of him!" & THE SPIRIT THE UNCLEAN, after throwing him into a convulsion & YELLING at the top of ITS voice, came on out of him. Mk.1:25,26
they were going to call AUTO = IT by the name of AUTOU = ITS father, Zechariah, But AUTOU = ITS mother answered & said: "No, indeed! but HE shall be called JOHN." -- Then they went asking AUTOU = ITS father by signs what he wanted AUTO = IT to be called. And he asked for a tablet & wrote: "JOHN is AUTO = ITS name." -- For the hand of the Lord was indeed with AUTOU = IT. And Zechariah AUTOU = ITS father was filled with holy spirit... Lk.1:59,60,62,63,66,67

- - -

I received a letter from the Canadian WT headquarters that reads:
"If the holy spirit is a person,
IT should always be referred to as 'he' in the Bible. Jesus is a person, & is NEVER referred to as 'it'. Nor is Jehovah God. But at times the Greek word pneuma is in the NEUTER gender. That means that IT is considered as neither masculine nor feminine."

Compare the above with the following verses from the NWT.

Mt.2:8 ~ "Go make a careful search for the young child, & when you have found IT {"IT" is not in Greek text} report back to me, that I too may go & do IT obeisance {i.e. "WORSHIP"}."

  • Note #1: Regarding 2nd "IT" in above verse, AUTO (O = omega) =
    - dative, singular, masculine pronoun = worshiped "HIM"
    or,
    - dative, singular, neuter pronoun = worshiped "IT".

Mt.2:11 ~ And when they went into the house they saw the young child with Mary AUTOU = ITS mother, &, falling down, they did obeisance to AUTO = IT. They also opened their treasures & presented AUTO = IT with gifts, gold & frankincense & myrrh.

  • Note #2: Regarding "ITS" in above verse, AUTOU =
    - genitive, singular, masculine pronoun = mother of "HIM"
    or,
    - genitive, singular, neuter pronoun = mother of "IT".
     

  • Note #3: Regarding "IT" (found 2x) in above verse, AUTO (O = omega) =
    - dative, singular, masculine pronoun = they worshiped "HIM" --&-- they presented "to HIM"
    or,
    - dative, singular, neuter pronoun = they worshiped "IT" --&-- they presented "to IT".

Mt.2:13 ~ "...Get up, take the young child & AUTOU = ITS (see Note #2 above) mother & flee into Egypt, & stay there until I give you word; for Herod is about to search for the young child to destroy AUTO (O = omicron) = IT."

Mt.2:14 ~ So he got up & took along the young child & AUTOU = ITS (see Note #2 above) mother by night & withdrew into Egypt.

Mt.2:20 ~ "...Get up, take the young child & AUTOU = ITS (see Note #2 above) mother & be on your way into the land of Israel...."

Mt.2:21 ~ So he got up & took the young child & AUTOU = ITS (see Note #2 above) mother & entered into the land of Israel.


CLICK HERE  ==>
 
for an article on OBEISANCE / WORSHIP (proskuneo) JESUS ?
 

- - -

"HE"

(where "he" is part of the verb ending) - AND - (where the Greek article "the" is present)

"This pronoun is generally part of the translation of a verb." Vine's, Vol.2, p.201

Scripture WHO Greek VERB PERSONAL ACTIVITY
Mk.1:12 The (holy) Spirit ekballEI HE THRUSTS OUT
Lk.3:22 The Spirit The Holy kataabenAI HE CAME DOWN
Lk.12:12 The Holy Spirit didaxEI HE will TEACH
Jn.14:17 The Spirit The Truth menEI HE is REMAINING
Jn.14:26 The Spirit The Holy didaxEI HE will TEACH
Jn.14:26 The Spirit The Holy hupomensEI HE will REMIND
Jn.15:26 The Spirit The Truth marturesEI HE will BEAR WITNESS
Jn.16:8 The (holy spirit) Paraclete elegxEI HE will REPROVE
Jn.16:13 The Spirit The Truth hodegesEI HE will GUIDE
Jn.16:13 The Spirit The Truth lalesEI HE will SPEAK
Jn.16:13 The Spirit The Truth akouEI HE is HEARING
Jn.16:13 The Spirit The Truth lalesEI HE will SPEAK
Jn.16:13 The Spirit The Truth anangelEI HE will ANNOUNCE
Jn.16:14 The Spirit The Truth doxasEI HE will GLORIFY
Jn.16:14 The Spirit The Truth lemphetAI HE will RECEIVE
Jn.16:14 The Spirit The Truth anangelEI HE will DECLARE
Jn.16:15 The Spirit The Truth lambanEI HE is RECEIVING
Jn.16:15 The Spirit The Truth anangelEI HE will DECLARE
Acts 20:23 The Spirit The Holy diamarturetAI HE REPEATEDLY BEARS WITNESS
Acts 21:11 The Spirit The Holy legEI HE is SAYING
Rom.8:16 The (holy) Spirit sunmarturEI HE will BEAR WITNESS with
Rom.8:26 The (holy) Spirit sunantilambanetAI HE is JOINTLY HELPING
Rom.8:26 The (holy) Spirit huperentunganEI HE is PLEADING in BEHALF
Rom.8:27 The (holy) Spirit entunganEI HE is PLEADING
1Cor.12:11 The (holy) Spirit bouletAI HE is WISHING
Jn.5:21

Jn.5:21

2Cor.3:6

The Father

The Son

The (holy) Spirit

zoopoiEI

zoopoiEI

zoopoiEI

The Father - HE is MAKING ALIVE

The Son - HE is MAKING ALIVE

The SPIRIT - HE is MAKING ALIVE

1Tim.4:1 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING
Heb.3:7 The Spirit The Holy legEI HE is SAYING
Heb.10:15 The Spirit The Holy marturEI HE will BEAR WITNESS
Heb.10:15 The Spirit The Holy eirekenAI HE has SAID
James 4:5 The (holy) Spirit epipothEI HE is LONGING
1Pet.4:14 The Spirit of Glory & of God anapauetAI HE is RESTING (on you)
1Jn.4:2 every spirit homoloEI HE is CONFESSING
1Jn.4:3 every spirit homoloEI HE is CONFESSING (not)
Rev.2:7 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
I will grant to eat of the Tree of Life
Rev.2:11 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
will by no means be harmed by the 2nd death
Rev.2:17 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
I will give some of the hidden manna
Rev.2:29 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
Rev.3:6 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
Rev.3:13 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
Rev.3:22 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (to the congregations)
Rev.14:13 The (holy) Spirit legEI HE is SAYING (let them rest)
From a GRAMMATICAL point of view, the 3rd, masculine, singular ending on the above verbs
could be translated "it" instead of "he" IF the subject was neuter (&
pneuma is the neuter subject).

From a SPIRITUAL point of view, the primary significance is not the verbal ending,
but the PERSONAL ACTIVITY presented by the verb about
THE PNEUMA THE HOLY (One).

The above verbs & the context reveals The Holy Spirit's involvement in personal actions & choices
to a degree, frequency, specificness, & deliberateness that unmistakably refers to a
Personal Being.

The WT's "Personification" theory, attempts to dismiss repeated & direct Scriptural evidence with human opinion.


RESEARCH about: " THE > SPIRIT -- THE > HOLY (ONE) "
Is "The Holy Spirit" a FORCE, or a Sentient BEING -- or BOTH ?

The Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society's view on "The Holy Spirit"
deviates dramatically from the over-whelming majority of Bible-believing Christians, scholars, & researchers.
WT dictionaries contain the following very brazen & shocking statement that summarizes their view
& executes THE SPIRIT THE HOLY ONE !!!.

" The Scriptures themselves unite to show that
God's HOLY SPIRIT is NOT a
PERSON
but is God's active FORCE

by which he accomplishes his purpose and executes his will
."

Insight p.1019, & Aid p.1543 ~ INSIGHT On The Scriptures (1988) is the updated version of AID To Bible Understanding (1971)

WOW !!! ~ IF The Holy Spirit is just a force, then I (& any truth-seeker)
would be compelled by intellectual honesty & integrity, to abandon belief in the Trinity & become a JW !!!
An honest, careful, thorough comparison of WT opinion with Scriptural evidence, shows there is no need to accept WT conclusions.

I don't view my work as a THEOLOGICAL DEBATE. There's no prize for the winner.
This research is to help JWs think about their eternal destiny -- it's about you & God, not about me.
If WT teaching is wrong, you are picking a fight with the most AWESOME BEING in the universe!
The Holy Spirit has emotion (intellect & will) & can be INSULTED & OUTRAGED !!!
Heb.10:26-31 warns:
For if we practice sin willfully {or stubbornly, or mindlessly, or blindly, or foolishly} after having received the accurate knowledge of the truth, there is no longer any sacrifice for sins left, 27 but [there is] a certain fearful expectation of judgment & [there is] a fiery jealousy that is going to consume those in opposition. 28 Any man that has disregarded the law of Moses dies without compassion, upon the testimony of two or three. 29 Of how much more severe a punishment, do YOU think, will the man be counted worthy who has trampled upon the Son of God & who has esteemed as of ordinary value the blood of the covenant by which he was sanctified, & who has OUTRAGED THE SPIRIT of undeserved kindness with contempt? 30 For we know him that said: "Vengeance is mine; I will recompense"; & again: "Jehovah will judge his people." 31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of [the] living God.
According to WT opinion:
  • only God the Father is Jehovah
  • The (Paraclete) Holy Spirit = God's Active Force
  • Jesus is a sub-God (a.k.a Michael the archangel).
  • According to Scripture:
  • Jesus is our Paraclete (Lawyer / Advocate) ~ 1Jn.2:1
  • The Holy Spirit is also our Paraclete ~ Jn.14:16,26; 15:26; 16:27

  • (Greek allos = another of the same kind -- not different-kind-heteros).

    Therefore:
  • God The Father -- as the Active Force PARACLETE -- is same as Jesus, & must be demoted to the archangel level.


  • Or, God The (Paraclete) Son must be elevated to equality with God The Father.
  • And God The Spirit -- as same as Jesus PARACLETE -- must be promoted to equal Personhood & Godhood !!!
  • In other words, The Trinity is alive & well.
    Like the atheist who doesn't believe in God, JWs are in for a shock when they meet THE SPIRIT THE HOLY Paraclete-Lawyer-Advocate.

    Because of deliberate, consistent, repeated, systematic emphasis, programming & reinforcement
    (a.k.a. re-education, conditioning, mind control, thought reform, brain washing),
    JWs automatically equate & substitute the Bible expression
    "The Holy Spirit" with the WT's phrase "Active Force",
    e
    ven though
    the "Active Force" phrase is a MISTRANSLATION & found only ONCE in their own Bible!!! See the NWT at Gen.1:2.

    Click here for more detail, & the WT's 28 Meanings / Senses / Interpretation-opinions for "ruach" & "pneuma" ( spirit ).


    SCRIPTURE distinguishes between:
  • The Awesome PERSON & the awesome POWER of The Holy Spirit (throughout Scripture)

  • The GIVER & the GIFT -- in Acts 2:4 for example:
    "...they all became filled with HOLY SPIRIT & started to speak with different tongues,
    just as
    THE SPIRIT
    was GRANTING them to make utterance".
    So obviously "pneuma" is not POWER-only or PERSON-only.
    The truth is that HE is an Awesome PERSON
    AND demonstrates HIS Awesome POWER.

  •  

    WT Basis for "FORCE" Concept

    My Response

     

    Scripture Basis for "PERSON" Concept

    A Absent Greek Definite Article 'the' Fact, BUT... A1 Comparison Chart: - DEMON pneuma (spirit)
    A2 Demon-Pneuma-Spirits are Sentient Beings
    A3 ABSENT Greek 'the' = Awesome POWER
    A4 PRESENT Greek 'the' = Awesome PERSON
    B Pneuma = Neuter Gender noun Fact, BUT... B1 Greek Nouns & Pronouns prove Awesome Person
    C holy spirit Associated with Impersonal Things Fact, BUT... C1 EMOTION = Personality
    C2 INTELLECT = Personality
    C3 WILL = Personality
    D The Holy Spirit has NO Personal Voice F A L S E D1 SPEAKS DIRECTLY & via Humans & Scripture
    E The Holy Spirit has NO Personal Name Unknown,
    but so what?
    E1 Names / Titles of The Holy Spirit
    E2 Testimony of Jesus (GOD-THE-WORD)
    F A 'Person' only because of Personification WT's FAULTY
    conclusion CONTRADICTS
    a host of
    "inconvenient" Scriptures
    F1 Testimony of the Whole NT
    F2 Comparison Chart: - PARACLETE (Advocate)
    F3 Awesome Scriptural Warnings
    F4 Greek Facts / Scholarship
    F5 Does the WT Misquote Scholars ?
    F6 Convincing Evidence (& "Michael")
    Click here for Kingdom Interlinear ~ Definite Article chart to see the various spellings of the neuter gender "the".

    Click here to Search a Greek Interlinear NT
    (Good info in "Tips".)
    Under "Online Bible Search" enter "spirit" beside "Search For ".
    Under "Version(s) " scroll down to "Greek Texts" & click on the next entry.
    Go back to "Search For:" box & click "Search:".

    You will be able to see (in the Greek text) when the definite article "the" is Absent (A3) or Present (A4) before or after "pneuma".
    For verses with TWO definite articles see Acts 1:16; 5:3,32; 7:51; 13:2; 20:23,28; 21:11; Heb.3:7; 9:8.
    (For more verses with double articles, click A1 above & see box 5 in all 3 columns.)

    Click here to Search a Greek NT. ~ Enter "pneuma" beside "Search" & click "GO" (top right).
    Click here for MULTIPLE Greek (& other) Bible CHOICES.

    Chart of interesting LINKS & other RESEARCH

    © 1999 - 2009 ~ All rights reserved. But non-commercial use is OK with me ~ etalk99@hotmail.com

    Email me if you feel I've made any errors, or misrepresented Watchtower theology in any way.
    I will make corrections immediately.
    P.S. There are no unanswered emails, so be assured that what I've written is fair, accurate, truthful, correct (& seemingly irrefutable).