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r}t !& , @)^) d+unaf/
vfg]kfgL, lah'nLaQL / t]nsf s'/f
To;f] eGb}df ;+:yfgx?sf] cg'Tkfbs vr{sf] ef/ eg] hgtfaf6 c;'n ug'{nfO{ :jLsfg{ ;ls+b}g. tTsfn oL ;+:yfgx?df ;'wf/sf k|of;x? yfngL gug]{ xf] eg] eljiodf ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ef]u]sf] lgotL logLx?n] klg ef]Ug'gknf{ eGg ;lsGg.

3/df kfgL gcfPsf] w]/} eof] . vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgdf u'gf;f] ug{ uof] eg] ;'g]sf]g;'Go} u5{g\ . wf/fdf xfjf klg cfpg 5f8]sf] w]/} eof] . t}klg vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] lan dlxg}lkR5] hf/L x'G5, cem tf]lsPsf] ;dodf dx;'n lt/]g eg] hl/jfgf;d]t nfU5. sf7df8f}+sf pkef]Qmfx?sf nflu t vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] wf/f] ;k{sf] d'vsf] 5'r'Gb|f]h:tf] ePsf] 5, g lgNg' g cf]sNg' . s]xL ;docl3 g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf Pp6f Jo+UofTds sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePsf] lyof]– kfgL gcfpg] 3/df 5f]/L glbg] eg]/ . olb To:t} x'g] xf] eg] sf7df8f}+df *) k|ltzt s]6fx?sf] t slxNo} ljjfx x'g ;Sb}g. vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf wf/fx?df kfgL cfp+b} cfp+b}g, cfP klg kx]+nf] /u+sf] /u+Lg jf 5f]qmf / af]qmf;lxtsf] dfq cfp+5 . 6\of+s/x?df vf]nfsf] kfgL p7fP/ Nofpg] ‘:jR5 vfg]kfgL ;]jfx?n] wGg sf7df8f}+sf] kfgLsf] dfu wfgL/x]sf 5g\. Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s -P8LaL_ sf] C0f ;xof]udf lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf slxn] k"/f x'g] xf] yfxf 5}g . Tof] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 sf7df8f}+sf] vfg]kfgL ;d:of k"/f x'G5 /] eg]/ :jlKgn sNkgfdf kfgLljgfsf] wf/fsf] dfl;s dx;'n a'emfO/x]sf 5g\, dxfgu/jf;Lx? . ;+:yfgsf] k|ult ljj/0f eG5, uPsf] cfly{s jif{df clw/fHoel/df $& xhf/ * ;o *) ldlnln6/ kfgL ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] /] . clw/fHoel/df kfgLsf] dfu slt 5 / of] cfk"lt{sf] cg'kft sxf+ uP/ d]n vfG5, cfp+bf lbgx?df of]hgf cfof]uaf6 tof/ x'g] k|ltj]bgn] af]Nnf g} . lsgls lat]sf] !@ jif{df xfdLn] :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{df pNn]Vo pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5f}+ eGg] dGtJo cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 ;'lgb} cfPsf] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk k'Ub}df :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ x'g ;Sg] eP kxf8L e]usf g]kfnL dlxnfx?n] lbgdf #–$ 306f vfg]kfgL af]Sg'kg]{ afWotf cGTo eO;Sg'kg]{ xf ]. ;fj{hlgs vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f pb\3f6gsf a]nfdf l/he{Ejfo/af6 kfgL gcfPkl5 nf]6faf6 kfgL xfn]/ wf/f pb\3f6g ul/Psf va/ ca gf}nf] nfUg 5f8]sf] 5 . of] ;+:yfgsf] csf]{ sfd klg plQs} 3tnfUbf] 5– ;/;kmfO{ tyf 9n lgsf; . zx/sf aLr–aLrdf jf k9]n]v]sf dflg;x?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf If]qx?df ‘;fg}b]lv nufcf+} afgL, hfpmg\ rkL{ xfd|f gfgL’ n]v]/ Aofg/, ;fOgaf]8{ jf xf]l8{u+ af]8{x? nufp+b}df ;/;kmfO{ ;Ktfx ;kmn eof] eGg] 7flgG5, xfd|f] b]zdf . ;+of]usf] s'/f xf] ev{/} ljZj :jR5 kfgL lbj; klg dgfOof] . g]kfnsf] vfg]kfgLdf 9nsf 5f]qmf–af]qmf ldl;P/ cfPsf] ;Gbe{x? tfhf x'+bfx'+b} ‘kfgL’ sf]
If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf
k|d'vx? cd]l/sfsf] Tof] klg ;g\ &) lt/sf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]/ ljBfyL{x?df hfu/0f k}bf ub}{ lyP.
csf{lt/ aQLsf] s'/f klg To:t} g} 5 . s]xL ;docl3 ljB't\sf] efp a9\bf a8f] uhasf] cfZjf;g ;'lgPsf] lyof] ;/sf/L /]l8of]af6– ca nf]8;]l8u+ sbflk x'+b}g . 3f]if0ff eof], ;lsof] klg . To;kl5 klg ljleGg gfddf em\ofKk–em\ofKk aQL hfg] qd /f]lsPsf] 5}g . aQLsf] dx;'n a9fOPsf] s]xL ;do;Dd nf]8;]l8u+ elgPsf] lyPg . ca t uj{;fy kfnf] k|0ffnLdf nf]8;]l8u+ ul/Psf] eGg yflnPsf] 5 . r}t nfUof] cyf{t ;'Vvf df};d cf/De eof] . km]l/ ca slt lbg;Dd 6\o'anfO6d'lg 6'sL afn]/ a:g'kg]{ xf] qf; l;h{gf eO;s]sf] 5 . ‘g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] wgL b]z, aQL a]r]/ kof{Kt cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5’ ;'Gbfv]/L slt dL7f nfU5g\ o:tf efif0fx? . $)–$% xhf/ d]3fjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] cf+s8fx?n] b]vfp5g\, *) k|ltzteGbf clws g]kfnLx? eg] 6'sL / lbofnf]sf] pHofnf]df e/ kg{ afWo 5g\ . ef/t xfd|fnflu ljB't\sf] /fd|f] ahf/ x'g ;S5, e'6fgn] ljB't\ a]r]/} cfkm\gf] /fli6|o cfo dfly psf;]sf] tYof° 5 . t/, g]kfnsf] dx+uf] lah'nL lsGg ef/t tof/ 5}g . ‘lah'nL a]r]/ wgL x'g]’ ;kgf kfn]sf g]kfnLx? oltv]/ blIf0f Pl;ofd} ;a}eGbf dx+uf] dx;'n b/ ltb}{5g\ . t/ e}+;Ldf nfUg] sfnf] h'sfh:tf] ljB't\ k|flws/0fnfO{ oltn] klg k'u]sf] 5}g, ;'lgb} 5– km]l/ ljB't\sf] dx;'n a9fpg] cEof; rNb} 5 .
ljZj ahf/df d"No a9fP oxf+ klg a9fpg bafa lbg], 36\bf eg] g36fpg] cfon lgudsf] af/]df w]/} rf]6L s'/f p7fO;lsof] . cyf{t kfgLsf] wgL b]zdf vfg]kfgL dx+uf] 5, lah'nL dx+uf] 5, Jofkfl/s Rof+v] yfk]/ a:g] cfon lgudsf sf/0f d§Lt]n, l8h]n, k]6|f]nh:tf k]6|f]lnod kbfy{ klg dx+uf] 5. t/ klg oL tLgj6} ;+:yfgx? gf]S;fgdf 5g\ . ;/sf/dfly logLx?sf] ljQLo bfloŒj klg clws 5 . oL ;+:yfgx?df cg'Tkfbs vr{ clws /x]sf] ;/sf/L tYof°x?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ )%*,%( ;Dd vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/n] ! ca{ #^ s/f]8 @% nfv ?lkof+ z]o/ nufgL u/]sf], ! s/f]8 (% nfv &@ xhf/ ?lkof+a/fa/ C0f nufgL ePsf] tYof°n] b]vfp+5 . o:t} ljB't\ k|flws/0fdf !) ca{ *$ s/f]8 %) nfv a/fa/sf] z]o/ nufgL, #( ca{ ^# s/f]8 # nfv a/fa/sf] C0f nufgL ePsf] 5 eg] cfon lguddf ( s/f]8 %! nfv ?lkof+sf] z]o/ nufgL / !@ s/f]8 ^% nfv ?lkof+ a/fa/sf] C0f nufgL ePsf] ;/sf/L tYof°n] b]vfPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] tYof° eG5– nufgLsf] pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] 5}g .
s'n ^@ s/f]8 %$ nfv ?lkof+sf] ;~rfng nfut ePsf] vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg !! s/f]8eGbf a9Lsf] ;~rfng 3f6fdf 5 eg] !# ca{ ^! s/f]8sf] ;~rfng nfut /x]sf] ljB't k|flws/0f ! ca{ $! s/f]8sf] ;Grfng 3f6fdf 5 . cfon lgudsf] t s'/} 5f8f} 3f6}3f6f dfq 5 . oL tLgj6} ;+:yfgdf cg'Tkfbs sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof clws /x]sf] cWoogx?n] b]vfO;s]sf 5g\ . ljt]sf] !@ jif{df /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf etL{ s]Gb| ag]sf ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?dWo] ‘lx6 ln:6’df k/]sf ljB't\ k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg / b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf slt /fhgLlts sfo{stf{n] cfkm\gf] hLjg ;'wfb}{ 5g\, ;+:yfg ;~rfng ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ yfxf xf]nf . cfon lgudafx]s af+sLsf b'O{j6f ;+:yfg hgpkof]uL If]qcGtu{t :yfkgf ePsfn] logLx?df gfkmf dfq x]g{ gx'g] cj:yf 5, t/ To;f] eGb}df ;+:yfgx?sf] cg'Tkfbs vr{sf] ef/ eg] hgtfaf6 c;'n ug'{nfO{ :jLsfg{ ;ls+b}g . tTsfn oL ;+:yfgx?df ;'wf/sf k|of;x? yfngL gug]{ xf] eg] eljiodf ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ef]u]sf] lgotL logLx?n] klg ef]Ug'gknf{ eGg ;lsGg . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], ljB't\ ljt/0f sfo{ dxfgu/kflnsfdfkm{t ul/g] cjwf/0ff cfO klg ;s]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf dfq geP/ cGo Jofj;flos nfesf If]qx?nfO{ klg qmdz o;} u/L lghLIf]q jf :yfgLo lgodnfO{ ckgfOg] atfOPsf] 5, t/ ;'wf/ sfo{ oltn] dfq k'Ub}g . ;+u7gfTds, ;+/rgfut ;'wf/b]lv cg'Tkfbs vr{ 36fpg cGo pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u klg o;cGtu{t k5{ . To;f] t clxn] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ gePsfn] w]/} s'/f cfzf ug]{ 7fp+ t 5}g, t/ ljQLo ;'wf/sf nflu bftfx?af6 :ofjf;L kfPsf ;/sf/sf k|fljlws lj1 -6]Sgf]qm\of6_x?n] ;'wf/sf nflu xft km}nfpg] xf] eg] bftfn] gkTofpnfg\ eGg ;lsGg .

r}t !) , @)^) d+unaf/
sfnf] ahfl/of lgoGq0fdf ;/sf/sf] df}gtf
cfk"lt{df ePsf] sdL b]vfP/ s[lqd cefj l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 / To;}nfO{ dfWod agfP/ -egf}+ df}sf 5f]k]/_ cglws[t?kdf d"No a9fO+b}5. oxf+g]/ ;/sf/sf] df}gtf cfZro{nfUbf] 5. 6]lnlehgsf] kbf{df cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;xh /x]sf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/fp+b}df pkef]Qmfn] ;xh?kdf j:t' tyf ;]jf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] tYonfO{ ;/sf/n] la;]{sf] 5.

ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLx?n] !% lbg] gfsfaGbLsf] 3f]if0ff u/]otf ahf/df s}og\ j:t'x?sf] cefj l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . pkef]Qmfx? jf:tljstfeGbf s}og\ u'0ff a9L df]n lt/]/ ljleGg j:t'x? vl/b ug{ afWo 5g\ . ahf/df b]lvPsf] cefjdf b'j} tTjsf] xft 5, klxnf] tTj h;nfO{ :jfefljs g} dfGg'kg{] x'G5, cfk"lt{sf] lgoldttfdf cfPsf] c8\rgsf sf/0f ePsf] cefj . s]xL lbgcl3 u[xdGqLn] hghLjg ;fdfGo /x]sf] ;/sf/L dGtJo hf/L ug'{eof], dGqLHo"s} cfb]zfg';f/ ;/sf/L 6]lnlehgdf b'O{–rf/j6f 6|s / 6|\ofu+\s/x? b]vfP/ cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;fdfGo /x]sf] ;dfrf/ k|;fl/t ul/of] . ef]Ug]x?nfO{ dfq yfxf 5, gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f s] c;/ k/\of] . lat]sf] !@–!# lbgdf pkTosfdf b}lgs vfBj:t'x?sf] d"No % b]lv !% k|ltzt;Dd a9]sf] 5, t/sf/L–kmnk'mnsf] v'b|fd"No t #) k|ltzt;Dd a9]sf] b]lvG5 . b}lgs aL;f}+ xhf/ ln6/ b"w ls;fgx?n] vf]nfdf aufP eGg] ;dfrf/ klg oxLaLrdf cfof] . cufl8–k5fl8 ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] uf8L ‘:sl6{u+’ df /fv]/ uf8Lsf] l;;faf6 lvr]sf] b[ZonfO{ slt;Dd kTofpg] <
;a}eGbf cfZro{nfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] ;~rf/dfWodx?df cfon lgudn] k]6|f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No a9fpg ;/sf/;+u dfu u/\of] eGg]lalQs} ahf/df dl6\6t]n / vfgf ksfpg] PnkL Uof;sf] s[lqd cefj b]vfk/\of] . s]xL sDkgLsf Uof; t clxn] klg k|ltl;lnG8/ * ;o ?lkof+df l8n/x?n] a]lr/x]sf 5g\ . Uof;sf] d"No lsg a9fOof], s;sf] lg0f{on] a9fOof], olb Uof;sf] d"No a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5}g eg] lsg Uof; l8n/x?n] cf7 ;o ?lkof+ lnO/x]sf 5g\ < s;}n] s]xL af]n]sf] 5}g . oxL cvaf/df s]xL lbgcufl8 Pp6f Uof; pBf]un] xf]Og x} , Uof;sf] d"No a9]sf] 5}g eg]/ cfkm\gf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ ;r]t agfpg] k|of; u/\of] . aflx/af6 Uof; g} cfPsf] 5}g, ahf/df cefj 5 elg/x]sf] a]nf oxL cvaf/df aNv'sf] Pp6f :6f]/df n'sfP/ /flvPsf] ´G8} 8]8–b'O{ ;o l;lnG8/sf] kmf]6f] k|sflzt eof] . oL b'O{j6f ;Gbe{x?nfO{ Pp6} s8Ldf bf+h]/ x]bf{ :ki6?kdf a'em\g ;lsG5– cfk"lt{df ePsf] sdL b]vfP/ s[lqd cefj l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 / To;}nfO{ dfWod agfP/ -egf}+ df}sf 5f]k]/_ cglws[t?kdf d"No a9fO+b}5 . oxf+g]/ ;/sf/sf] df}gtf cfZro{nfUbf] 5 . 6]lnlehgsf] kbf{df cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;xh /x]sf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/fp+b}df pkef]Qmfn] ;xh?kdf j:t' tyf ;]jf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] tYonfO{ ;/sf/n] la;{]sf] 5 .
g]kfn cfon lgud -;xsdL{ kqsf/ ldqx?n] km]l/lbPsf] gfd g]kfn ld;fj6 lgud_ ljz'4 Jofkfl/s ;+:yf, cfkm}+ klg Jofkf/ u5{, cGt/f{li6|o ahf/df k]6|f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No a9]sf] a]nf oxf+ klg a9fpg bafa lbG5, 36]sf] a]nf 36fp+b}g, t}klg slxNo} d'gfkmf ub{}g, ;w}+el/ 3f6fd} x'G5 . o:tf] uhasf] Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] 6fpsf]df ahf/ cg'udgsf] lhDdf klg 5 . k]6|f]lnod kbfy{df ld;fj6 eof] jf s[lqd cefj eof] eg] o;n] cg'udg ug'{k5{ /] , To:t} uhasf k|fjwfg\x? t 5g\ . t/, ljr/f lguds} oltv]/ s;n] cg'udg ug{] xf], Tof] eg] eGg ufx|f] 5 . o;} :tDedf cfon lgudsf] ;f+u7lgs Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'+b}uPsf] / Toxf+ ;+/rgfut?kdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] vf+rf] cf}+NofO;lsPsf] 5 . lgudnfO{ sdfOvfg] ef+8f] agfpg]x?sf af/]df klg w]/} k6s w]/} d~rdf ;jfn p7fO;lsPsf] 5 . cfon lgud To:tf] a"9f] as'Nnf] eO;s]sf] 5, hf] cfkm" df5f klg dfg{ ;Sb}g / kf]v/L klg 5f8\g rfx+b}g . k]6|f]lnod kbfy{sf] laqmL–ljt/0fnfO{ ;f+Rr} k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] b'O{j6f ljsNkx? 5g\ Pp6f lghLIf]qnfO{ klg k"0f{tM ahf/ v'nf ul/lbg] / csf{] lgudnfO{ lghLs/0f ug{] . b'j} lbzfdf ;/sf/n] ;}4flGts ;xdlt klg hgfO;s]sf] 5 . o;df csf{] ljsNk klg cfon lgudnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{] Pp6f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf ?kdf dfq ljsl;t u/fP/ To;nfO{ k"0f{tM lghL :jfldTjdf 5f8\g], csf{] cg'udgsf/L lgsfodf /fv]/ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fd} /fVg] . o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf ;k{ klg d5{ / nL klg ef+lrb}g .
;/sf/sf] cg'udgsf/L ;+oGq sdhf]/ ePs} sf/0f lat]sf] afx|–t]x| jif{df b]zleq sfnf]ahf/Ln] km:6fpg] df}sf kfPsf] 5 . ljleGg x8\tfn, rSsfhfd jf cGt/f{li6|o ahf/df cefjsf] sf/0f b]vfP/ s[lqd cefj l;h{gf ug{] / To;sf] d"Noj[l4 u/]/ nfe sdfpg]x?sf] hdft a9\b} uPsf] 5 . lat]sf] b'O{ dlxgfdf s;/L lrgLsf] sfnf]ahf/L km:6fof] eGg] s'/f cl3Nnf ;ftfx?df n]lv;lsof] . of t ;/sf/ o:tf s'/fx? yfx} kfp+b}g of yfxf kfP/ klg a'´krfO/x]sf] 5, ku+\ltsf/n] a'em\g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfnf]ahf/L lgoGq0f ug{] sfg'gx? b]zdf kof{Kt 5g\ . pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] klg pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]gsf] bkmf & n] s;}n] sf]xL;+u ldn]/ dfu, cfk"lt{ / d"Nodf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ kfO+b}g eg]/ :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . olb s;}n] j:t' jf ;]jf ;l~rt u/L s[lqd cefj l;h{gf u/]df To:tf] ug{]–u/fpg]nfO{ # jif{;Dd s}b jf %) xhf/ ?lkof+;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 . o:tf] s8f sfg'gL Joj:yf x'+bfx'+b} klg ahf/df v'n]cfd sfnf]ahf/L km:6fpg'df ;/sf/sf] u}/lhDd]jf/kg k|d'v bf]ifL 7x5{ .
ahf/ cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L lnP/ a;]sf] jfl0fHo ljefun] k|efjsf/L sfd s]xL klg b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;u+\Vofut?kdf xhf/–b'O{ xhf/ Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ -a9L ;u+\Vof 9s–t/fh'df 7uLjfnf x'G5g\, g ls sfnf]ahf/L ug{]x?_ kqm]/ kf+r ;o, xhf/ ?lkof+ hl/jfgf u/]sf] /fd|f] tYofu+\s jfl0fHo ljefun] k]; u5{, t}klg sfnf]ahf/L lgoGq0f x'+b}g / eO/x]sf] 5}g . sfnf]ahf/L ug{]x? tLg jif{;Dd h]n kg{ ;S5g\ . t/, kf+r ;o, xhf/ ?lkof+ hl/jfgf lt/]/ km'lTs/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] sfnf]ahf/L ug{]x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul//x]sf] 5 geg]/ s] eGg] < olb ;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug{], sfg'gadf]lhd sfnf]ahfl/ofx?nfO{ sf/afxL ug{] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf] ;'zf;g Toxf+g]/ b]lvG5, g ls ‘;'zf;g sfo{qmd’ sf gfddf w'lnv]ndf uf]i7L cfof]hgf u/]/ . rfx] h'g;'s} gfddf hf];'s}n] sfnf]ahf/L u/]sf] xf];\, Tof] sfaf{xLsf] bfo/faf6 aRg' x'Gg . rfx] Tof] sflndf6Ldf t/sf/L a]Rg] xf];\ of c;gdf d;nf, cyjf xf]n;]ndf lrgL a]Rg] xf];\ of v'b|fdf Uof; . /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] pkl:yltlagfsf] jt{dfg zf;gk|0ffnLdf ;/sf/nfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg w]/} v'nf / :jtGq jftfj/0f 5 . ;/sf/n] rfx]df oltv]/ h] klg x'g;S5 . lat]sf] afx| jif{df ePsf] ´G8} ;f9] tLg ;o k|ltztsf] d"Noj[l4 t g36\nf t/ ;xL?kdf ;/sf/sf] cg'udgsf/L ;+oGqnfO{ kl/rfng ug{] xf] eg] ca cfOGbf sfnf]ahf/L ug{] jf ug{ rfxg]x? kSs} klg xrSG5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]zsf nflu ;lGw–P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{;Sg] jt{dfg ;/sf/n] v'nf ahf/ k|0ffnLdf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf P]g–sfg'gx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog klg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . v'nf ahf/ cy{gLltsf] cy{ ahf/af6 ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f x6\g' dfq geO{ ;xL 9u+\uaf6 :j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ l;h{gf ug'{ klg xf] eGg] tYonfO{ gLlt–lgdf{tfx?n] uDeL/ dgg ug{}k5{ .

r}t # , @)^) d+unaf/
ca ‘a|fG8’ df Wofg lsg glbg] <
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf t ‘a|fG8’ 5ljsf] emg} dxTj x'G5. ljZjsf 7"nf–7"nf d'n'ssf ;aneGbf ;an sDkgLx? k|lt:kwL{sf ?kdf ahf/df cfp+bf pgLx?;+u klg pkxf/s} :sLd lnP/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ hfG5' eGg' d"v{tfl;jfo c? s]xL x'g ;Sb}g.

ljZj Jofkf/df cfPsf] tLj|tf / kx'+rsf sf/0f ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmfx?n] kSs} klg ;x'lnot d"Nodf ;xh 9u+\un] pknAw x'g] j:t' g} ?rfp+5g\ . o; cy{df pTkfbsx?nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L u'0f:t/Lo j:t' ;/n d"Nodf pkef]Qmf;fd' k'/\ofpg'kg{] bafa a9\b} uPsf] 5 . Psflt/ pTkfbsx?nfO{ ahf/df cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt cem a9L ;an agfpg'kg{] r'gf}tL 5 eg] csf{lt/ ePsf] cfkm\gf] ;fv klg glalu|of];\ eGg] plQs} rfxgf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ahf/df cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt ;an agfpg}sf nflu pTkfbsx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf xys08fx? ckgfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . rfprfpdf b]lvPsf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . rfprfp vf+bf sf]xL sf/b]lv xL/fsf] xf/;Dd pkxf/ lbg] 3f]if0ff ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL af]Sg ;Sg] hlt gub
-slt xf] yfxf 5}g_ b]lv sf]xL !! nfv;Dd pkxf/ lbg] 3f]if0ff ub{}5g\ . Ps tfsf ToxL rfprfpd} ;'gsf] km'6an lbg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . s;n] kfP, slt Sof/]6 ;'gsf], slt d"Noa/fa/sf], slt tf}nsf] pkxf/ s–s;n] kfP yfxf 5}g .
6]lnlehgdf !) xhf/b]lv lnP/ !! nfv ?lkof+;Dd d}n] k'/:sf/ kfP+ eg]/ tof/ ul/Psf k|fof]lht lj1fkgx? k|;f/0f eO/x]s} 5g\ . cfos/ P]g @)%* cg';f/ o:tf pkxf/ k'/:sf/x?df klg s/ nfU5 . k'/:sf/ kfpg]x?n] slt s/ a'emfP < cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] g} eGg ;Snf . pkxf/ 3f]if0ff u/]/ glbg] k'/fgf] k|rng g} xf] . sltko sDkgLn] pkxf/ k/]/ klg glbPsf] ph'/L jfl0fHo ljefudf kl//x]s} 5 . j:t'sf] k|j4{gsf gfddf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cg'lrt nfedf kf/]/ laqmL ul/Psf] j:t'sf] cfsif{0f sltGh]n l6Snf eGg ;lsGg . g]kfnL rfprfp pBf]ux?df b'lgof+df sxL+ gePsf] k|lt:kwf{ oltv]/ b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . Pp6f xL/fsf] xf/ pkxf/ 3f]if0ff u/\of] eg] csf{n] klg ToxLcg';f/sf] xL/fsf] xf/ g} pkxf/ 3f]if0ff ug'{kg{], pBf]usf] dfl;s sf/f]af/a/fa/s} gub pkxf/sf] 3f]if0ff ug'{kg{] / d'gfkmf xf];\ ls gxf];\, sDkgL l6sf];\ ls gl6sf];\ c? xfQL r9] eGb}df cfkm" w'/L r9\g'kg{] gLlt clVtof/ ub{}5g\, rfprfp pBf]ux? Ps ;o @# j6f xL/fsf] xf/ /flvPsf] 3f]if0ff ug{] sDkgLn] s'g u'0f:t/sf], slt–sltj6f xL/fsf] xf/ pkxf/ lbof] s;}n] ;f]wvf]h u/]sf 5}gg\ . pkxf/sf] k|nf]egdf rfprfp vf+b} cy{ g ay{sf s'kg ;u+\sng ug{]x?sf] ;u+\Vof sd 5}g . rfprfp pBf]ux?df b]vfk/]sf] of] cj:y k|lt:kwf{n] :jod\ sDkgLx?s} k|ult ;"rsdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .
pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] 5, sRrf kbfy{x?sf] d"No a9] klg pTkfbgsf] d"No a9\g kfPsf] 5}g . a9\bf] k|rf/–k|;f/ / k|j4{g -pkxf/;lxt_ vr{n] ubf{ d'gfkmf 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . cGTodf oxL cj:yf /lx/xg] xf] eg] cfufdL s]xL jif{leqdf sltko rfprfp pBf]ux? aGb x'g] x'g\ olsgfsf ;fy eGg ;lsGg . Ps tfsf ljo/sf lasf{]x?df o;} u/L nfvf}+ d"Noa/fa/sf] pkxf/ /fVg] rng lyof], To;n] ljs[lt NofPsf] 7x/ ub{} ;/sf/n] ljo/sf lasf{]x?df pkxf/ /fVg gkfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] 7Ls To:t} cj:yf rfprfpdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . a]n}df o;nfO{ klg lgoGq0fsf nflu pkfo cjnDag gug{] xf] eg] eljiodf ;/sf/, lghLIf]q / pkef]Qmf tLg} kIfsf nflu pkxf/sf] d'2f g} hl6n ljifo eP/ hfg]5 . ;/sf/n] ;dod} lgoGq0ffTds pkfo ckgfpg] xf] eg] pTkfbgx?nfO{ pkxf/n] geO{ u'0f:t/n] pkef]QmfnfO{ nf]Eofpg'kg{] afWotf l;h{gf x'G5, clxn] pkxf/sf gfddf h:tf] ;fdu|L kl:sP klg eof] . g s;}n] cg'udg ug{]jfnf 5, g t lj/f]w g} .
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd cj:yf o:tf] lyPg . rfprfpsf gfddf b'O{–tLg j6f sDkgLx? dfq lyP . pkef]Qmfn] u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg pkef]u ug{ kfPs} sf/0f cfh;Dd tL k'/fgf a|fG8sf gfd hglha|f]df plQs} tfhf 5g\ . rfprfp dfq geO{ s]xL a|fG8sf r'/f]6, xNsf k]o, h'Qfnufotsf j:t'x?sf] ‘a|fG8 5lj’ pkef]Qmfx? dfem slxNo} ge'lng] t:jL/h:tf] eP/ a;]sf] 5 . lghLIf]qsf b}lgs kqklqsfx?sf] hlt;'s} Voflt eP klg a"9fkfsfx? 7"nf cfsf/sf klqsfx?nfO{ cem} klg uf]/vfkq g} eg]/ lrG5g\ . pkxf/nufotsf sfo{qmdx?af6 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] pTkfbgtkm{ t cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPnf, t/ Tof] ‘:sLd’ ;lsPkl5 s] eGg] < k|Zg plQs} hLljt} /xG5 . o;y{, pTkfbsx?n] cfkm\gf] a|fG8 5ljnfO{ :yflkt ug'{kg{] klxnf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf t ‘a|fG8’ 5ljsf] emg} dxTj x'G5 . ljZjsf 7"nf–7"nf d'n'ssf ;aneGbf ;an sDkgLx? k|lt:kwL{sf ?kdf ahf/df cfp+bf pgLx?;+u klg pkxf/s} :sLd lnP/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ hfG5' eGg' d"v{tfl;jfo c? s]xL x'g ;Sb}g .
oltv]/ g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfs cd]l/sfdf eG;f//lxt sf]6f ;'ljwf lng k|of;/t\ 5 . g]kfnsf] lgof{thGo j:t'x?dWo] cu|0fL :yfgdf /x]sf] tof/L kf]zfsn] of] ;'ljwf kfPg eg] ef]ln xfd|f] lgof{t Jofkf/sf] cj:yf s] x'g] xf] eg]/ Joj;foLx? oltv]/ lrlGtt 5g\ . g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfseGbf ;:tf ‘ufd{]G6’ kfP;Dd cd]l/sL pkef]Qmfx?n] lsGb}gg\, ToxL eP/ a]n}df cfkm\gf] ;+/If0fsf] pkfo cjnDag ug{ Joj;foLx? nfluk/]sf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfssf] ahf/nfO{ k|j4{g / ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eg]/ ;/sf/sf] rf;f] Tolt gk'u]h:tf] nfU5 . t/, oxf+g]/ klg ‘a|flG8u+sf] ;d:of b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ca ‘g]kfnL ufd{]G6’ dfq eg]/ k'Ub}g . kmnfgf] a|fG8sf] g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfs eGg] s'/fdf Joj;foLx?n] klg hf]8 lbg'k5{ . gfdlagfsf xfkm kfOG6, 6L–;6{, 6|fph/ ljs]g eg]/ lrGtf ug'{eGbf xfd|f] kmnfgf] a|fG8sf] tof/L kf]zfssf] laqmL k|j4{g ug{ an k'u]g eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 . cfkm\g} a|fG8 lnP/ ljZj ahf/df hf+bf To;sf] k|j4{g / nlau+df hlt ;lhnf] x'G5, lagfgfdsf] pTkfbg n}hf+bf Tolt g} s7Lg x'G5 eGg] ku+\ltsf/nfO{ nfU5 .
To;}n] g]kfnleq a;]/ g]kfnL j:t'sf] pTkfbg ul//x]sf Joj;foLx?n] ca cfkm\g} 5'6\6} ‘a|fG8 Od]h’ agfP/ ljZj ahf/df hfg'kg{] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 .

kmfu'g @^ , @)^) d+unaf/
lghLIf]q ;an x'g'kg{] a]nf
vf;u/L /fHosf cGo c+ux? Tolt k|efjL gePsf] ;dodf kf+rf}+ cfofd dflgPsf] lghLIf]qn] d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yfnfO{ arfO/fVg j}slNks e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 eGg] pbfx/0f y'k|} 4G4u|:t d'n'sx?df b]lvO;s]sf] 5. kSs} klg d'n'sdf 4G4 JofKt /x]sf] ;dodf cy{tGq ;a}eGbf a9L r]k'jfdf k/]sf] x'G5, t/ r'gf}tLsf afah"b lghLIf]qn] 4G4sf] lgsf; vf]Hg cyjf 4G4u|:t b'O{ kIfaLr ;xdltsf] laGb' vf]Hg ;3fp k'/\ofpg ;S5g\.

d'n's oltv]/ 4G4sf] pTsif{df 5 . ;/sf/n] lgoGq0fdf cfO;s]sf] eg]/ bfaL u/]sf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x ´g\ ;an eP/ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . b'O{ jif{cl3sf] lg0f{{oaf6 c;Gt'i6 ePsf /fhgLlts bnx? /fhfsf] dWoklZrd e|d0fkl5 ´g} c;Gt'i6 ePsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts bnx?n] p7fPsf cfjfh oltv]/ k|efjxLg ag k'u]sf 5g\ . 4G4sf] rsf{] l:yltdf r'gfj x'g klg s7Lg 5, dgf]gLt JolQmx?n] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf zf;g ;~rfng ug'{kg{] cj:yf c´} nlDag] 5f+6 b]lv+b} 5 . elgG5, lghLIf]q 4G4sf klg cu+\u x'g\, clg ;dfwfg klg .
aL; jif{;Dd nuftf/sf] 4G4n] u|l;t >Lnu+\sf oltv]/ 4G4sf afah"b ;an cfly{s v'6\6f pEofpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . >Lnu+\sfdf lghLIf]qn] zflGt:yfkgfsf nflu v]n]sf] e"ldsf ;x|fgLo 5 . d'n'sleq 4G4 ljBdfg /x+bf/x+b} >Lnu+\sfsf] lghLIf]qn] nufgL / Joj;fod}qL jftfj/0fsf nflu lg/Gt/ rfn]sf] cleofgn] cfh Toxf+sf] cy{tGq l6ls/x]sf] 5 .
vf;u/L /fHosf cGo cu+\ux? Tolt k|efjL gePsf] ;dodf kf+rf}+ cfofd dflgPsf] lghLIf]qn] d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yfnfO{ arfO/fVg j}slNks e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 eGg] pbfx/0f y'k|} 4G4u|:t d'n'sx?df b]lvO;s]sf] 5 . kSs} klg d'n'sdf 4G4 JofKt /x]sf] ;dodf cy{tGq ;a}eGbf a9L r]k'jfdf k/]sf] x'G5, t/ r'gf}tLsf afah"b lghLIf]qn] 4G4sf] lgsf; vf]Hg cyjf 4G4u|:t b'O{ kIfaLr ;xdltsf] laGb' vf]Hg ;3fp k'/\ofpg ;S5g\, d"ntM lghLIf]qn] oltv]/ ug{ ;Sg] eg]sf] /fhgLlts cu+\u -;+;b\_ lgliqmo /x]sf] ;dodf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gfsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg] / 4G4u|:t kIf;Dd k'u]/ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gfaf6 4G4sf] ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL xf] . jf:tljstfsf] w/ftnaf6 x]bf{ of] s'/f xfjfbf/L nfu] klg >Lnu+\sfdf lghLIf]qn] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ckgfPsf] of] ;"q clxn] k|efjsf/L aGb}5 . ljb|f]xL tldn lgolGqt If]qdf klg la:tf/} :yfgLo sRrfkbfy{df cfwfl/t Jofj;flos ultljlw a9\g' o;}sf] k|efj xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df 4G4u|:t If]qdf uP/ gof+ pBf]uwGbf vf]Ng' jf Jofj;flos nfesf] cj;/ vf]Hg'eg]sf] hfgLhfgL cfkm\gf] nufgL 8'afpg' xf] eGg] nufgLstf{x?sf] dfGotf 5 . nufgLstf{x?sf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ ;do–;dodf rGbf dfUg cfpg] xltof/wf/L b:tfsf] cftu+\s / Jofj;flos If]qx?df nfu]sf k|ltaGwx?n] ubf{ of] s'/f 7Ls} b]lvG5 . sDkgLsf] ;~rfng vr{eGbf clws rGbf dfUbf glbg] jf lbg g;Sg] Joj;foLx?sf] sDkgL jf oftfoftdf ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpg] sfo{n] ubf{ Joj;foLx?n] c;'/lIft dx;'; ug'{ c:jfefljs xf]Og .
4G4 hlQsf] r'gf}tL xf], TolQs} cj;/ klg xf] eGg] dfGotf -:s'n ckm y6_ /fVg] lj4fg\x? klg Psflt/ 5g\ . lghL k|lti7fgx? eg]sf g t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf g} x'g\ g ;/sf/L ;+oGqcGtu{tsf Pp6f cu+\u g} . o;sf] cfkm\g} sfo{If]q, sfo{k|0ffnL / ;+:sf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f;+u 4G4/t kIfn] ljdlt hgfp+5g\h:tf] ku+\ltsf/nfO{ nfUb}g . /f]huf/L l;h{gfb]lv tNnf] txsf ul/a hgtf;DdnfO{ hflt, ju{ jf ;d'bfosf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L cfocfh{gsf] l;h{gfdf lghLIf]qsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L /xG5 . olb 4G4u|:t kIfnfO{ o; s'/fdf ;xdt u/fpg ;lsPdf 4G4u|:t If]qx?df ;d]t :yfgLo sRrfkbfy{df cfwfl/t pBf]u–Joj;fo lj:tf/ ug{ jf :yfgLo pTkfbgx?nfO{ /fli6|o–cGt/f{li6|o?kdf ahf/Ls/0f ug{ lghLIf]qn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . ;fy} cfjfhxLg / lk5l8Psf hgtfx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;xL?kdf ;/sf/;fd' k'/\ofpg lghLIf]qn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .
blIf0f clk|msfsf] lahg]; 6|:6sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L a|]g x\j]6s/n] ;g\ @))@ sf] gf]e]Da/df >Lnu+\sfsf :yfgLo Jofj;flos g]tfx?;+usf] ;+jfbsf qmddf ;fdflhs /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf lghLIf]qn] s]–s:tf] lsl;dsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ / To;sf nflu s]–s:tf] /0fgLlt agfpg h?/L 5 eg]/ lbPsf] ;'´fj g]kfnsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . ‘4G4u|:t If]qdf hfgsf nflu ;j{k|yd t ;f´f /0fgLlt agfpg'k5{, To;df s;n] g]t[Tj ug{] < dfu -4G4/t kIfsf]_ x?sf ;Gbe{df s] ug{] < sf] Toxf+;Dd hfg] < s:tf kl/of]hgfx?sf] g]t[Tj ug{] < /, dWo:ystf{ sf] x'g]5g\ < eGg] k|Zgsf pQ/x? ;dflji6 x'g'kg{]5’– pgsf] ts{ lyof] .
->Lnu+\sfnL 4G4dflysf] OG6/g]6 l/kf]6{–@))@_
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ lghLIf]q clxn] hlt ;an eP/ b]vfkg'{kg{] lyof], Tolt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts bnx?sf] cfjfh g;'lgPsf] ;dodf lghLIf]qn] k|efjsf/L 9u+\uaf6 cfjfh p7fpg ;SYof] . ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xL kIf b'j} xltof/wf/Lx?sf] ;d"x af+w]/ o'4df plqPsf] / cfk;df k|ToIf jftf{df a:g g;Sg] ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf lghLIf]qn] ck|ToIf?kdf ;+jfb cl3a9fpg ;SYof] . ljZje/ hlt;'s} cftu+\sjfblj?4sf] nufgL /f]Sg] -PG6L dgL nfplG8|u+_ sf] s'/f pl7/x] klg ;/sf/n] To;sf nflu sfg'g lgdf{0f tof/L ul//x] klg 8/n] xf];\ of s/n], km\ofS6|L arfpg xf];\ jf Hofg arfpg lghLIf]qn] dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ rGbf lbO/x]s} 5g\ . rGbf lng cfpg]x?;+u zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cgf}krfl/s ;+jfb ug'{ s'g} sl7gfO kb{}g, en} k|r08 / afa'/fdsf 7fp+df sd/]8 cfuf], kfgL eGg] 5fkfdf/x? g} cfPsf lsg gx'g\, pgLx?dfkm{t jftf{sf] ;Gb]z dflyNnf] g]t[Tj tx;Dd k'Ug ;S5 . t/, of] s'/f ;DefJo eP klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghLIf]qsf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx? a}lsu+, cfos/ Eof6h:tf jiff{}+b]lvsf k/Dk/fut d'2fd} clN´Psf b]lvG5g\ . ljleGg u'6–pku'6df af+l8Psf pBf]uklt, Joj;foLx?n] jt{dfg 4G4nfO{, 4G4sf] kL8fnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] :t/af6 ´]n]sf 5g\, ef]u]sf 5g\ t/, pgLx? ;fd"lxs?kdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . clxn]sf] cj:yf eg]sf] Jofj;flos 4G4nfO{ k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfP/ cfk;d} kfgL af/faf/ ug]{ a]nf xf]Og, lghLIf]q ldn]/ ;f´f?kdf 4G4sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'kg{], ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut bafa lbg'kg{] a]nf xf] . To;}n] lghLIf]qn] cfkm\gf ;f]r / /0fgLltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/]/ hfg}k5{ .

kmfu'g !( , @)^) d+unaf/
pv' ls;fgsf] a]xfn / lrgLsf] d"Noj[l4
brgLsf nflu cTofjZos sRrfkbfy{ cyf{t\ pv' g t ef/taf6 cfoft x'G5 g cGt/f{li6|o:t/df lgwf{/0f x'g] d"Nol:yltn] o;nfO{ c;/ kf5{. ls;fgx?nfO{ Psflt/ pgLx?sf] pTkfbg nfut klg gp7\g] u/L pv'sf] d"No e'QmfgL ug'{, csf{lt/ pkef]Qmfx?sf] 9f8} ;]Sg] u/L Ps}k6s k|ltlsnf] $,$ ?lkof+ d"Noj[l4 ug{] lgotnfO{ ;xL?kdf x]g{ ;ls+b}g.

clxn]sf] l;hg eg]sf] d"ntM pv' qml;u+ ug{] l;hg xf] . lrgL ldnx? oltv]/ k"0f{Ifdtfdf rNg'kg{] xf] / pkef]Qmfn] ;:tf] df]ndf ;/n 9u+\uaf6 lrgL lsGg klg kfpg'kg{] xf], t/ l:ylt 7ØfSs} pN6f] 5 . lrgL ldnx? rn]sf t 5g\, t/ ls;fgx?n] pv'sf] efp kfPsf 5}gg\ . gof+ lrgL t cfPsf] 5, t/ lrgLsf] efp cSsfl;Psf] 5 . ls;fgx? pv' a]Rg g;s]/ u'+8 -;Vv/_ agfpg afWo 5g\ . pv' v]tL x'g] t/fO{sf lhNnfx?sf] e|d0f ug{ xf] eg] pv' ls;fgx? clxn] 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ al;/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . s]xL ;docl3 pv' laqmLsf] oxL cj:yf /lx/xg] xf] eg] pv'afnLd} cfuf] nufpg'kg{] r]tfjgL ls;fgx?n] lbPsf lyP . uPsf] jif{ pv'sf] d"No Ps ;o $! ?lkof+ k|ltSjLG6n lyof], of] jif{ t s;} geP klg ! ;o ^) eGbf dfly g} gf£g] ls;fgx?n] ck]Iff /fv]sf lyP, t/ eof] pN6f] . pv'sf] df]n 36fP/ Ps ;o @$ ?lkof+df ´fl/of] . cfGtl/s tyf afx\o sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lrgL ldnx?sf] xfnt v:s]sf], cj}w?kdf cfoft x'g] lrgLn] ubf{ :yfgLo lrgLsf] ahf/ 36]sf] h:tf sf/0fx? bzf{p+b} lrgL pBf]ux?n] pv'sf] df]n 36fPsf lyP . kl5 pv' ls;fgx?sf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f lrgL ldnx? k|ltSjLG6n ! ;o #@ ?lkof+ cyf{t\ utjif{eGbf k|ltSjLG6n ( ?lkof+ sd b/n] pv' lsGg ;xdt eP . cfGtl/s?kdf ahf/df ;/sf/L:t/af6 cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] lrgLsf] cg'kft sd x'gf;fy ;/sf/L kxndf pv'sf] d"No ;dfof]hg ul/Psf] b'O{,tLg ;ftf glaTb} lrgL pBf]ux? sf6{]lnu+ u/]/ Ps}k6s k|ltlsnf] $ ?lkof+sf b/n] d"No a9fPsf 5g\ . ef/tdf lrgLsf] d"No a9]sfn] oxf+ klg df]n a9fpg'k/]sf] xf:of:kb ts{ oltv]/ lrgL pBf]ux? k|:t't ub{}5g\ . lrgL pBf]uLx?s} ts{ dfGg] xf] eg] k|Zg p7\5 s] lrgLsf nflu cfjZos sRrfkbfy{ ef/taf6 cfoft ul/G5 cyjf lrgLsf] klg k]6|f]lnod kbfy{ jf ;'grf+bLsf] ´}+ cGt/f{li6|o:t/af6} d"No lgwf{/0f x'G5 . ef/tdf ev{/} r'gfj 3f]if0ff ePsfn] dtbftfx?nfO{ k|efj kfg{ d"Noj[l4 ul/g' c:jfefljs xf]Og, t/ To;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfndf d"No a9fpg' sxf+;Dd o'lQm;+ut 7xnf{ <
lrgLsf nflu cTofjZos sRrfkbfy{ cyf{t\ pv' g t ef/taf6 cfoft x'G5 g cGt/f{li6|o:t/df lgwf{/0f x'g] d"Nol:yltn] o;nfO{ c;/ kf5{ . ls;fgx?nfO{ Psflt/ pgLx?sf] pTkfbg nfut klg gp7\g] u/L pv'sf] d"No e'QmfgL ug'{, csf{lt/ pkef]Qmfx?sf] 9f8} ;]Sg] u/L Ps}k6s k|ltlsnf] $,$ ?lkof+ d"Noj[l4 ug{] lgotnfO{ ;xL?kdf x]g{ ;ls+b}g . jL/uGh lrgL sf/vfgfsf] pTkfbg utjif{blv g} aGb ePsf] / n'lDagL lrgL sf/vfgf oltv]/ g]kfnL lrgL o'/f]k k7fpg] sfddf ;+nUg /x]/ ToxLcg'?ksf] sRrf lrgL pTkfbgdf ;+nUg ePsf] df}sf kf/L lghLIf]qsf rf/ j6f lrgL pBf]ux?af6 o;/L ‘sf6{]lnu+’ ul/g' pkef]Qmfsf nflu 7"nf] b'ef{Uo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . b]zdf pkef]Qmf lxtdf cfjfh p7fpg] ;+3;+:yf jf lgsfox?sf] cg'kl:ylt / sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ljleGg gfddf pkef]Qmfx?dfly af]´ a9fpg] sfd ljutb]lv g} gePsf xf]Ogg\ . rfx] a;Joj;foL ;+3 egf}+ of k]6|f]lnod l8n;{ ;+3 egf}+ cyjf o:t} s'g} pBdL– Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;+3;+:yfdf g} egf}+ . o:tf dfldnfdf ;/sf/L k|zf;goGqsf] df}gtf klg cfZrfo{nfUbf] 5 . u[xdGqfnocGtu{tsf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox?df Pscfk;df ldn]/ d"Noj[l4 ug{] jf cfdx8\tfn ug{] -sf6{]lnu+ ug{]_ p2]Zo /fv]/ ;+3;+:yf btf{ ug{ kfO+b}g . o;/L cfkm\gf] p2]Zoljk/Lt Pscfk;df ldn]/ d"No j[l4 ug{], ljleGg gfddf jf ljleGg dfu /fv]/ x8\tfn ug{]h:tf p2]Zoljk/Lt sfd ug{] ;+:yfx? jf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx? :jtM sfg'gL sf/afxLdf kg'{kg{] xf] . t/, v} lsg xf]– sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfosf clwsf/Lx? df}g a;]sf b]lvG5g\ .
lrgL pTkfbsx?n] d"No a9fpg}sf nflu b'O{–tLg xKtfcl3 :6s xf]N8 u/]/ s[lqd cefj l;h{gf u/]sf] c;/ clxn];Dd ahf/df b]vfkl//x]sf] 5 . lrgLsf] d"No @@ ?lkof+ %) k};faf6 a9fP/ @& ?lkof+ %) k};f k'/\ofP klg sltko 7fp+df v'b|f laqm]tfx?n] k|ltlsnf] #)–#@ ?lkof+df lrgL laqmL ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] d'2f pkef]Qmfx?sf] dfq xf]Og, ls;fgx?sf] klg xf] . b]zs} k|d'v gub]afnLx?dWo] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] pv' tLg nfveGbf a9L ls;fgx?sf] cfocfh{gsf] ;|f]t xf] . ^ b]lv * dlxgf;Dd ls;fgx? pv'sf] l;hgn sfddf Jo:t /xG5g\ . s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_ sf] Ps cWoogcg';f/ ;g\ !((*,)(( df pv'afnLaf6 dfq @ ca{ &^ s/f]8 ?lkof+ cfh{g ePsf] lyof] . oxL cg'kftdf cfh{g x'g] xf] eg] ls;fgx?sf] hLjg:t/df g} cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g;S5 . pv' laqmLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf x]bf{ t of] s'/f v}/ sNkgfh:tf] dfq nfUg ;S5 . b]zsf lrgL ldnx? oltv]/ k"0f{Ifdtfdf rNg ;s]sf 5}gg\ t}klg ls;fgx?sf] pv' laSb}g . b]ze/ k|ltjif{ Ps nfv ^) xhf/ 6g lrgL vkt x'g] u/]sf] eP tfklg cfGtl/s pTkfbsx?n] Ps nfv @) xhf/ 6g dfq lrgL cfk"lt{ ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ hals pgLx?sf] s'n Ifdtf @ nfv 6g /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s dfusf nflu ck'u x'g] rfnL; xhf/ 6g lrgL eg] cfoft x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lrgLh:tf] ztk|ltzt :jb]zL sRrf kbfy{df pTkfbg x'g;Sg] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoftnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{}sf nflu ;/sf/n] lrgLdf nfUg] eG;f/ b/ a9fP/ rfnL; k|ltzt k'/\ofPsf] 5 . k|:6 5, ;/sf/ :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg ug{ rfxG5 . o;sf afah"b pBf]ux?n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf k"0f{pkof]u u/]/ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ ;/n d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg'kg{]df To;sf] 7Lsljk/Lt sf6{]lnu+ ug{] k|j[lQn] g t pBf]ux?s} lxt x'G5, g b]zsf] cy{tGqn] g} To;sf] ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn kfpg ;S5 .
rfx] cf/Dedf h:tf] k|sf/n] pBf]ux? v'n]sf eP klg :jb]zL pBf]ux?sf] ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg ug{ hf] klg rfxG5, c´ To;df klg ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_, blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/If]q -;fkm\6f_ / lj:d–6]s :jtGq Jofkf/If]qh:tf cGt/f{li6|o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf g]kfnsf] k|j]zsf] ;Gbe{df t :jb]zL pBf]ux?nfO{ ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg lbg' ´g} h?/L 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnaf6 o'/f]kdf lrgL lgof{t x'g yfNg' ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . o'/f]k]nL ;+3n] cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx?nfO{ lbPsf] of] ;'ljwfaf6 g]kfnn] nfe lng ;Sg] w]/} /fd|f] ;Defjgf 5 . vf;u/L o;n] :jb]zL s[lifhGo pBf]ux?n] t];|f] d'n'sdf :yfg kfp+5 . :jb]zL pBdLx?sf] sf6{]lnu+ t o:tf s'/fdf x'g'kg{] xf], g ls pkef]Qmf / ls;fgx?sf] zf]if0fdf . :jb]zL pBdLx?n] o:tf s'/fdf x]Nr]qmØfO+ gu/Lsg uDeL/?kdf lng}k5{ .
:jb]zL pBdLx?sf nflu rf]/L–k}7f/L ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] s'/f ;/sf/n] uDeL/?kdf lng}k5{ . uPsf] jif{ g]kfnL lrgL pBf]ux?af6 pTkflbt lrgLsf] kl/df0f sd x'+bfx'+b} klg g]zgn 6]|l8u+ lnld6]8h:tf] ;/sf/L lgsfon] cf}krfl/s?kdf cfoft u/]sf] lrgLsf] kl/df0f sd x'+bfx'+b} klg ahf/df lrgLsf] cefj ePg . a? rf]/L–k}7f/Laf6 olt w]/} lrgL cfoft eof] ls lrgLsf] d"No 36\g k'Uof] . o:tf] cj:yf ljBdfg /lx/x'Gh]n;Dd :jb]zL pBf]ux? k|lt:kwL{ aGg ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] rf]/L–k}7f/L lgoGq0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf ;+oGqx? hlt k|efjsf/L?kdf kl/rfng ug'{k5{, Tolt g} ;+j]bgzLn eP/ cfkm\gf cg'udgsf/L lgsfox?nfO{ klg ;lqmo t'Nofpg} kb{5 . ;/sf/ ;+j]bgzLn eof] eg] dfq pBdLx? klg ;r]t x'G5g\ . xf]Og eg] ‘s's'/ e'Sb} 5, xfQL lx+8\b} 5’ sf] cj:yf ;w}+el/ ljBdfg g} /lx/xG5 .

kmfu'g !@ , @)^) d+unaf/
/fh:j k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ gf/fn] dfq x'Gg
b]zsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf s'g} klg If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;f];{–kmf];{, bafa, 3";vf]/L / x:tIf]k rN5 eg] Tof] xf] /fh:j k|zf;g. clxn];Ddsf] cg'ej x]g{] xf] eg] ;Qfdf k'u]sf s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnn] d]/f] kfnfdf rflx+ /fh:j k|zf;gdf x:tIf]k ePg, d]/f] kf6L{sf dfG5]sf] ;f];{–
kmf];{ nfu]g eGg] k"mlt{ gxf+s] x'G5.

sl/a c9fO{, tLg jif{cl3 k+lQmsf/ ufO{3f6b]lv sf7df8f}+sf] /flqa;df ofqfsf qmddf lyof] . kyn}of glhs /fh:j u:tLn] a; tyf dfnafxs 6|sx?sf] 58\s] hf+r ub{} /x]5 . o;} qmddf d r9]sf] /flqa; klg hf+r eof] / l8SsLaf6 Pp6f af]/f ptfl/of] . of] af]/f s;sf] < eg]/ ;'/Iff u:tLsf hjfgx?n] k|Zg u/], s;}n] klg d]/f] eGg] hjfkm lbPgg\ . To;kl5 af]/fsf] d'v vf]lnof], Tolt g} v]/ a;sf] kl5lNt/af6 Pshgf %%, ^) jif{sf a"9f dfG5] P afa', Tof] d]/f] ;'Gtnf eGb} lgl:sP . ‘ltd|f] ;'Gtnf eP lan b]vfp, gq of] /fh:j u:tLn] nfG5’ Ps hgfn] v+lbnf] :j/df eg] . ufO{3f6df ;os8f %) -k|lt;osf]_ %) ?lkof+sf b/n] 9fqm];+u lsg]sf] ;'Gtnfsf] sxf+af6 lan x'GYof], a"9fn] lan b]vfpg ;s]gg\ . /fh:j u:tLn] Ps af]/f ;'Gtnf ‘a/fdb’ u/]/ cfKM\gf] uf8Ldf xfNof], /flqa; sf7df8f}+lt/ nUof] .
s]xL ;docl3 dfq lj/f6gu/l:yt /fgL eG;f/df k|x/Ln]] cfkm"n] klg ;]gfn] h:t} ;fdfg hf+ra'´ ug{ kfpg'k5{, ;fdfg hf+ra'´ u/]/ ‘5fk’ nufpg kfpg'k5{ eg]/ x8\tfn g} u/] . of] s'/f rls{Pkl5 xfnnfO{ ;]gfn] g} 5fk nufpg] eg]/ ;xdlt sfod ul/of] .
´6\6 x]bf{ leGg nfUg] oL b'O{ ;Gbe{x? Pp6} s8Ldf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . b]zsf] /fh:j k|zf;g s'g 9+u\un] cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 eg]/ x]g{] xf] eg] oL b'O{ ;Gbe{n] w]/} s'/f Pp6} zAbdf af]ln/x]sf 5g\– /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ x]g{] / ;~rfng ug{] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . cfos/, laqmLs/, eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/nufotsf d'n'sn] p7fpg'kg{] cfly{s bfloTj p7fpgdf ;+nUg /fh:j k|zf;g b]zs} cfosf] k|d'v c+u\u xf] . ljutb]lv g} /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0f ;sf/fTds 5}g . b]zn] cfDbfgL ug{] 7fp+df k'Ug] JolQm -sd{rf/L_ n] klg cfDbfgL ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] unt dfgl;stf bzsf}+b]lv sd{rf/LtGqdf JofKt eP/ /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] t cfdsd{rf/Lx? cy{dGqfnosf] /fh:j dxfzfvfcGtu{t hfg', To;df klg cem eG;f/df hfg ;kgf b]Vg] ub{5g\ . Toxf+ k'Ug cfdsd{rf/Lx?n] 7"n} d]xgt klg ub{5g\ .
-d]xgt sfdsf cy{df xf]Og ls ;f];{–kmf];{ / bafasf cy{df_ . b]zsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf s'g} klg If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;f];{–kmf];{, bafa, 3";vf]/L / x:tIf]k rN5 eg] Tof] xf] /fh:j k|zf;g . clxn];Ddsf] cg'ej x]g{] xf] eg] ;Qfdf k'u]sf s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnn] d]/f] kfnfdf rflx+ /fh:j k|zf;gdf x:tIf]k ePg, d]/f] kf6L{sf dfG5]]sf] ;f];{–kmf];{df nfu]gg\ eGg] k"mlt{ gxf+s] x'G5 .
cy{dGqLsf] s';L{df a:g] JolQm :jod\n] cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj, /fh:j dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj jf eG;f/ ljefu, s/ ljefu, Eof6 ljefu, -cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu_ sf dxflgb{]zsx?nfO{ kmf]g u/]/, lr6 jf l6Kk0fL k7fP/ cfKM\gf dfG5] -gft]bf/ klg x'g ;S5, kf6L{sf dfG5] klg x'g ;S5_ nfO{ sdfO x'g] 7fp+df kb:yfkg u/fpg] / cf}krfl/s–cgf}krfl/s ?kdf /fh:j dflkm– ldGxf u/fpg] rng w]/} k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 . olb s'g} cy{dGqLn] cfkm" :jod\n] o;f] u/]sf xf]Ogg\ eg] dGqf0fLHo"dfkm{t cfb]zx? hfg] kf6L{sf] ‘dflyNnf] tx’ -k+lQmsf/ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ gePsfn] Tof] s] xf] eGg ;Sb}g_ sf xjfnfdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf–a9'jf / kb:yfkgf x'g], /fh:j;DaGwL cGo sfd x'g] u/]sf] tYo s;}n] n'sfP/ n'Sg ;Sb}g .
tftf]kfgL, jL/uGh, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnuGh, e}/xjfh:tf k|d'v eG;f/ sfof{nox? / sf7df8f}+h:tf] k|d'v s/ ;+u\sng x'g] 7fp+x?df o;/L kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf eP/ k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+u\Vof bh{gf}+ 5 . /fh:jdf cfKM\gf dfG5]–gft]bf/nfO{ kb:yfkg u/fpg] /fhgLlts k|f0fL dfq lqmofzLn 5}gg\ cf}krfl/s ?kdf n]Vg gldNg] lgsfox?sf k|d'vx? jf Toxf+sf pRr clwsf/Lx?b]lv lnP/ b]zsf k|ltli7t eg]/ lrlgPsf JolQmx? ;d]t ‘nf} Tof] t d]/f] dfG5] x}, rnfOlbg'ePg jf To;nfO{ kb:yfkg ul/lbg'k/\of]’ eGg] rng 5 . ls6]/} eGg] xf], ;f]wvf]h g} ug{] xf] eg] o;/L kmf]gsn ug{]x?sf] hdftdf h'g;'s} k|d'v lgsfox?sf clwsf/L klg b]vfkg{ ;S5g\, rfx] Tof] ;'/Iff lgsfo xf];\ of ;+j}wflgs lgsfo . oxL sf/0fn] h'g;'s} ;/sf/ cfP klg hf];'s} ljefuLo k|d'v eP klg s]xL sd{rf/Lx? hxf+sf] txL+ /xG5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ s;}n] rnfpg klg ;Sb}g, rnfpg] lxDdt klg ub{}g .
‘xfdLnfO{ sdfpg} k7fPkl5 gsdfP/ s] ug{] t <’ s]xL ;docl3 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cy{dGqfnosf] /fh:j dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf @# hgf sd{rf/Lsf] 3/df 5fkfdf/L pgLx?nfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 tftf]kfgL eG;f/sf Pshgf vl/bf/n] u/]sf] of] l6Kk0fL k+lQmsf/nfO{ lgs} 3t k/]sf] xf] .
o:tf k|j[lQsf sd{rf/Lsf sf/0f ;f+rf] dgn] rf]vf] efjdf sfd ug{ rfxg] sd{rf/Lx? klg of t lau|]/ uPsf 5g\ of km]l/ pgLx? lg?T;flxt ePsf 5g\ . dflyb]lvsf] ;f];{–kmf];{ / bafa lnP/ hfg] sd{rf/L ;w}+ alnof] x'G5 / pm sdfpg] 7fp+df k5{ . ;f];{kmf];{ gx'g] sd{rf/L eg] c+Wof/f] s'gfdf a;]/ k'/fgf 98\8f kN6fO/x]sf] x'G5 . /fh:j k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf nflu rflnPsf sbdx? klg Tolt k|efjsf/L gx'g'df o:t} sf/sx? lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . ljut ;ft dlxgfb]lv /fh:j k|zf;gsf]] k|d'v c+u dflgPsf] eG;f/ ljefu / dftxt sfof{nox?df ;'wf/ sfo{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
ljefudf oltv]/ sfo{;"rs k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . sfdsf cfwf/df eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf] d"Nof+u\sg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;ft dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;"rgfsf nIf0fx? b]vfkg{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ . t/, ;'wf/ Toltn] dfq k'Ub}g, eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf ;fy} eG;f/ sd{rf/Lx?df ;d]t sfo{Ifdtf ;"rs nfu" ug'{k5{ . ‘8an qm;r]s’ k|0ffnLaf6 sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cg'udg / lg/LIf0f ug{] k2lt nfu" ug'{k5{, ;a}eGbf d"n s'/f] t ‘dflyaf6’ cfb]zsf e/df kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf x'g] qmd k"0f{tM /f]Sg'k5{ . clg dfq ;f+rf] cy{df ;'wf/sf] k|ltkmn xft k5{ .

kmfu'g % , @)^! d+unaf/
dWoklZrdsf] kL8f / x"====d\ a'em]+
/fhfaf6 ljsf;sf] qmddf kl5 k/]sf] o; If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ca pRr /fli6|o k|fyldstf lbg] 3f]if0ff x'g' / lhNnf–lhNnfsf] e|d0fsf qmddf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?;+u k|ToIf ;+jfb u/L Toxf+sf] ljsf;, lzIff, :jf:Yonufotsf ljifox?df hfgsf/L lng' Ps} ;Gbe{sf b'O{ leGg t/ dxQ\jk"0f{ kIf x'g\ eGg] k+lQmsf/nfO{ nfu]sf] 5.

‘;/sf/ . oxf+ ljsf; cln ckof{Kt eof]. ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? dfcf]jfbLn] eTsfO/x]sf 5g\. ;/sf/n] zflGt;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} o; If]qsf] ljsf;df x]l/lbg'k/\of]’,
x"+d\===a'´]+ .
/fhf–/fgL oltv]/ dWoklZrdsf ljleGg lhNnfx? e|d0fsf] qmddf xf]OalS;G5 / hgtfx? o;/L g} cfKM\gf u'gf;f, kL/, dsf{ ;'gfp+b} 5g\ . dWoklZrd cyf{t\ JbGb k|efljtIf]q, hxf+sf] kL8f cln a]Un} 5 . ljsf; k|lqmofdf of] If]q ljutb]lv g} k5fl8 kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . egf}+, oxf+ ljsf;sf] gh/ g} k'u]sf] 5}g . oxf+sf] ljsf;sf nflu s'g} klg ;/sf/sf kfnfdf 7f];?kdf x]/]sf] b]lv+b}g . bft[lgsfox?sf] k|ToIf ;xof]udf ;~rflnt of]hgf–cfof]hgfx? klg k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf+sf] dfgj ljsf;;"rs z"Go bzdna $)@ 5 eg] o; If]qsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg * ;o ^! cd]l/sL 8n/ dfq /x]sf] 5 . -o"Pg8LkL–@))!_ vf;u/L dWoklZrdsf] lxdfnL e]usf] ;"rs cToGt sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL cf};t cfo'h:tf x/]s kIfdf of] If]q sdhf]/ g} b]lvG5 .
;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf] t'ngfdf oxf+sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs s]xL dfly eP klg si6k|b hLjg ´]ln/x]sf o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx?n] /fhfaf6 ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ xf+s]/ n}hfg] k|lta4tfsf] ck]Iff ug'{ c:jfefljs xf]Og . h;n] h];'s} eg] klg d'n'sdf oltv]/ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g 5 . k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfdf ´}+ ‘x's'd k|df+u\uL’ af6 ljsf;] cfof]hgfx? / ;/sf/L sfo{qmdx? k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf geP klg ‘lgb{]zgx?’ af6 ;Qf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] k|ToIf cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . /fhf :jod\af6 pb\3f]if eof]– ‘casf lbgx?df /fhf b]lvg], t/ g;'lgg], hgtfsf] b'Mv x]g{] t/ gaf]Ng] / hgtfn] cf+;' aufp+bf klg x]/]/ a:g] cj:yf 5}g .’ cyf{t\ ca lgis[o /fhtGq xf]Og, ;lqmo /fhtGqsf lbg cfP . /fh;+:yfnfO{ b]zsf] ;jf{]Rr lgsfo dfg]/ ;+ljwfgsf bfo/fx?leq /fhfsf clwsf/x? lgxLt /fv]/ ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] cEof; ul//x]sf cfdg]kfnLx?nfO{ ;lqmo /fhtGqsf] ;Gbe{n] ´;+u\u t'NofPsf] klg 5 . lbzfxLg ag]sf] d'n'snfO{ k'gM Pp6f 6|ofsdf Nofpg / zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ xf+s]/ n}hfg] /fhfsf] dg;fo / dWoklZrdsf hgtfn] /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gdf To; If]qsf] ljsf;sf] dfu /fVg' c:jfefljs xf]Og .
dWoklZrdnfO{ ljsf;df pk]Iff ul/Ps} sf/0f To; If]qdf 4G4 hlGdPsf] xf] a9\bf] a]/f]huf/Ln] dfcf]jfbL 4G4sf] aNbf] cfuf]df 3\o" yKg] sfd u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f ca klg pNn]v ul//xg'kg{] gof+ ljifoj:t' xf]Og . 4G4k|efljt klZrd g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;d]6]/ n}hfg] xf], ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;+u;+u} lnP/ hfg] xf] eg] 4G4sf] c;/ tLg ltxfO 36\5 eGg] s'/f;+u ljsf;jfbL / of]hgfljb\x? klg oltv]/ ;xdt eO;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] dWoklZrdsf hgtfx?;+usf] k|ToIf ;+jfbdf /fhfn] To; If]qdf ljsf;sf cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg] u'gf;f] ‘a'em\g'’ n] 7"n} dxQ\j /fVb5 .
s]xL lbgcl3 /fli6|o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf 8f= z+s/ zdf{n] g]kfn cfly{s kqsf/ ;dfhsf kbflwsf/Lx?;+usf] Pp6f cgf}krfl/s ;+jfbdf dWo / ;'b"/klZrddf ljsf; k|lqmof ckof{Kt ePsf] dx;'; u/]/} cfof]un] oL If]qsf] ljsf;df clxn] ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . vf;u/L ;8s ;Dks{n] ljsf;df dxQ\jk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] ePsfn] cfof]un] oL If]qx?df ;8s;DaGwL cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf] pxf+sf] syg lyof] . oltv]/ ;'v{]t–h'Dnf ;8s / s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fdf b]vfOPsf] tbf?stf klg o;}sf] pbfx/0f xf] . :yfgLo / If]qLo ljsf;sf nflu /fhwfgLaf6 sfo{qmdx? nfb]/ x'+b}g, :yfgLo txaf6} cfjZostf dx;'; ul/g'k5{ . o:tf of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq ljsf;sf] jf:tljs k|ltkmn xfl;n x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ clxn]sf of]hgfljb\x?n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L ef/t / rLg;+usf gfsfx?sf] pkof]u ub{} Toxf+sf ahf/x?df kx'+r a9fP/ To; If]qsf] ;jf{+u\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if of]hgf tof/ kfg{] / To;nfO{ /fli6|o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf / xLtdf sfof{Gjog ug{ /fhfaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPsf] lgb{]zgn] klg o; s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . o; cy{df /fhfsf] e|d0fdf :yfgLo :t/af6 k|:t't ul/Psf ljsf;sf dfux? ;d'lrt 9+u\uaf6 /fli6|o sfo{qmddf ;d]l6g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnuGh ;Daf]wgsf qmddf /fhfaf6 ljsf;sf] qmddf kl5 k/]sf] o; If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ca pRr /fli6|o k|fyldstf lbg] 3f]if0ff x'g' / lhNnf–lhNnfsf] e|d0fsf qmddf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?;+u k|ToIf ;+jfb u/L Toxf+sf] ljsf;, lzIff, :jf:Yonufotsf ljifox?df hfgsf/L lng' Ps} ;Gbe{sf b'O{ leGg t/ dxQ\jk"0f{ kIf x'g\ eGg] k+u\ltsf/nfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
oltv]/ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x /fHosf nflu k|d'v r'gf}tL g} ag]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL 4G4sf sf/0f xhf/f}+sf] Hofg uO;s]sf] 5, caf{}+sf] Iflt eO;s]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL 4G4sf] hGd / lj:tf/ klg dWoklZrd If]qd} ePsfn] oxf+ ljsf;eGbf klxnf] k|fyldstf zflGt;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' /xg'nfO{ cGoyf dfGg ;lsGg . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xs} sf/0f o; If]qdf clxn] ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? nfg ;lsPsf 5}gg\ . xTof, cft+u\ssf 8/n] lj:yflkt x'g]x?sf] ;+u\Vof sd 5}g / pgLx? oltv]/ hxf+ uP klg ;'/lIft 5}gg\ . /fhwfgLsf] aLrd} cfOtaf/ lbgbxf8} x]bf{x]b{} b'O{ hgf dfcf]jfbL l76fx?n] dfcf]jfbL kLl8t ;+3sf cWoIfnfO{ uf]nL k|xf/ u/L xTof ug'{ o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . ha;Dd c;'/Iffsf] o:tf] jftfj/0f /xG5, ta;Dd ljsf;sf h:t} k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd nu] klg s'g} cy{ /x+b}g . ‘xfdL cft+u\saf6 kLl8t 5f}+, zflGt;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg'k/\of], ;/sf/’ eg]/ cfdhgtfn] zflGt;'/Iffsf] b'xfO dfUbf /fhfn] ‘a'´]+’ dfq} eg]/ k'Ub}g . kof{Kt ;'/Iff ;+oGq kl/rfng u/]/ cfdhgtfsf] ;'/Iff ul/Psf] k|Tofe"lt klg u/fpg' plQs} h?/L b]lvG5 . b]zdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqn] sfd klg ul//x]sf] 5, tfklg hgtf cfZj:t x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
u[x / /Iff dGqfnosf] lj1lKt k9\bf ;'/Iffkmf}h ;kmn x'+b} uO/x]sf] efg k5{ . ufp+ k'Ubf yfxf x'G5, dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx? plQs} ;an 5g\ . bf]xf]/f] 4G4n] dfq zflGt;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;Sg] lgisif{ 4G4ljb\x?n] lgsfln;s]sf 5g\ . jftf{sf] 6]anaf6 k6s–k6s p7]/ lx+l8;s]sf] dfcf]jfbL ca km]l/ jftf{sf] 6]andf a:g cfpnf ls gcfpnf yfxf 5}g . ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3sf] zflGt;]gfdf ;dfj]z eP/ y'k|} b]zdf zflGt axfnLsf nflu ;kmn sxlnO;s]sf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] b]zleq slxn];Dddf zflGt axfn u/fpg] xf], sf]xL eGg ;Sb}g . To;f] eP, hjfkm s] t < 4G4, 4G4 clg km]l/ 4G4 . jt{dfg 4G4sf] ;dflKt g} lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] Ps dfq cf}hf/ xf], ha l4kIfLo 4G4sf] cGTo;lxt zf;gdf cfdhgtfsf] ;xeflutf / hgd'vL ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog x'g yfNg]5, ta dfq /fhfn] rfx]h:tf] e|i6frf//lxt hLjgofkgsf Go"gtd cfjZostfx? k"/f x'g] cfly{s Joj:yf sfod x'g]5 .

df3 @), @)^) d+unaf/
b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) M cfzfsf] s]Gb|laGb'
of] gLltn] ;d]6]sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f g} xf]. b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ;a} ;]jfk|bfosn] k|j]z kfpg v'nf cg'dltkq k|0ffnLdfkm{t ax';]jf ;~rfng / ax';]jf k|bfos lqmofzLn x'g] jftfj/0f ug{] eg]/ gLltn] u/]sf] 3f]if0ffaf6 cfdhgtfn] w]/} cfzf /fv]sf 5g\. hlt w]/} ;]jfk|bfos eof] hgtfn] Tolt g} w]/} u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5.
s]xL c+scl3 o;} :tDedf jt{dfg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ c´ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg'kg{] ljifodf n]lv+bf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf pRrtxsf clwsf/Lx?b]lv tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx?;Ddn] k|fof]lht ?kdf n]lvPsf] cf/f]k nufP . jt{dfg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;s]sf], ;]jfsf] kx'+r hlt k'Ug'kg{] lyof] Tolt k'Ug g;s]sf] nufotsf b"/;~rf/sf cfdu|fxsx?sf] u'gf;f]nfO{ To;df ;d]6\g] k|oTg ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfn] ´G8} % bzssf] cjlw latfO;s]sf] 5 . ljZj b"/;~rf/ If]qdf hlt tLj|t/ ljsf; x'+b} uPsf] 5, hlt–hlt gof+ k|ljlwx? lelq+b} 5g\, Tof] cg'kftdf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; dGb ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 eGbf clt;of]lQm x'+b}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg'kb{5 eGg] ljutsf] cg'bf/jfbL ;f]r / ToxL ;f]raf6 k|]l/t eP/ aGg] gLlt–lgodx?n] g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w k'/\ofPsf] tYonfO{ ca qmd};+u a'em\g yflnPsf] 5 . o;}cg'?k b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ qmd};+u v'nf / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg gLlt–lgodx?nfO{ pbf/ agfp+b} nluPsf] 5 . @)%^ ;fndf cfPsf] b"/;~rf/ gLltn] lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbg] 3f]if0ff t u/\of], t/ Tof] gLlt olt /fh:j / lgoGq0fd'vL eof] ls lghLIf]q rfx+bfrfx+b} klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{] jftfj/0f ag]g . aNntNn ef/tsf s]xL ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx? / 7"nf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx? ldn]/ tf//lxt k|0ffnL -jfo/n];_ df cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf cfPsf] 5 . v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 af]nkqdf efu ln+bf a9L /fh:j ltg{] sa'n ug'{ ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] uNtL xf]nf, t/ rsf{] nfO;]G; dx;'ns} sf/0f csf{] df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos cfpg g;s]sf] eg] lglZrt xf] .
g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg oL nufotsf y'k|} gLltut / sfg'gL cj/f]wx? ePsf] s'/fnfO{ b"/;~rf/ lj1x?n] k6s–k6s p7fp+b} cfPsf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df ev{/} ;/sf/n] gof+ b"/;~rf/ gLltsf] d:of}bf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'+r, ;]jf k|bfg ug{] bfloTj, Jofj;flos ;]jfsf] ljsf;, b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0f, v'nf cg'dltkq k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g], lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g], ;"rgf ;dfhdf k|j]z ug{], u|fdL0f If]qsf k|of]ustf{sf nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw;lxtsf !@ j6f gLltx? To;df ;fd]n ul/Psf] 5 .
b]zsf] jt{dfg hg;u+\Vof / b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cg'kft x]g{] xf] eg] k|lt;o hgfdf ! bzdna # 6]lnkmf]g nfOg kg{ cfp+5 . t/, of] cg'kftnfO{ ;du| hg;u+\Vofsf] cg'kft;+u x]g{ eg] ldNb}g . b]zsf] ´G8} Ps rf}yfO{ 6f]lnkmf]g ;]jf /fhwfgLd} ;Lldt 5 eg] af+sL 7"nf k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df . o; lx;fadf x]bf{ u|fdL0fIf]qdf k|lt Ps xhf/df Ps nfOg 6]lnkmf]g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf gof+ b"/;~rf/ gLltsf] clw/fHosf u|fdL0f tyf zx/LIf]qsf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'+r b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf k'/\ofpg a;f]af; ePsf If]qx?df af]nfp+bf ;'lgg] b"/Ldf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] p2]Zoaf6 a9L cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
ev{/} ;DkGg Ps cWoogcg';f/ xfn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf gk'u]sf u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfn] ;f] ;]jfdf kx'+r kfPdf k|ltkl/jf/ ;fnfvfnf cfkm\gf] s'n vr{sf] b'O{ k|ltzt b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf vr{ u5{g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df jflif{s sl/a ?=$ ca{ &) s/f]8 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dx;'n p7\g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] jflif{s tLg ca{ ?lkof+ b"/;~rf/ dx;'n p7\g ;Sg] dfq nlIft u/]/ u|fdL0f If]qdf yk tLg nfv gof+ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg cfjZos x'g] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L u|fdL0f If]q;Dd k'/\ofpg ;fljssf ;]jfk|bfos -b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg_ nfO{ lagfcg'bfg cfkm\gf] ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ nufpg], clw/fHosf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jf k'/\ofpg] zt{sf] cfwf/df lagfcg'bfg df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos rog ug{], k"jf{~rn If]qdf @)^) ;fndf Go"gtd cg'bfgsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] af]nkqcg'?k ;]jf k|bfg ug{], jflif{s @) nfv ?lkof+eGbf sd cfo ePsf u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cg'dltkq b:t'/ / jflif{s b:t'/ 5'6 ug{]h:tf gLltx?nfO{ ;/fxgLo dfGg'kb{5 .
of] gLltn] ;d]6]sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f g} xf] . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ;a} ;]jfk|bfosn] k|j]z kfpg v'nf cg'dltkq k|0ffnLdfkm{t ax';]jf ;~rfng / ax';]jf k|bfos lqmofzLn x'g] jftfj/0f ug{] eg]/ gLltn] u/]sf] 3f]if0ffaf6 cfdhgtfn] w]/} cfzf /fv]sf 5g\ . hlt w]/} ;]jfk|bfos eof] hgtfn] Tolt g} w]/} u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx?aLrsf] :j:y k|lt:kwf{af6 Psflt/ cfdhgtfn] sd d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg ;S5g\ eg] v'nf nfO;]G; k|0ffnL cjnDag ubf{ a9L ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] k|j]zaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ klg 7"nf] /fh:j nfe x'g hfG5 .
ljleGg ;]jfk|bfosx? aLr cGt/;DaGw -OG6/sg]S;g_ ljsf; ug{], b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf :j:y k|lt:kwf{df cfwfl/t Pjd\ ahf/ lgb{]lzt d"Nok|0ffnL :yflkt ug{], cfwf/e"t -a]l;s_, df]afOn, b"/;~rf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf OToflb egL juL{s/0f gul/g]h:tf y'k|} o:tf ljifox?nfO{ of] gLltn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5, hf] cfdpkef]Qmf / nufgLstf{ b'j}sf] lxtdf b]lvG5 . clxn];Dd ljBdfg k|j[lQ s] xf] eg] xfd|f] b]zdf gLltx? cToGt} /fd|f aG5g\ t/, To;sf] sfof{Gjog TolQs} lkmtnf] x'g] ub{5 .
b"/;~rf/ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog klg To:t} gxf];\ eGgfsf vflt/ ;dod} o:t} pbf/ k|j[lQsf] P]g–sfg'g / lgodfjnL agfOg' h?/L x'G5 . P]g–sfg'g / lgodfjnL agfp+bf gLltn] af]n]sf s'/fx?df s'g} klg lx;fan] afwf–cj/f]w l;h{gf gxf];\ eg]/ ;r]t /xg' plQs} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . jf:tjdf b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] jt{dfg ;'wf/ k|lqmof ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]udf cf/De ul/Psf] eP klg ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_ sf] ;b:otfkl5 v'nf ug{} kg{] If]qx?dWo] k|d'v If]qsf ?kdf /x]sf] b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq v'nf ug{ of] gLlt tof/ kfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . egfOsf] tfTko{ clxn] ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) sf] sfof{Gjogk|lt cGo gLltsf] t'ngfdf a9L cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 .

df3 !#, @)^) d+unaf/
cfly{s s"6gLlt M JolQmsf nflu ls /fi6|sf nflu <
s'g d'n'sdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] cfly{s s"6gLlt cfjZos 5, Tof] ;DalGwt d'n'sdf b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]/ a;]sf clwsf/Lafx]s c?nfO{ Tolt /fd|f];+u yfxf x'+b}g. sf7df8f}+n] t gLlt agfpg] dfq xf], sfof{Gjog ug{] cu+\u t cflv/ ;DalGwt d'n'sd} x'G5. To;}n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ n}hfg xfd|f /fhb"tfjf;x? / dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;x?nfO{ lsg
‘l/–cf]l/oG6’ gug{] < o;sf nflu k//fi6| dGqfnon] ;f]Rg} kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5.

ev{/} au+\unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf ;DkGg Pp6f cGt/f{li6|o Jofkfl/s uf]i7Laf6 kms{]sf Joj;foLx?sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] u'gf;f] u/\of]– ;Dd]ngdf efu lng uPsf g]kfnL Joj;foLx?sf] 6f]nLk|lt 9fsf /fhb"tfjf;n] lr;f] Jojxf/ u/\of] . Tof] cGt/f{li6|o uf]i7Ldf zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; 9fsfn] g t ;lqmo ;xdeflutf g} hgfof] g g]kfnaf6 uPsf k|ltlglwx?k|lt g} ;dfg'kflts Jojxf/ u/\of] . cGt/f{li6|o r]Da/ ckm sd;{ -cfO{;L;L_ sf] t of] a}7snfO{ ;/sf/L:t/af6 x]g{] gh/ gk'u]/ klg x'g ;S5, /fhb"tfjf;sf] ;xeflutf x'g g;s]sf] .
o;cl3 hfkfgl:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;n] klg o:t} Jojxf/ b]vfPsf] va/ k|sfzdf cfPsf] lyof] . Jofkfl/s k|d08nL ljleGg b]zdf k'Ug] Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf g]t[Tjstf{x?n] ;do;dodf /fhb"tfjf;n] ;dGjo ug{] gu/]sf] u'gf;f] ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL s"6gLlt1x?sf nflu uj{sf] s'/f xf], ef/tsf nflu k"j{zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf oltv]/ k//fi6|dGqL;/xsf] x}l;otdf ;/sf/sf] k//fi6| dfldnf;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltlglw x'g'x'G5 . g]kfn–ef/taLr ztfAbLcf}+b]lv rlncfPsf] cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lau|g hf+bf @)$% ;fndf g]kfnn] ´]Ng'k/]sf] sl7gfO / To;kl5 ljsl;t kl/l:yltn] pxf+nfO{ /fd|f];+u yfxf 5 . ;g\ !((^ sf] g]kfn–ef/t jfl0fHo ;lGwn] k|bfg u/]sf ;'ljwf / kf+r g]kfnL j:t' clws lgof{t u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;lGw g} vf/]hLsf] dfunfO{ klg pxf+n] /fd|} ljZn]if0f ug{] df}sf kfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))@ df tL kf+r j:t'dfly sf]6fsf] k|fjwfg nufOof], d"No clej[l4;DaGwL Joj:yf yk ul/of], c´} klg g]kfnL j:t'x?sf] ef/t k|j]zdf cgfjZos s/ / z'Nsx? nufpg'sf cltl/Qm ljleGg /fHox?df ljleGg gfddf cJofjxfl/s k|fjwfgx? v8f u/]/ g]kfnL j:t'sf] lgof{tdf cj/f]w k'/\ofO+b} cfPsf] 5 . jL/uGhl:yt ;'Vvf aGb/ufx ;~rfngsf nflu cTofjZos dflgPsf] /]Nj] ;Demf}tf ef/tLo kIfs} y'k|} cJofjxfl/s zt{x?sf] w]/}kl5 dfq ;DkGg eof] . ef/tLo /fhb"tfjf;sf jfl0fHo x]g{] k|yd ;lrjn] sf7df8f}+ a;]/ ;lGw gjLs/0fsf a]nf hltsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;lsg\, Toltsf] e"ldsf xfd|f gof+lbNnL a:g] /fhb"tn] v]Ng g;s]sf] Ou+\lut ul//xG5g\, cfly{s ljZn]ifsx? .
Oltxf; x]g{] xf] eg] cfly{s s"6gLlt ltAat / ef/taf6} cf/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . Nxf;f;+usf] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ / To;kl5 !*%^ df ;DkGg g]kfn–ltAat ;lGwkl5 :yfkgf ul/Psf] Nxf;f eflsnsf] sfof{no / eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf k6gfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] cn}+rL sf]7L o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ljutdf ;/sf/sf] ljb]z gLlts} Pp6f k|d'v kf6f]sf ?kdf cfly{s s"6gLlt cl3 a9]sf] eP klg To;sf] lg/Gt/tfdf Tolt hf]8 glbOPsf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . rfx] ltAat xf];\ of la|l6; OlG8ofdf /fHos} tkm{af6 Jofkfl/s k|d08nx?sf] cfbfg–k|bfg, pkxf/sf ?kdf j:t' tyf d'b|f k7fpg] rngh:tf kIfx?n] ljutdf cfly{s s"6gLlttkm{ k|z:t Wofg k'u]sf] b]vfp+5 . ^) sf] bzskl5 ef/t–ltAat 5f8]/ t];|f] d'n'stkm{sf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwsf] clej[l4, ;g\ &) sf] bzsb]lv 7"nf ljsl;t d'n'sx?af6 lg/Gt/ cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{]tkm{sf] kxn klg cfly{s s"6gLlts} cu+\u xf] .
g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ d"t{?k lbg y'k|} d'n'sx?;+u nufgL / Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf klg u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L kl5Nnf] bzsdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / v'nf ahf/ cy{gLlt cjnDag ul/Pkl5 t cfly{s s"6gLltsf] dxTj ´g} a9]/ uPsf] 5 . lgof{tdf clej[l4, b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL leTofpg], hn;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug{] ko{6g k|j4{g / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g ug{] lbzfdf kl5Nnf] bzssf] cfly{s s"6gLltsf] hf]8 /x+b}cfPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu xfd|f ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux?af6 x'g'kg{] hlt kxn x'g g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsfg{}k5{ . b]zsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ / ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu k'u]sf g]kfnL 6f]nLnfO{ b"tfjf;n] ;xof]u gk'/\ofPsf k|;u+\ux? bh{gf}+ 5g\ . 7"nf cGt/f{li6|o cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s ;Dd]ng tyf k|bz{gLx?df b"tfjf;sf] ;xeflutfsf] t a]Un} k|;u+\u eof] .
b]zsf] cfly{s s"6gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ dgg u/]/ o;nfO{ c? a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg}sf nflu Ps jif{cl3 pRr:t/Lo cfly{s s"6gLlt ;+of]hg ;ldlt klg u7g ePsf] xf], k//fi6| dGqfnodf 5'§} cfly{s s"6gLlt zfvf klg :yfkgf ul/of] . cfly{s s"6gLltsf nflu s]–s] s'/f ck'u 5g\ s]–s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ cWoog klg u/fOof], Tof] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] lbPsf ;'´fjx? la:tf/} nfu" ub{} hfg] 3f]if0ff klg ul/of] . k|ltj]bg a'´fOPsf] 8]9 jif{eGbf a9L eO;Sbf klg cfly{s s"6gLltsf] kIf hxf+sf] ToxL+ 5 . pRr:t/Lo ;ldltx? u7g ub{}df, sf7df8f}+l:ylt k//fi6| dGqfnodf 5'§} zfvf vf]Nb}df cfly{s s"6gLlt ;an ?kdf cl3 ga9\g] /x]5, o;sf nflu ljb]zl:yt xfd|f s"6gLlts lgof]ux?nfO{ g} ;an / ;zQm agfpg'kg{] /x]5 eGg] a'em\g h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . cfly{s s"6gLlt;+u hf]l8Psf] csf{] ljifo dfgl;stf klg xf] . ‘P d t zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t kf] t, d t /fhb"tfjf;sf] clwsf/L kf] t, d}n] un}+rf, kl:dgf, tof/L kf]zfssf] ahf/Ls/0f sxf+ ug{ x'G5, d}n] sxf+ n'lDagL / ;u/dfyfsf] k|rf/ ub{} lx+8\g] x+ < eGg] dfgl;stf hLljt /x'Gh]n;Dd xfd|f] cfly{s s"6gLlt ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . of] tYonfO{ 8f=e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfh:tf] ;kmn s"6gLlt1n] afx]s c? /fhg]tfn] a'em\g ;Snfg\h:tf] k+lQmsf/nfO{ nfUb}g .
ljb]zdf a;]/ b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] clwsf/L s'g} klg JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] cfu|x jf k"jf{xu|af6 k|]l/t x'g' x'+b}g, g t d} x'+ eGg] pRr efj -;'k]l/6L_ jf xLgtfaf]waf6} u|l;t x'g ldN5 . b]zsf] cy{Jofkf/, nufgL, ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g, ko{6g k|j4{g jf /f]huf/ k|j4{gsf nflu s"6gLlts lgof]u cfkm}+n] klg kxn ug{] / o;sf nflu k'Ug] h'g;'s} JolQm jf ;+:yf eP klg pgLx?nfO{ ;dGjo u/L af6f] b]vfpg ;s]df xfd|f] cfly{s s"6gLlt s]xL ;an eP/ hfg ;S5 . h'g;'s} ?kdf ljb]z uP/ ToxL+ a;]sf eP klg clxn] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx? g]kfn cfpg] rfxgf JoQm ub{}5g\ . pgLx? cfkm" :jod\ klg nufgL leTofpg] af6f]] vf]Hb} 5g\ . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ jf ko{6g k|j4{gdf pgLx?n] klg ;3fp k'/\ofpg] k|z:t 7fp+ 5 . pgLx?nfO{ klg cfly{s s"6gLltsf ;f/yLsf ?kdf pkof]u u/]/ b]zn] nfe sdfpg ;S5 .
g]kfnn] ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf t cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ clxn]eGbf c´ tLj|tf lbg'kg{] vf+rf] x'G5, o;sf nflu cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ g} gof+ 9+un] ;f]r]/ nfg'kg{] xf] ls . l´gfdl;gf s'/fx?nfO{ 5f8]/ clxn]b]lv g} cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg]tkm{ g;f]lrPdf ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 b]zn] sdfpg]eGbf u'dfpg] ;Defjgf clws /xg hfG5 . s'g d'n'sdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] cfly{s s"6gLlt cfjZos 5, Tof] ;DalGwt d'n'sdf b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]/ a;]sf clwsf/Lafx]s c?nfO{ Tolt /fd|f];+u yfxf x'+b}g . sf7df8f}+n] t gLlt agfpg] dfq xf], sfof{Gjog ug{] cu+\u t cflv/ ;DalGwt d'n'sd} x'G5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ n}hfg xfd|f /fhb"tfjf;x? / dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;x?nfO{ lsg ‘l/–cf]l/oG6’ gug{] < o;sf nflu k//fi6| dGqfnon] ;f]Rg} kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .

df3 ^, @)^) d+unaf/
km"naf/L a+unfaGw dfu{ / pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ k|j4{g
/fli6|o, l4kIfLo / If]qLo Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd ug{sf nflu klg pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ ;DaGw k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5. ha;Dd o:tf] Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd x'+b}g ta;Dd :jtGq Jofkf/ If]qaf6 ;a} d'n'sn] ;dfg'kflts nfe p7fpg ;Sb}gg\. To;}n] l4kIfLo / pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ;f]Rg}kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5. o;sf nflu gof+ / yk ;Defjgfx? vf]Hg' t 5+b}5, ePsf Joj:yf / ;'ljwfx?sf] sfof{Gjog klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf].

/fli6|o, l4kIfLo / If]qLo Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd ug{sf nflu klg pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ ;DaGw k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5. ha;Dd o:tf] Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd x'+b}g ta;Dd :jtGq Jofkf/ If]qaf6 ;a} d'n'sn] ;dfg'kflts nfe p7fpg ;Sb}gg\. To;}n] l4kIfLo / pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ;f]Rg}kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5. o;sf nflu gof+ / yk ;Defjgfx? vf]Hg' t 5+b}5, ePsf Joj:yf / ;'ljwfx?sf] sfof{Gjog klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf].
cf7 jif{cl3 gjef/tn] lqkIfLo ;xdltsf cfwf/df km"naf/L au+\unfaGw dfu{ k|of]u ug{] cg'dlt lbof], Toltv]/ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf af/]df 7"N7"nf ;kgfx? b]lvPsf] lyof] . ca g]kfnn] sf]nsftf aGb/ufxsf] ljsNk kfpg] eof] . k6s–k6ssf] x8\tfn / dx+uf] ‘kf]6{ rfh{’ af6 d'Qm eP/ ;lhn};+u cfoft,lgof{t ug{ kfOg] eof] . sf]nsftfaf6 /S;f}n jf hf]uagL;Dd cfOk'Ubf nfUg] kf/jxg z'Ns 36\g] eof], g]kfnL ;fdfg rf]l/gaf6 hf]lug] eof], cflb,OToflb . cyf{t au+\unfb]zsf] du+\unf kf]6{n] g]kfnnfO{ :j0fL{d ;kgf b]vfPsf] lyof] . sf+s8le6\6f–km"naf/L–au+\unfaGw–du+\unf kf]6{ dfu{sf] k"0f{ pkof]ukl5 g]kfnsf] ;d'b| dfu{ x'+b} t];|f] d'n's;+u x'g] Jofkf/df ;xhtf cfpg] dfq ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyPg, cToGt} ;fgf] kl/df0fdf /x]sf] g]kfn–au+\unfb]zaLrsf] l4kIfLo Jofkf/;d]t a9]/ hfg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof], t/ cfh cf7 jif{kl5 klg cj:yf hxf+sf] txL+ 5 . g t du+\unfkf]6{ sf]nsftf aGb/ufxsf] ljsNk g} aGg ;s]sf] 5, g g]kfn au+\unfb]zaLrsf] l4kIfLo Jofkf/df g} j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
km"naf/L–au+\unfaGw dfu{sf] pkof]u ug{ ljutdf ul/Psf k|of;x? Tolt ;kmn eg] ePgg\ . :ofpm, ;'Gtnf, bfn, aLp af]s]/ g]kfnL 6|sx? au+\unfb]z gl5/]sf xf]Ogg\ . y'k|} k|lqmofut cj/f]w / kf/jxgsf ;d:of ´]Ng'k/]kl5 cflv/ of] k/LIf0f klg ‘c;kmn’ 3f]if0ff u/]/ /f]Sg'k/\of] . g]kfnsf] k"jL{ l;dfgf sf+s8fle6\6fb]lv s]an $! lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] du+\unfkf]6{ glhssf] aGb/ufx eP/ klg To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u x'g g;Sg' g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf nflu lj8Dagf g} dfGg'kb{5 . ‘sf+s8le6\6fb]lv du+\unfkf]6{;Ddsf] b"/L 5f]6f] t 5 t/ Toxf+;Dd k'Ug] af6f]sf] cj:yf cToGt} v/fa 5 . ef/t–au+\unfb]z ;LdfIf]qdf cWofudgsf] ;'ljwf 5}g . ;fdfg lnP/ uof], ;Ldf If]qdf cWofudg clwsf/L e]l6+b}gg\ . cWofudg clwsf/L vf]Hg $# lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /u+\uk'/ k'Ug'k5{ . ;fdfg hf+rsf nflu k6s–k6s ptfg'{k5{, ;LdfIf]qdf s'g} ef}lts k"jf{wf/ 5}g, k|lqmofut ´G´6 p:t} 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s;/L ;fdfg cfoft,lgof{t ug{ ;lsG5 <’– Joj;foLx? eGg] ub{5g\ .
k"jL{ au+\unfb]zL /fhb"t l;l/n l;Sb/n] au+\ufnb]zn] of] dfu{sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] / o;sf nflu au+\unfb]zsf] ;Ldfrf}sLdf cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{] sfd eO/x]sf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxf+n] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ePsf] rf/ jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] 5 . t/, cj:yf c´ klg p:t} 5 .
;g\ !(&* df g]kfn–ef/taLr ePsf] ;xdltcg'?k g]kfn–au+\unfb]zaLrsf] l4kIfLo Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ /flwsfk'/ gfsf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] t/ Tof] gfsf plrt k|of]hgdf cfpg g;s]kl5 k'gM lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;g\ !((& df sf+s8le6\6f–km"naf/L–au+\unfaGw pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . au+\unfb]zL clwsf/Lx? eG5g\– elgPh:tf] af6f] v/fa klg 5}g, To:tf] c;'ljwf klg 5}g . p;f] eP of] dfu{sf] lsg ;d'lrt ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g t < vf]hL ug{} kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] l4kIfLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/df ef/t;+usf] clws lge{/tf sltko ;dodf g]kfnsf nflu clxts/ aGg k'u]sf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} 5g\ . @)$^ ;fndf ef/t;+u ;DaGw lau|g k'Ubf ef/t;+usf] Jofkfl/s lge{/tfn] ubf{ g]kfnn] h'g sl7gfOx? ´]Ng'k/\of] Tof] ;fob} g]kfnLx?n] e'Ng ;Snfg\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;'Vvf aGb/ufx ;~rfngsf nflu ef/tLo rfxgf -zt{_ cg'?k /]Nj] ;Demf}tf gx'+bf ljZja}+sn] pQm C0fnfO{ ‘c;kmn kl/of]hgf’ leq /fVg] wDsL;d]t lbg'k/\of] . kl5 h'g?kdf /]Nj] ;Demf}tf eof], Tof] o:tf] ?kdf ePsf] 5, dfgf}+ g]kfn :jtGq / :jfwLg d'n's xf]Og, ef/t cwLg:y Pp6f k|fGt xf] . b'O{ jif{cl3 g]kfn–ef/t jfl0fHo ;lGw gjLs/0ftfsf / To;kl5 xfn;Ddsf ef/tsf /fHo ;/sf/x?n] nufp+b} cfPsf] cj/f]wn] klg ;sf/fTds ;u+\s]t b]vfPsf] 5}g . vf;u/L g]kfnsf] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f o;n] ubf{ uDeL/?kdf k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ljsNks} s'/f ubf{ au+\unfb]z xfd|f s[lifhGo pTkfbgx?sf nflu /fd|f] ahf/ aGg ;S5 eGg] cWoogx?n] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . au+\unfb]z g]kfnsf] s[lifhGo j:t' lslglbg tof/ 5 eGg] k|lta4tf k"j{/fhb"t l;l/n l;Sb/b]lv jt{dfg /fhb"t x'dfo"+ sjL/;Ddn] JoQm ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . o:t} au+\unfb]zaf6 ljleGg cf}Bf]lus sRrfkbfy{, /f;folgs dn, cf}iflw, s]ldsn, sk8f, clkm; ;fdu|L / :6];g/Lx? cfoft ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf klg plQs} 5 . b'j} b]zsf Joj;foLx? a;]/ ;+jfb ug{] xf] eg] l4kIfLo Jofkf/sf ;DefJo j:t'x?sf] nfd} ;"rL tof/ x'g ;S5 . clxn]sf] cf};t tLgb]lv ;f9] tLg s/f]8 8n/aLrsf] sf/f]af/ lj:tf/ x'g] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .
au+\unfb]z;+usf] Jofkfl/s ;xsfo{ o; cy{df klg nfek|b x'g;S5, lsgls b'j} b]zsf] k|d'v lgof{t j:t'df tof/L kfzfs /x]sf] 5 / b'j} b]zsf] k|d'v ahf/ eg]sf] cd]l/sf xf] . b'j} b]zsf tof/L kf]zfsn] oltv]/ cd]l/sfdf clk|msL d'n'sn] kfPh:tf] eG;f/d'Qm ;'ljwf kfpg ;+3if{zLn 5 . -g]kfnsf] t'ngfdf au+\unfb]zsf] nlju+ ;an b]lvPsf] 5_ ljZjsf cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx?
-Pn8L;L’h\_ sf] juL{s/0fdf kg{] b'j} d'n'sn] ljZjahf/df cfkm\gf] lgof{t k|efjsf/L agfpg ;+o'Qm?kdf n8\g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . Tolt dfq geO{ au+\unfb]z g]kfnsf nflu ‘u]6j]’ aGg ;s]sf] v08df b'j} b]zn] cGt/f{li6|o ahf/sf nfd Ps} k6s p7fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg 5, sf/0f g]kfnn] ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_ sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 . -oBlk cg'df]bg;DaGwL ;d:of eg] hLljt} 5_ ;fd'lb|s k|j]z4f/sf x}l;otn] au+\unfb]zn] klg nfe p7fpg ;S5 .
ev{/} x:tfIf/ ;DkGg ePsf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q -;fkm\6f_ sf] k"0f{tM sfof{Gjogkl5 To;} klg o; If]qsf ;a} d'n'sx?sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ Pscfk;df cfa4 /x] klg g]kfn au+\unfb]zaLrsf] l4kIfLo sf/f]af/ clxn]eGbf lj:tf/ / ;'b[9 x'g] b]lvG5 . /fli6|o, l4kIfLo / If]qLo Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd ug{sf nflu klg pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ ;DaGw k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ha;Dd o:tf] Jofkf/df ef/tsf] babaf sd x'+b}g, ta;Dd :jtGq Jofkf/ If]qaf6 ;a} d'n'sn] ;dfg'kflts nfe p7fp+g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] l4kIfLo / pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ;f]Rg}kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu gof+ / yk ;Defjgfx? vf]Hg' t 5+b}5, ePsf Joj:yf / ;'ljwfx?sf] sfof{Gjog klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . g]kfn, au+\unfb]z l4kIfLo Jofkf/ k|j4{g / g]kfnsf] t];|f] ljZj;Ddsf] Jofkf/ ;/nLs/0fsf nflu au+\unfb]znfO{ ;fd"lxs k|j]z4f/ agfpg s]–s] s'/fx? afws 5g\, b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/L, tyf u}/;/sf/L :t/df vf]hL u/L To:tf cj/f]wx? x6fpg a]n}df g;f]Rg] xf] eg] eljiodf b'j} b]zn] r'sr'sfpg'gknf{ eGg ;lsGg .
olb kf/jxg ;lGw u/]/, ;LdfIf]qdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ yk]/, gof+ cWofudg Joj:yf u/]/ ljBdfg cj/f]wx? x6fpg ;lsG5 eg] b'j} b]zn] lsg kxn gug{] < cyjf ef/ttkm{sf] ;8s v08df ;'wf/ cfPdf, Tof] dfu{df ;'/Iff Joj:yf /fd|f] ePdf, cfoft,lgof{tdf ;xhtf cfp+5 eg] b'j} b]zn] o;sf nflu lsg s"6gLlts kxn gug{] t <

k'; @(, @)^) d+unaf/
ljZj ;fdflhs ;Dd]ng / g]kfnn] p7fpg'kg{] cfjfh
clxn] gp7fO gx'g] cfjfh eg]sf] ;}Gos/0fsf] tTsfn} ;dflKt xf]. ljZj ;fdflhs d~rdf cd]l/sfn] ljleGg gfddf u/]sf] ;}Gos/0fsf] lj/f]w xf]nf, t/ g]kfnLkIfn] eg] Toxf+ g]kfndf xfn eO/x]sf] jt{dfg ;}Gos/0fsf] ;dflKtsf nflu ljZjJofkL u7aGwg, dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x / To;nfO{ bafpg] gfddf d'n'sdf eO/x]sf] ;}lgsLs/0fn] ;du| ;fdflhs cfly{s Joj:yf g} uDeL/?kdf k|efljt ePsfn] ;}Gos/0fsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu g]kfnL ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf k|ltlglwx?n] cfjfh p7fpg} kg{] ePsf] 5. \.

‘e"d08nLs/0f jt{dfg ljZjsf] cfjZostf xf] . jt{dfg ljZjsf] cfly{s ;+/rgf / Jofkf/ k|0ffnL h;/L cl3 al9/x]sf] 5, ToxL g} e"d08nLs/0f xf] . e"d08nLs/0fn] ljZjahf/nfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ ljZje/ ;dfg cfly{s cj;/sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . tkfO{+ o;sf] cu+ aGg] jf gaGg] eGg] s'/fsf] :j]lR5s lg0f{o lng ;Sg'x'G5, e"d08nLs/0f cfkm+}n] o;sf] :j?k / dfkb08x?lgwf{/0f ug{] ub{5 . o;n] ljZje/ ljQLo k'+hL ljt/0fdf ;dfg cj;/ l;h{gf ub{5 .’
ljt]sf b'O{ bzsb]lv e"d08nLs/0fsf] kIfdf ax; ug{]x?n] o:t} ts{ lbg] ub{5g\ . cu+\u|]hLdf /x]sf] Unf]anfOh];gsf] g]kfnL pNyf ljZjJofkLs/0f ul/P klg, e"d08nLs/0f ul/P klg o;sf] kl/efiff oxL JofVofleq kg{ hfG5 . ;f]emf] / cfd?kdf eGg'kbf{ d':tfu+sf] Pp6f ljs6 kxf8L ufp+df ;d]t cd]l/sL k]o ‘sf]sfsf]nf’ k'Ug' e"d08nLs/0fs} k|ltkmn xf] . ;g\ () sf] bzsb]lv b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf ahf/ cy{gLltkl5 xfdLn] klg cfkm\gf] 9f]sf e"d08nLs/0fsf nflu v'nf 5fl8lbPsf 5f}+ . ljleGg gfdsf y'k|} ax'/fli6|o sDkgLx?g]kfndf v'n]sf 5g\ . uDeL/dfgsf] h'Qfsf] 7fp+ gfOs Pl88f; / xfO6]sn] lnPsf 5g\, dxLsf] 7fp+ sf]sfsf]nf / k]K;Ln], ds}e6df;sf] 7fp+ rfprfph:tf kmf:6k"m8n], h?jf kfgLsf] 7fp+ ldg/n jf6/n], l/fsf] 7fp+ :ofDk"n] . o:tf pbfx/0fx?y'k|} 5g\ . e"d08nLs/0fn] b]zdf y'k|} ax'/fli6|o pBf]u / Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?v'n]sf 5g\, ltgLx?sf] sf/f]af/;d]t km:6fO/x]sf] 5 . ;fgf :jb]zL pBf]ux?eg] qmdzM aGb x'+b} 5g\ . s]xL g]kfnL j:t'x?n] ljZjahf/df k|j]z t kfPsf 5g\, t/ s:tf g]kfnL j:t' < k|Zg plQs} ;fGble{s 5 . g]kfnL sRrfkbfy{df jf g]kfnL ;|f]t–;fwgdf cfwfl/t j:t'x?n] ljZjahf/df k|j]z kfPsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < g]kfnsf lgof{td"ns j:t'x?eg] 5flgPsf rf/,kf+r j:t'x?sf sRrfkbfy{ s] g]kfnL g} x'g\ of xfdL cfoftLt sRrfkbfy{df ‘g]kfnL j:t'’ pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5f}+, pQ/ vf]Hg Tolt sl7gfO kb{}g .
b]zleq cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] sdL 5 . j}b]lzs C0fn] g} b]zsf] cy{tGq wfg]sf] 5 . bft[ ;xof]u k|fKt gx'g] xf] eg] b]zn] ljsf; vr{;d]t wfGg ;Sb}g . ljZja}+s, cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]if -cfO{PdPkm_, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s -P8LaL_ h:tf ax'kIfLo / bh{gf}+ l4kIfLo bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u qmdzM a;{]lg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljZja}+sn] ;g\ @))$ b]lv @))& sf nflu cfkm\gf] g]kfn ;xfotf /0fgLlt ;fj{hlgs ug{] qmddf ‘ca /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf aGg] ;/sf/sf] af/]df g} / cfd/fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] dgl:ylt
-vf;u/L ;'wf/ sfo{qmdk|lt /fhgLlts bnx?;sf/fTds x'g g;Sg] vt/f _ sf af/]df g} k|Zg p7fPkl5 /fhgLltdf ;d]t ;+nUg cy{ljb\x?8f=k|sfzz/0f dxt, 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfnn] a+}ss} d~rdf k|Zg pAhfpg' k/\of] . ;f]xL a}+ssf g]kfnl:yt cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw s]lgrL cf]xf;Ln] ;/sf/n] k]6|f]lnod kbfy{df d"Noj[l4 ubf{ To;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ub{} /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] n]v k|sflzt x'+bf pxf+n] 7"n] cfnf]rgf vKg'k/\of] .
vfg]kfgLb]lv ljB't\;Ddsf] dx;'n a9fpg ljZja}+s / P8LaLn] ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg] u/]sf] va/ k|sfzdf cfO/x]s} 5g\ . ;xof]u -C0f jf cg'bfg_ sf] cf}lrTo k"/f ug{ /f;folgs dn, l;+rfO{ tyf vfBfGg cfk"lt{df lbO+b} cfPsf] cg'bfg x6fpg nufOof] . ;xof]u lbg] x/]s ax'/fli6|o bftfn] Pp6f g Pp6f zt{ /fv]s}+ x'G5 . rfx] Tof] ljZja}+s, P8LaL, cfO{PgPkm xf];\ of o'/f]lkog cfof]u, gj{]lhog ;xof]u lgof]u g} xf];\ . bftfx?sf] zt{ k"/f ub{} hf+bf s'g} g s'g} If]qdf 3RrL kb{} uPs} 5 . cyf{t\ j}b]lzs ;xof]u ‘gvfp+m eg] lbgel/sf] lzsf/ vfpm+ eg] sfG5fafa'sf] cg'xf/’ eg]´}+ ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ev{/} ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_ sf] ;b:otfsf] af6f] v'nf u/\of] -;b:otf eg] kfO;s]sf] 5}g_ . blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq If]qLo Jofkf/ If]]qsf nflu x:tfIf/;d]t u/\of] . cyf{t\ ljZjJofkf/ k|0ffnL;+u ;f]´f] cfa4tf hgfO;Sof] . o;sf] cy{ ca ljZjJofkf/ k|0ffnLdf hf+bf ldNg] nfe–xflg b'j}sf] lx:;]bf/ aGg'kb{5, g]kfnn] klg .
ljZjdf Pp6f hdft 5, e"d08nLs/0fsf] ;dfg nfe ljt/0f ePsf] 5}g eGg] . cd]l/sfn] ljZjsf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGqnfO{ cfkm\gf] bafa If]qleq /fv]sf] 5 . ;fgf cy{Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sx?n] e"d08nLs/0faf6 nfeeGbf 3f6f a9L a]xf]g'{k/]sf] 5 eGg] pgLx?sf] ts{ 5 . e"d08nLs/0flj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] of] ;d"xn] 8ANo"6Lcf], ljZja}+s,cfO{PgPkm / ljZj cfly{s d~rsf] x/]s a}7ssf lj?4df k|bz{g ug{] u/]sf] 5 . e"d08nLs/0f 7"nf egfp+bf d'n's / ;+:yfx?sf] cfly{s x:tIf]ksf] af6f] dfq xf] eGg] ts{ /fV5 of] ;d"x . ljZj cfly{s k|0ffnLdflysf] ;Lldt ju{sf] kx'+r x6fpg'k5{, ljZjsf x/]s ju{ / ;d'bfon] ljsf;sf] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg'k5{ eGg] oxL ;d"xsf dflg;x?oxL ;ftf ef/tsf] d'DaOdf e]nf x'+b} 5g\ . a|lhnaf6 z'?ePsf] e"d08nLs/0f lj?4sf] ljZjcleofg cyf{t\ ljZj ;fdflhs d~rdf of] jif{ b'O{ nfveGbf a9L dflg;x?sf] ;xeflutf x'+b} 5 .
;fdflhs / cfly{s Gofosf] kIfdf nfluk/]sf ljZje/sf JolQm tyf ;+3;+:yfx?;xefuL x'g] of] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3, blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 PS;g P8 g]kfn, cf/cf/Pg, dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_, ;fk–g]kfn;lxtsf ´G8} b'O{ bh{g ;+:yfx?sf] g]t[Tjdf Ps xhf/eGbf a9L g]kfnLx?n] ;xeflutf hgfp+b} 5g\ .
ljZj ;fdflhs ;Dd]ng cfkm}+df :jtGq d~r ePsfn] o;sf] o:t} eGg] t :j?k 5}g, t/ klg g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;xefuL x'g hfg] ;+:yfx?n] d"ntM ul/aL, ljsf; / ;}Gos/0fsf af/]df cfjfh p7fpg'kg{] vf+rf] b]lvG5 . ul/aLsf] af/]df / ul/aLsf] dfkssf af/]df leGbfleGb} tYo / tYofu+\sx?;fj{hlgs x'g] u/] klg b]zsf] cfwf hg;u+\Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] ;Tok|lt ;a}sf] ;xdlt 5 . To;}n] cfout ul/aL x6fpgsf nflu jt{dfg Hofnf k|0ffnLdflysf] k'g/fjf]nsg / ljsf;sf cj;/x?;dfg ljt/0f g]kfnL u};; cfGbf]ngsf] d"ndGq x'g'k5{ . o;}cGtu{t cToGt ljkGg ju{sf dlxnfx?;Dd u|fdL0f n3'ljQsf] kx'+r, e"ldxLg ;'s'Daf;L kl/jf/nfO{ s[lifdf cj;/sf] l;h{gfsf] d'2f klg p7fpg g;lsg] xf]Og .
blnt, hghflt / lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ ;dfhsf] d"n wf/df Nofpg] vfnsf ;fdflhs / cfly{s sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog, dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f jf a]rlavglj?4sf] cleofg;lxt dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f csf{] d'2f xf] .
;Qfwf/L /fhgLlts kf6L{ jf kx'+rjfnf JolQm / ;d'bfosf] cfu|x–k"jf{u|xcg';f/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmd nfu" x'g] k|lqmof tTsfn aGb x'g'k5{ . ljsf;dfly ;a}sf] a/fa/L xs 5 , rfx] tL g'jfsf]6sf g]kfnL x'g\ of 88]Nw'/fsf . ljsf; ePsf] 7fp+df ljsf;] ultljlw k'u]sf] k'Uo} ug{], gePsf] 7fp+sf g]kfnLn] ;w}+ b'?x cj:yfdf af+Rg'kg{] cj:yfsf] cGTosf nflu cfjfh p7fOg'kb{5 .
clxn] gp7fO gx'g] cfjfh eg]sf] ;}Gos/0fsf] tTsfn} ;dflKt xf] . ljZj ;fdflhs d~rdf cd]l/sfn] ljleGg gfddf u/]sf] ;}Gos/0fsf] lj/f]w xf]nf, t/ g]kfnLkIfn] eg] Toxf+ g]kfndf xfn eO/x]sf] jt{dfg ;}Gos/0fsf] ;dflKtsf nflu ljZjJofkL u7aGwg, dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x / To;nfO{ bafpg] gfddf d'n'sdf eO/x]sf] ;}lgsLs/0fn] ;du| ;fdflhs cfly{s Joj:yf g} uDeL/?kdf k|efljt ePsfn] ;}Gos/0fsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu g]kfnL ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf k|ltlglwx?n] cfjfh p7fpg} kg{] ePsf] 5 .

k'; @@, @)^) d+unaf/
ca s[lifk|wfg xf]Og cfoftstf{ d'n's lsg geGg] <

;:tf] ef/tLo wfg kfp+bfkfp+b} 7"nf ‘/fO; ldn’ x?n] dx+uf] g]kfnL wfg lsGb}gg\. ToxL wfg ;'S;'sfp+bf af]/fdf aGb eP/ laqmLsf nflu 7"nf] lj1fkg;lxt ahf/df k'U5. g]kfnL ls;fgx? k};f lt/]/ 6]lnlehgdf lj1fkg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ g t ;d"x af+w]/ ;/sf/dfly gLltut bafa g} l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\.

s]xL dlxgfb]lv g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf Pp6f dnsf] lj1fkg k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] 5f]/Lsf] ljjfxsf nflu lrlGtt Pp6f s[ifs ufp+sf] hldGbf/sxf+C0f dfUg hf+bf hldGbf/n] ‘;f]gf dn’ pkof]u ug{ ;Nnfx -C0f<_ lbG5g\ . kl5 pAhgL a9L ePsf]df ls;fg dVv b]lvG5g\ / ;fx"k|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ vf]Hbf ;fx" o;sf] h; dnnfO{ lbG5g\ . k|;u+\u dnsf] lj1fkg eP klg ;Gbe{ leGb} 5 . oltv]/ cf+ugdf wfgsf] y'k|f] t nfu]sf] 5, t/ ls;fgx? s;}k|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . ls;fgx?sf nflu wfgsf] pAhgL /fd|f] x'g' wg kmNg' a/fa/ xf] . To;/L x]g{] xf] eg] t of] jif{ ls;fgsf] 9's'6Ldf wgsf] jiff{t\ x'g'kg{] xf] . of] jif{ g]kfnsf] s[lifIf]qsf] Oltxf;d} ;a} /s]8{nfO{ tf]8]/ ;jf{lws wfg pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . @)%& ;fndf $@ nfv d]l6|s 6g wfg pTkfbg x'+bf ;~rf/dfWodx?df n]lvof]– df6L ;j{/ xf]o wfg . of] jif{ $$ nfv d]l6|s 6geGbf a9L wfg pTkfbg x'+bf s] n]Vg] < of] jif{ dg;'g ls;fgx?sf] lxtdf /x\of] . wfg /f]kfO+ug{] l;hg c;f/df uPsf] jif{ c;f/df eGbf ## k|ltzt clws jiff{ eof], of] jif{ v08j[li6 ePg . uPsf] jif{ klZrddf v8]/L nfu]sf] lyof] . jiff{n] u/]sf] Iflt klg t'ngfTds ?kdf w]/} sd ePsfn] s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a9]sf] xf] . of] jif{ s[lifIf]qsf] /fd|f] j[l4b/ -# b]lv ;f9] # k|ltzt_ n] ubf{ b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg rf/ k|ltztn] gf3\g] cg'dfg tYofu+\s ljefun] ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] 5 .
wfg kmn] klg cf+ugdf wfgsf] s'Go" y'lk|of] klg . esf/L el/P klg ls;fgx? of] jif{ C0f vf]Hg hfg'kg{] cj:yf 5 . ‘cGt wfg kmn]/ dfq s] ug'{ xf}, af]/f -lSjG6n_ sf] rf/÷kf+r ;f} klg cfp+b}g’– s]xL lbgcl3 ´fkfsf Pshgf ldqn] C0f dfUg] ;Gbe{df eg] .
t/fO{e]u g]kfnsf] cGg e08f/ g} xf] . ´fkfb]lv dx]Gb|gu/;Ddsf ls;fgx?sf] oltv]/ Pp6} Joyf 5, wfgn] d"No kfPg . kf+r jif{otf ;a} j:t'sf] d"No a9]sf] 5 . dnvfbdf lbO+b} cfPsf] cg'bfg x6fOPsf] w]/} eof] . l;+rfOdf lbO+b} cfPsf] cg'bfg klg bftfx?sf] bafadf x6fOof] . k]6|f]lnod kbfy{df ePsf] d"Noj[l4n] ubf{ 9'jfgL vr{ klg j[l4 ePsf] 5 . >ldssf] Hofnf a;{]lg a9]sf] 5 . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] oltv]/ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg nfut g} a9L x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ´fkfb]lv dx]Gb|gu/;Ddsf] d"Nol:ylt x]bf{ k|ltlSjG6n rf/ ;ob]lv ;f9] cf7 ;o ?lkof+5 . :yfgLo vl/bstf{n] h'g d"No tf]lslbPsf 5g\ To;n] pTkfbg nfut;d]t p7\b}g .
g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] v'nf l;dfgf t/fO{sf ls;fgx?sf nflu lj8Dagf g} ag]sf] 5 . v'nf l;dfgfaf6 k|z:t dfqfdf ef/tLo wfg g]kfn lelqg] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf//n] g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoftdf !) k|ltzt ;]jf z'Ns nfUg] Joj:yf t ul/lbPsf] 5 t/ k'/fgf] ef/tLo wfg ;]jf z'Ns lt/]/} Nofp+bf klg g]kfnL wfgeGbf ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . ;:tf] ef/tLo wfg kfp+bfkfp+b} 7"nf ‘/fO; ldn’ x?n] dx+uf] g]kfnL wfg lsGb}gg\ . ToxL wfg ;'S;'sfp+bf af]/fdf aGb eP/ laqmLsf nflu 7"nf] lj1fkg;lxt ahf/df k'U5 . g]kfnL ls;fgx? k};f lt/]/ 6]lnlehgdf lj1fkg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ g t ;d"x af+w]/ ;/sf/dfly gLltut bafa g} l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ . ljleGg gfdsf ls;fg ;+3;+u7gx?sf] sfd /fhgLlts kf6L{sf lj/f]w h'n';df dfq} b]lvG5, ls;fgsf ;d:ofsf af/]df cfjfh p7fpg'kg{] a]nfdf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf eft[;+u7gsf ?kdf /x]sf ls;fg ;+u7gx? klg af]Nb}gg\ .
oltv]/ pTkflbt wfgn] d"No kfPsf] 5}g, pTkfbgnfuteGbf klg sddf wfg a]R5' eGbf klg ls;fgx?n] ahf/ kfPsf 5}gg\, tfklg ahf/df rfdn dx+u} 5 . st} ls;fg;+u ;:tf] d"Nodf wfg lsg]/ dx+uf] d"Nodf rfdn a]r]/ d'gfkmf sdfpg]x? t ;lqmo 5}gg\ < pkef]Qmf xslxtdf n8\g] ;+u7gx?n] vf]Hg'kb{5 .
l;hg wfgsf] ePsfn] wfgsf] dfq rrf{ cf/De ul/P klg cGo s[lifafnLsf] klg cj:yf plQs} v/fa 5 . ‘g]kfn s[lifk|wfg b]z, b]zsf *) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;u+\Vof s[lifd} cfl>t 5g\’ eg]/ k':tsx?, efif0fx?df / gLltut sfuhx?df elgP tfklg d'n's qmdzM s[lif cfoft b]zdf kl/0ft x'+b} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L tYofu+\s x]g{] xf] eg] b]zdf x/]s jif{ ux'+sf] pTkfbg j[l4 x'+b} uP/ uPsf] jif{ ;f9] !@ nfv d]l6|s 6g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tYofu+\sx? eG5g\– xfdL ux'[+df cfTdlge{/ 5f}+, t/ Jojxf/df x]g{] xf] eg] uPsf] jif{ %) xhf/ 6g ux'+cfoft ePsf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ nufp+bf z'?df s[lifhGo j:t' / k|fylds pTkfbgdf ;f] s/ gnfUg] elgP tfklg kl5 ah]6 jQmJo / cfly{s P]gdfkm{t kL7f] / tf]/Lsf] t]ndf Eof6 nufOof] . Eof6 nufOPkl5 t/fO{sf vf;u/L ;LdfIf]q j/k/sf ls;fgx?n] g]kfnL ldndf ux'+a]Rg 5f8]sf 5g\ . ef/tdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf s/ gnfUg] ePsfn] ;Ldfkfl/sf ldnx?df ux'+a]Rg lxts/ 7fg]sf 5g\, ls;fgx?n] . g]kfndf eg] ux'+sf] cefj eP/ %) k|ltzt d}bf ldnx? aGb} eO;s]sf 5g\ . ldn ;~rfngsf nflu ef/taf6} k'gM ux'+cfoft ug'{kg{] cj:yf 5 . d}bf ldnx?sf nflu aL; nfvsf] y|]; xf]N8 7"n} r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . jflif{s aL; nfv ?lkof+;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ ug{] Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx? Eof6sf] bfo/fleq gkg{] Joj:yfnfO{ sltko rnfv Joj;foLx?n] ;Sbf] b'?kof]u u/]sf 5g\ kf+r hgf bfh'efO jf cfkmGtsf] gfddf 5'6\6f5'6\6} Jofj;flos k|lti7fg btf{ ug{] / sf/f]af/ aL; nfveGbf sd b]vfpg] . o;f] u/]kl5 Eof6 klg nfu]g, ahf/df pTkfbg klg uof] cyf{t\ d'gfkm} d'gfkmf . o;/L a7\ofO+b]vfpg g;Sg] Joj;foLx? eg] k|lt:kwf{df l6Sg g;s]/ k|lti7fg g} aGb ug{ afWo 5g\ .
ptf tf]/Lsf] cj:yf klg p:t} 5 . g]kfnL ls;fgx? Jofj;flos 5}gg\, g t s[lifk|fljlwsx? g} x'g'kg{] hltsf] bIf 5g\ . x]bf{ 7\ofSs} tf]/Lh:t} b]lvg] ‘cflh{df]g’ sf] dfqf z"Go bzdna % k|ltzteGbf clws x'g]lalQs} vfB cg';Gwfgzfnfsf] sf/afxLdf kb{5g\, tf]/L ldnx? . ‘cflh{df]g’ vfB cg';Gwfgzfnfsf :yfgLo, If]qLo lg/LIfsx?sf nflu sdfOvfg] dfWod ePsf] Joj;foLx? cf/f]k nufp+5g\ . ;To s] xf] pgLx? g} hfg'g\ t/ ‘cflh{df]g’ sf 8/n] 7"nf t]n pTkfbsx?n] g]kfnL tf]/L lsGg g} 5fl8;s] cyf{t\ tf]/L;d]t ljb]zaf6 cfoft x'G5 .
/x/, d';'/f]h:tf bfnx? klg ljb]zaf6 k|z:t} dfqfdf cfot x'G5 . ;nf{xL, /f}tx6lt/ l;hgdf uf]ne]+8f glas]/ s'lxP/ hfG5 t/ xfdL ‘6f]Dof6f] s] rk’, ljb]zaf6 cfot u/]/ dx+uf] d"No lt/]/ vfG5f}+ . g]kfnL cfn'sf] pTkfbg Tolt g/fd|f] 5}g, t/ cfoftLt ‘cfn' lrK;’ xfdLnfO{ dL7f] nfU5 . x'Dnfsf] :ofp, s:tf] x'G5 clwsf+z g]kfnLnfO{ yfx} 5}g . dfkmf{sf] :ofp laSb}g, t/ xfdL slZd/L :ofp hlt k/] klg lsg]/ vfG5f}+ . cem} klg xfdL nfh gdfgLsg uj{ ;fy eGb5f}+– xfdL s[lifk|wfg b]z .
;+of]u dfq} dfGg] ls hfgfhfgL ul/Psf] dfGg], hab]lv bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -PkLkL_ nfu" ul/of], ToxL ;dob]lv s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos s[lif v]tLsf af/]df ev{/ o; k6ssf] ah]6df 3f]if0ff ul/of] / rf/ j6f ;/sf/L s[lif kmd{x? Jofj;flos s[lif v]tLsf nflu s/f/df klg lbO+b} 5 . gLltut efif0fdf b]zsf *) k|ltzt hgtf s[lifdf cfl>t elgG5, t/ s[lifnfO{ pBf]u;+u cfa4 ug{] vfnsf of]hgf / sfo{qmd g} aGb}gg\ . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_ sf] ;b:otf sl/a kfO;s]sf] 5 eGbf klg x'G5, cfufdL b'O{ jif{leqdf xfdL blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q -;fkm\6f_ sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf x'g]5f}+, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6|o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 eO;Sbf klg xfdL ‘t]/f] d'n'ssf] pTkfbg n] t <’ eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ oxL g} xf] eGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5f}+ . ;xL 9u+\uaf6 s[lif If]qsf] of]hgf agfpg] xf], s[lifnfO{ pBf]u;+u cfa4 u/]/ n}hfg] vfnsf 7f]; sfo{qmd Nofpg] xf], s[lifhGo pBf]unfO{ ;x'lnot / k|fyldstf lbg] xf], Jofj;flos s[lif ljsf;sf nflu gLltut Joj:yf ug{] dfq} xf] eg] g t ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;do nfU5, g t ^ k|ltztsf] lbuf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ g} sl7gfO pTkGg x'G5 .
pTkflbt j:t'n] ;xL d"No / ahf/ gkfpg] t/ bfn–rfdnb]lv t]n;Ddsf x/]s j:t' cfoft ug'{kg{] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f dflg;x? s[lifIf]qaf6 qmdzM lj:yflkt x'[+b} uPsf 5g\ . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf Toxf+sf] ;/sf/n] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ;dy{g d"No tf]lslbPsf] 5, k|ToIf / ck|ToIf?kdf s[lifdf pNn]Vo cg'bfg lbOPsf] 5 . olt ubf{ klg pTkflbt j:t'n] ahf/ kfPg eg] ;/sf/n] lslglbG5 . t/, g]kfndf eg] o:tf s'g} ;'ljwf ls;fgn] kfPsf 5}gg\ . ;g\ &) sf] k|f/Delt/;Dd ;/sf/n] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ;dy{g d"No tf]lslbGYof], vfB ;+:yfgn] wfg lslglbg] Joj:yf lyof], clxn] ;+:yfg cfkm}+ 3f6fdf 5 . b'?x ljQLo cj:yfsf sf/0f ;+:yfg cfkm}+nfO{ cg'bfg rflxPsf] 5, stfaf6 ls;fgsf] wfg lslgb]cf];\ jt{dfg oyfl:yltd} d'n's rnfO/xg] xf] eg] ca klg lsg s[lifk|wfg b]z elg/xg], s[lif cfoftstf{ d'n's g} egf}+ .

k'; *, @)^) d+unaf/
cf]´]ndf k/]sf] ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/
ljZjsf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu pkof]uL ;+oGqsf ?kdf ljsl;t u/fpg bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g{] xf] eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ n] k|ToIf / cGo k|d'v bft[ lgsfox?n] ck|ToIf ?kdf g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf] b]lvG5.

ljZjf; ug'{;\ of gug'{;\, ef/tsf] s]/nf k|fGtsf ufp+–ufp+sf dflg;x? sDKo'6/df cvaf/ k9\5g\ . sDKo'6/d} wfg, rfdn, ds}, sf]bf]sf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg], dnvfbsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u s;/L ug{], ljiffbL s;/L 5g{], eg]/ l;S5g\ . sDKo'6/d} d"No lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ / OG6/g]6dfkm{t ahf/ vf]H5g\ . s]/nf /fHocGtu{tsf] dnfDk'/ lhNnf ljsf;zLn ljZjdf ztk|ltzt sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tf ePsf] Ps dfq ufp+ xf] . oxf+sf] rD/feQf]d ufp+sf * ;o %) kl/jf/sf sDtLdf Ps hgf ;b:o k;{gn sDKo'6/ rnfpg ;Ifd 5g\ . s]/nf ef/td} ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf -´G8} ztk|ltzt_ ePsf] /fHo xf] . ;g\ !((& b]lv oxf+sf] /fHo ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . clxn] s]/nfsf Ps xhf/ @ ;o !% :yfgLo lgsfox? jfO8 Pl/of g]6js{ -jfg_ dfkm{t /fHo ;/sf/;+u hf]l8Psf 5g\ . s]/nfsf ‘O–;/sf/’ sf] cjwf/0ff ljZjd} /f]ndf]8n ag]sf] 5 .
n3'ljQ sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ljZje/ ;kmn pbfx/0f ag]sf] au+\unfb]zdf u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s;+u ;Da4 dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf nflu df]afOn kmf]g wfg, rfdn, t/sf/Lsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{], ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] kl/rfng ug{] ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((& b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] u|fdL0f kmf]g oltv]/ ;du|ut u|fdL0f ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ ;fljt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] bzsdf ljZjdf cTolws b/df j[l4 ePsf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw-cfO{;L6L_n] s;/L ljsf;df k|ToIf k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fsf pbfx/0f x'g\– ef/tsf] O–;/sf/ sfo{qmd / au+\unfb]zsf] u|fdL0f kmf]g . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ul/ad'vL ljsf;df s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] vf]hLdf oltv]/ ljsf;jfbLx? nfluk/]sf 5g\ . b'O{ ;ftfcl3 h]g]efdf ;DkGg ;"rgf ;dfhsf] klxnf] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf ;+jfbsf clws lx:;f ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{] ljifod} s]lGb|t lyof] .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ljZjcy{tGqsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/ aGg ;S5 eGg] ts{k|lt ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'ssf /fi6|, /fHok|d'v / ljsf;jfbLx? ;xdt 5g\ . oltv]/ k|ljlwo'Qm / k|ljlwd'QmaLrsf] a9\bf] vf8n -tyfslyt l8hL6n l8efO8_ nfO{ s;/L sd ug{] eGg] d'2f k|d'v?kdf cufl8 cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL h]g]ef ;Dd]ngn] klg oL b'O{ ju{aLrsf] vf8n sd ug{] / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljZjsf cfwf hg;u+\VofnfO{ k|fljlws ?kdf Ps–csf{;+u cfa4 u/fpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnh:tf ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;sf] cf}hf/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwIf]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu @)%& ;fndf ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt t NofOof], t/ To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf gLltut hl6ntf ljBdfg g} 5 . Tof] gLlt ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 xlif{t eP/ :jfut ug{] sDKo'6/ P;f]l;o;g ckm g]kfn -Sofg_, OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos ;+3 -cfO:kfg_, cfO6L k|f]km];gn kmf]/dh:tf ;+:yfx? clxn] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntfsf sf/0f lg/f; ePsf 5g\ . ag]kfdf aGg] eg]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ d'lZsnn] aNn cl3 a9]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]u t ag]sf] 5, cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/k|lt ;/sf/ :jod\ cGof]ndf 5 . x/]s jif{sf] ah]6df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf nflu nlIft u/]/ 5'6ØfOPsf] ah]6 x]bf{ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx? :jod\ eGb5g\– oxL 9u+\usf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgn] slxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwIf]qsf] ljsf; x'g] <
h;/L cfheGbf tL; jif{cl3 g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ rLgsf] eGbf a9L lyof], To;/L g} g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ljsf;df ef/tnfO{ pl5g]sf] lyof], Ps hdfgfdf . ljZjdf k;{gn sDKo'6/sf] cjwf/0ff aGb} ubf{ g]kfndf ;g\ !(&( lt/} d'lgaxfb'/ zfSon] klxnf] kL;L agfO;s]sf lyP eg] ef/teGbf cufl8 g} g]kfnn] /fli6|o sDKo'6/ s]Gb| vf]n]sf] lyof] . cfh aL; jif{kl5 ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ dfq} geP/ ljZjs} ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?nfO{ pl5Gb} cfO;L6Ldf /f]ndf]8n k|:t't ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf eg] ev{/ sDKo'6/n] 6fOk/fO6/nfO{ lj:yflkt ub{}5 .
ef/tn] ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L ultljlwx? sDKo'6/fOH8 ul/;Sbf / s]/nfh:tf k|fGtx?n] O–;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/;Sbf g]kfnsf ;/sf/L lgsfox?df eg] sDKo'6/ xflsd;f’asf] ‘zf]–kL;’ dfq x'g k'u]sf] 5 . dGqfno / ljefux?df sDKo'6/ t 5 t/ ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw xft}n] n]v]/ rNb5 . g]kfndf klxnf] sDKo'6/ hgu0fgf ug{ leTofOPsf] eP klg tYofu+\s ljefudf klxn] xft}n] n]v]/ df]6f–df]6f kmfOndf 8f6fa]; tof/ u/]/ clg kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ OG6|L ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] sDKo'6/ lzIff ‘asdfg ;lkjh’ s;/L 6fOk ug{] eGg];Dd dfq} ;Lldt 5 .
ljZjsf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu pkof]uL ;+oGqsf ?kdf ljsl;t u/fpg bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g{] xf] eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ n] k|ToIf / cGo k|d'v bft[ lgsfox?n] ck|ToIf?kdf g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . o"Pg8LkLn] ;g\ !((( b]lv d'n'ssf] ljsf;df cfO;L6LnfO{ s;/L cf}hf/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ cWoog u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw;Dd u|fdL0f kx'+r a9fP/ ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{] p2]Zo /fv]/ ‘u|fdL0f cfO{;L6L 6]ln;]G6/ kl/of]hgf’ sf] cjwf/0ff klg cl3;fl/Psf] xf], t/ clxn];Dd o;sf gd'gf sfo{qmdx? g} ;~rfngdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
ljBdfg ul/ad'vL sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ / tLj|tf lbg] cfO{;L6LnfO{ ;~rf/sf nflu pkof]u, ;"rgf ;|f]t;Dd kx'+r / ljsf; ultljlwdf ;"rgf k|efjsf/L ?kdf km}nfpg u|fdL0f ;d'bfonfO{ ;zQm ug{] tyf s[lif ;"rgf, b"/lzIff, 6]lnpkrf/ -6]lnd]l8;g_, pTkfbs cfly{s ultljlw, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkgh:tf If]qx?df pkof]uL ;"rgfsf] k|jfxnufotsf p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsPdf cfO{;L6Ln] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] o"gP8LkLsf] lgisif{ 5 .
ev{/}b]lv o"Pg8LkLn] cfkm\gf ufp+,gu/ ;f´]bf/L / :yfgLo ;'zf;g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf s]xL lhNnfx?df OG6/g]6df cfwfl/t Jofkf/ k|0ffnL -O–sdz{_ cf/De u/]sf] 5 . t/, Joj;fob]lv Joj;fo;Dd -jL6'jL_ gfd lbOPsf] of] kl/of]hgfsf af/]df ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? g} cgle1 b]lvPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf u|fdL0f ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod aGg ;S5, o;sf nflu o:tf] s]Gb|sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg eg] x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu h]–hlt sfd ePsf] 5, Tof] lghLIf]qaf6 g} ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . lghLIf]qsf] clwstd ;xeflutfsf nflu ToxLcg';f/sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{k5{ . ;/sf/–lghLIf]q ;fe]mbf/Laf6 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] gjLgtd\ pknlAw xfl;n x'g;S5 .

k'; ! , @)^) d+unaf/
ljkmn ;fdflhs ;fd]nLs/0fsf k|of;x?
klZrd g]kfnsf aw'+jf dhb'/ -sd}of_ x?sf] d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] rf/ jif{ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . k|To]s sd}of kl/jf/nfO{ Ps–Ps sf hUuf pknAw u/fO{ pgLx?sf] k'gjf{; u/fpg] sfo{qmdcGtu{t clwsf+z d'Qm sd}ofx?n] hUuf kfO;s]sf] bfaL ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gtM a+w'jf dhb'/ /fVg kfO+b}g, olb s;}n] /flvxfn]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ !) jif{;Dd

s}b x'g ;S5, t/ ev{/} o;} cvaf/df Pp6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] 5– alb{ofdf s]xL dflg;x? c´} sd}of g} 5g\ . /, Toxf+sf :yfgLo k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L eG5g\– P xf] / . dnfO{ t yfx} 5}g . ;fdflhs sn+u\ssf ?kdf /x]sf] sd}of k|yf pGd"ng ug{] ;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff c;kmn ePsf] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f xf], alb{ofsf sd}ofx? .
rf/ jif{cl3 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] sd}of d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff ubf{ sd}ofx?df gof+ /Qm;~rf/ ePsf] lyof], sd}of d'lQm cfGbf]ngn] ;kmntf kfPsf] lgisif{n] pgLx? lgs} v';L ePsf lyP . gx'g' klg lsg, lhh'afh]n] vfPsf] bz ?lkof+sf] C0f lhh'afpm, xh'/afpm, afpm / cfkm" ;–kl/jf/ cfhLjg gf]s/ ag]/ a:bf klg ;ls+b}gYof], a? pN6} ylk+b}hfGYof] . hldgbf/x?sf] zf]if0fdf lklN;Psf sd}ofx?n] :jtGq hLjg kfpg] cfzfdf d'lQm lbj; klg dgfP . cfh rf/ jif{kl5 s] eof] t < hjfkm vf]Hg'kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .
cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_ n] @)%@ ;fndf u/]sf] Ps ;j]{If0fcg';f/ klZrd g]kfnsf kf+r lhNnf bf+u, af+s], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/df dfq Toltv]/ rfnL; xhf/ kl/jf/ sd}of /x]sf lyP . Ps kl/jf/sf kf+r hgf ;b:osf b/n] u'0fg ubf{ of] ;+u\Vof b'O{ nfv k'UbYof] . h;dWo] (^ k|ltzt sd}ofx? k"0f{tM clzlIft /x]sf] / (* k|ltztsf] cfKM\gf] 3/ gePsf] OG;]ssf] k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] lyof] . (# k|ltzt sd}ofx? yf? ;d'bfosf 5g\ . logLx? :jf:Yo;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . rfnL; xhf/ kl/jf/dWo] ;/sf/n] sltnfO{ k'gjf{; u/fof], To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ;fj{hlgs x'g af+sL g} 5 . oBlk clxn] oltv]/ d'Qm sd}ofx? /f]huf/L, vfBfGg, nQfsk8f / :jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;d:of ´]ln/x]sf 5g\ . a+w'jf dhb'/af6 d'Qm ul/Psf / k'gjf{; u/fOPsf dWo] sltko k"j{sd}ofx?n] s]xL /f]huf/d"ns k|lzIf0f kfP/ clxn] :yflkt eO;s]sf eP klg clwsf+z k"j{sd}ofx? oltv]/ /f]huf/L;DaGwL ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . d"ntM s[lifd"ns sfddf g} nflu/xg] k"j{sd}ofx? clxn] b'O{ 5fs h'6fpg k'gM hldgbf/sxf+ g} kms{g'kg{] afWotf pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
hf8f] la:tf/}–la:tf/} a9\b}5, c´ t/fO{df t zLtnx/ g} rNg]u5{ . of] ;dodf clwsf+z d'Qm sd}ofsf kl/jf/;+u Gofgf] t k/} hfcf];\ Hofg 9fSg] Ps w/f] sk8f;d]t 5}g . pgLx?sf nflu cfjf; ag]sf] ;fgf] 5fk|f]n] g t xfjf–x'/L g} 5]N5 g Knfl:6ssf] 5fgfn] cfsfzaf6 ´g{] zLt /f]S5 . lr;f] :of+7n] a"9fkfsf / ;–;fgf s]6fs]6Lx? la/fdL kg{] vt/f plQs} 5 . clwsf+z k"j{sd}ofsf aRrfx? s'kf]if0fn] u|:t b]lvG5g\ . sd}ofx?sf] lzlj/df a"9f / la/fdLx?sf] ;+u\Vof a9\b}5 . sd}of d'lQmsf gfddf sfd ug{] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / sd}ofd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf cu'jfx? lbglbg} ;'ljwf;DkGg x'+b} uPsf 5g\, sd}ofx?sf] hLjgl:ylt eg] ´g\–´g\ b'?x / s7Lg . sd}of d'lQmsf If]qdf bh{gf}+ ;+:yfx? lqmofzLn 5g\ . PS;g P8, cf8|f g]kfn, n'y/g ljZj ;]jf, cGt/f{li6|o >d ;+u7gnufotsf y'k|} cGt/f{li6|o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] d'Qm sd}ofx?sf] Jojl:yt hLjgsf nflu of] rf/ jif{sf] cjlwdf ljleGg kl/of]hgfsf gfddf nfvf}+ 8n/ vr{ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . d'Qm sd}ofx?nfO{ ;dfhsf] d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg bftfx?n] lbPsf] ;xof]u s] eO/x]sf] 5 < s] kmnfgf] gfd u/]sf ;+:yfx?n] k]; u/]sf] k|ult k|ltj]bgdf h:t} pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] 5 t < of km]l/ sd}ofsf gfddf s]xL JolQmx?n] sf7df8f}+df 3/ agfp+b}5g\ < ;xof]u k|bfg ug{] bftfb]lv ;r]t ;dfhn] vf]hL ug'{kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .
s]xL jif{cl3 ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\n] u/]sf] Ps cgf}krfl/s cWoogcg';f/ g]kfndf jflif{s !* ca{ ?lkof+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t cfpg]u5{ . dfgjclwsf/, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, ;fdflhs ;fd]nLs/0f -blnt hghflt / lk5l8Psf ju{;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg gfdsf kl/of]hgf_, :jf:Yo, lzIff -vf;u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIff_ / vfg]kfgL oL o:tf If]qx? x'g\, hxf+ ljb]zL bftfx?x?sf] cg'bfg vlgPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] klg x/]s jif{ oL If]qx?df caf{}+ ?lkof+ nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 . t/, g t nufgL nlIft ;d'bfo;Dd ;f]´f] ?kdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 g pgLx?n] o;af6 k|ToIf nfe g} p7fpg kfPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L ;fdflhs ;fd]nLs/0fsf nflu rflnPsf k|of;x? Tolt pknlAwd"ns x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . blnt, hghflt / lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ ;dfhsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] eg]/ h]hlt klg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ePsf 5g\, Tof] Pp6f ;Lldt ju{sf] kx'+rdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . oL ju{;+u hf]l8Psf d'2fdf s'g} klg sfo{ yfngL ul/of] eg] hlxn] klg gfp+, 7fp+ / cg'xf/ lrlgPsf @, $ hgf JolQm g} bf]xf]l/g] qmd lg/Gt/ ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu ;~rflnt /f]huf/L tflnddf g t bf+usf] /fdhgd yf? b]lvG5 g ;Kt/Lsf] lzjfgGb ;bf g} . o:t} hghfltsf nflu 5'6ofOPsf] pRrlzIffsf] 5fqj[lQ g t ef]hk'/sf] s'njL/ ls/f+tLn] kfp+5 g tgx'+sf] undfg u'?+un] g} . Pp6f JolQm jf sf7df8f}+df s]lGb|t hfltljz]ifnfO{ nlIft gu/L eGbf clnslt 6f7f]af7f] / ;DkGgn] g} hlxn] klg o:tf cj;/x? s'DNofpg kfp+5 . kmntM lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo k5fl8 g} kl//xG5, blnt, hghflt / lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf gfddf nfe lnO/xg] ju{ cufl8 uO/xG5 . k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] !# jif{df g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;fd]nLs/0fsf nflu slt sfo{qmd NofOof] / To;dfly slt vr{ ul/of], cf+s8f lgsfNg cToGt} s7Lg 5 . ;+u\Vofut ?kdf hf+bf of] ;+u\Vof ;}of}+ x'g ;S5 / /sdut ?kdf lx;fa vf]Hbf vaf{}+ ?lkof+ k'Ug ;S5 .
lat]sf] !# jif{df klZrd g]kfnsf yf?, dsjfgk'/sf r]kf+u, l;/fxf–;Kt/Lsf d';x/, ´fkf–df]/+usf ´f+u8 / lwdfn, l;Gw'nL / pbok'/sf bg'jf/, k"jL{g]kfnsf ls/f+tnufot clw/fHoel/ km}lnPsf blnt, hghflt / lk5l8Psf ju{ s] ;f+Rr} ;dfhsf] d"nk|jfxdf ;fd]n eP t < of] o:tf] cd"t{ k|Zg xf], h;sf] hjfkm ToxL ju{n] vf]Hg'k5{ . ;dfhsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt x'gsf nflu cfkm" klg ;zQm geO{ x'+b}g . ha;Dd cfKM\gf] cfjfh cfkm}+ p7fpg ;ls+b}g, ta;Dd kmnfgf]–kmnfgf] ju{nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] gfddf ;Lldt JolQm jf ;d'bfon] nfe p7fpg] vt/f /lx g} /xG5 .

d+l;/ !^ , @)^) d+unaf/
lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; M nIo cem} 6f9f 5
g]kfnn] cfout ul/aL t 36fpg ;s]sf] 5}g t/ k|fylds lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]kfgLh:tf If]qx?df ePsf pknlAwx?n] g]kfnsf] k|ult b]vfPsf] 5. ljBfnox? ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{], u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns nufgLh:tf gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjogn] ;fdflhs pknlAwx? xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg]5.
ev{/} cy{dGqL 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgLn] rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6sf] rf}dfl;s ;dLIff ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] af+8kmf+8nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zoaf6 cl3Nnf] jif{b]lv nfu" ul/Psf] dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfs} cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6sf] rf}dfl;s ;dLIff x]bf{ ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw b]vfk/] klg zflGt;'/Iff;DaGwL hl6ntfx?sf sf/0f klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf sltko cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w b]vfk/]sf] tYon] ljsf;df ult/f]w sfod} 5 eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . cy{dGqfnon] kxf8df vfBfGg pTkfbgnfO{ a9fjf lbg h'Dnf, a´fu+ / sflnsf]6df :yfgLo:t/d} vfBfGg vl/b ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] k|ult ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ul//x+bf clwsf+z kxf8L lhNnfx?df o; jif{ klg vfBfGg ;u+\s6 b]vfkg{] va/x? k|sfzgdf cfO/x]sf lyP . vfB ;+:yfg, ;'/Iffl:ylt / ljQLo hl6ntfx?sf sf/0f lxdfnL lhNnfx?df vfBfGg k7fpg c;dy{ /x]sf] tYo klg oxL aLrd} ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . csf{lt/ JolQmut :t/df klZrd t/fO{sf lhNnfx?af6 kxf8L lhNnfx?df k7fOg] ul/Psf] vfBfGg klg clxn] hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . Psflt/ ;'/Iff b:tfaf6 dfcf]jfbLnfO{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{ u/]sf] cf/f]kdf kqmfp kl/g], dfl/g], a]kQf agfOg] 8/ csf{lt/ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf] cg'dltlagf hgtfnfO{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{ u/]sf] lgx'+df xftv'6\6f ef+lrg], /]l6g], uf]nL vfg], ef6] sf/afxL, n'6kf6;lxt hgsf/afxL ef]lug] 8/ b'j}lt/sf] qf;n] clxn] wgu9L, s}nfnL, dx]Gb|gu/lt/sf wfg–rfdnsf yf]s Jofkf/Lx? cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ g} aGb u/]/ a:g afWo 5g\ . ev{/} dfq h'Dnf lhNnfsf ljleGg ufp+x?af6 hgtf lj:yflkt ePsf ;dfrf/ klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . 4G4 k|efljt lhNnfx?af6 k'?ifx? knfog x'g yfn]sf] w]/} eof] . o;/L ufp+sf ufp+ g} vfnL x'g yfn]kl5 To;n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;Gt'ngdf uDeL/ c;/ kfg{] lglZrt 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg x]g{] xf] eg] dfgj ljsf;df ;a}eGbf a9L c;Gt'ng klg 4G4 k|efljt If]qn] g} a]xf]l//x]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ o; If]qsf] dfgj ljsf; cToGt} sdhf]/ 5 . zlQms]Gb|af6 6f9f /x]sf dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn k/Dk/fut?kd} pk]lIft 5g\ . /fli6|o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf oL If]qx?nfO{ ;fd]n ug{] k|of;x? Tolt pknlAwd"ns ;fljt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . c;dfgtf, lje]b, ul/aL, ljsf;df sd kx'+r, zf]if0fh:tf ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;d:ofn] hsl8Psf oL If]qx?d} dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x km}lnPsf sf/0f kl5Nnf jif{x?df t ´g} otfsf] If]qLo ljsf;df cj/f]w k'u]sf] 5 . ljb|f]xsf gfddf aGb's / uf]nLsf] v]tL df}nfPsf] 5 . ljb|f]x lgoGq0f ug{] gfddf eO/x]sf] ;}lgsLs/0fn] ljsf;;Ddsf] hgtfsf] kx'+rnfO{ 6f9f k'/\ofO/x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;/sf/ c;kmn /x]sf] ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ljdn sf]O/fnfsf] cleJolQmn] oyfy{ t:jL/ b]vfPsf] 5 . sfo{bIftfljxLg k|zf;g, k|efjxLg zf;g ;+oGq, ckof{Kt ;]jf ljt/0f k4lt, zf;gdf hgtfsf] kx+'rsf] cefjh:tf sf/0fx?n] 8f= sf]O/fnfsf] cleJolQmnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .
clxn]sf] d"n ;d:of eg]s} /fHo ;~rfng k|lqmofdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt / hjfkmb]xLkgsf] cefj g} xf] . lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] axfnL x'g g;Sbf / :yfgLo:t/df ;d]t dgf]gog ul/Psf ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx?n] zf;g ;~rfng ul//x+bf of] ;d:of c´ uf9f eP/ hfg] lglZrt 5 . ul/aLd'vL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ zf;g ;~rfng ug{]x?df hjfkmb]lxtf x'g' clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog c´} ;d:ofs} ?kdf /x]sf] xfd|f]h:tf] d'n'sdf hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfox?df o;sf] ´g} 7"nf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbgsf nflu klg ;/sf/sf x/]s lgsfox?df hjfkmb]xLkg a9fpg'kg{] vf+rf] 5 .
ljZja}+sn] xfn} dfq ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf xfn;Ddsf pknlAwx?af/] Pp6f cWoog u/]sf] 5 . clt sd / dWod cfoju{sf !* d'n'sx?nfO{ ‘/\ofG8d’ ?kdf lnP/ ul/Psf] ;f] cWoogn] nlIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ c´} klg y'k|} gLltut / ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug'{kg{ vf+rf] cf}+NofPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu gLltut ;'wf/, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt, pRr j}b]lzs ;xof]u, ;xfotfsf] ;xL kl/rfng / ahf/sf] kx'+rnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] d"ntM a[xt\ cfly{s :yfloTj / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf] k|j4{gnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
cWoogdf g]kfn ;dfj]z geP klg ljZja}+ss} sfo{sf/L lgb{]zsx?sf] xfn}sf] a}7sn] g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ plrt 9u+\uaf6 cl3 a9]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf nflu cjnDag u/]sf gLltx?nfO{ plrt 7x/\ofp+b} a}+sn] g]kfnnfO{ yk % ca{ ?lkof+ ;xof]u lbg] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] 5 . o"Pg8LkLs} k|ltj]bg x]g{] xf] eg] klg g]kfnn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug{] lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx? xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfout ul/aL t 36fpg ;s]sf] 5}g t/ k|fylds lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]kfgLh:tf If]qx?df ePsf pknlAwx?n] g]kfnsf] k|ult b]vfPsf] 5 . ljBfnox? ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{], u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns nufgLh:tf gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjogn] ;fdflhs pknlAwx? xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg]5 .
oBlk nIo / pknlAwaLr ;fd~h:otf Nofpg g]kfnn] c´} s7Lg k|of;x? ug'{kg{]5 . 3f]lift gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ax'kIfLo ;u+\s6x? Pp6f kIfsf] k|of;n] dfq x6\g ;Sb}gg\ . ljsf;sf nflu ;Da4 ;f´]bf/x?sf] ;xeflutflagfsf] ;/sf/sf] k|of; hlt u/] klg ckof{Kt g} x'g]5 . bzf}+ of]hgf tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt kqdf rfn" of]hgf cjlwe/df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;u+\Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ #* k|ltztaf6 36fP/ #) k|ltztdf ´fg{] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu pRr, lbuf] tyf km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 cfjZos x'G5 . cy{dGqL 8f= nf]xgLn] klg zflGt;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg g;lsPdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] :jLsf/f]lQm JoQm ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . zflGt g} cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ x'g] tYonfO{ :jLsf/]/ o;}cg'?kdf cl3 a9\g ;Sg'kg{] cfjZostf 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf gLltx? k|ultpGd'v 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;fob} l4ljwf xf]nf . k|foh;f] x/]s dGqfnosf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6dWo] clwsf+z lx:;f ul/aLd'vL sfo{qmdx?k|lt nlIft x'G5g\ . ah]6 ljlgof]hgs} cfwf/df dfq} x]g{] xf] eg] t oltv]/ g]kfnsf] ul/aL !),!% k|ltztdf ´l/;Sg'kg{] xf] . t/, cf};t g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ s7Lg x'+b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] k5fl8 gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/L g} k|d'v sf/ssf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ha;Dd zf;g ;+oGqdf k"0f{?kdf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ x'+b}g ta;Dd lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n x'g s7Lg x'g] lglZrt 5 .

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clxn] b]zleq zf;gsf] ;+\s6 b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] hlt;'s} ;'zf;gsf] gf/f e6ofP klg ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt cfdgful/sx?df ljZjf; a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ‘Pslbg] 3'DtL k|zf;g’ / ‘b'O{3G6] ;]jf’ h:tf ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdnfO{ cfdgful/sx?n] gf6ssf

?kdf dfq lnPsf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{b]lv dfcf]jfbL ;d:of lgoGq0fsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng ul/Psf] eP tfklg dg{] / dfl/g]x?sf] ;+\Vofdf j[l4afx]s csf{] 7f]; pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsf;sf k|of;x? cj?4 5g\ . ;+;b\ lj36g ePotf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf a9]sf] a9o} 5, /fhf / /fhgLlts bnx?aLr a9]sf] b"/L sd x'+b} hfnf eGg] cfzf klg s]an cfzf dfq x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; lbzfdf rflnPsf sbdx?n] vf;} pknlAw lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ufp+df ;'/Iffsf] cefjn] zx/ l5g{]x? oltv]/ a]/f]huf/Lsf] kL8f ef]Ub}5g\ . ;'/Iff ;d:ofn] ubf{ lat]sf tLg jif{otf ah]6sf] 7"nf] c+z ;'/Iffsf nflu s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tnan] dx+uL wfGg ;Sb}g, otfptfaf6 ah]6 ldnfP/ ;'/Iffvr{sf] k|aGw ldnfO/x]sf] ;/sf/n] tnaj[l4sf nflu ;f]Rg;d]t kfPsf] 5}g . dx+uL lgoGq0f, :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf, cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fsf] ljsf;h:tf ljifox?df ;/sf/n] 7f]; s]xL Kofs]h lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . oL / o:tf y'k|} ;Gbe{x?n] ;du|df cfdgful/sx?df lg/fzf a9fp+b} nu]sf] 5 . b]zleq} a;]/ s]xL u/f}+ eGg] dflg;x?sf] ;+\Vof qmdzM sd x'+b} hf+b}5 .
clxn] zx/sf h'g;'s} s'gfdf x]g{] xf] eg] klg ‘cd]l/sf hfp+m, efUo agfp+m’ eGg] vfnsf Aofg/ 6f+luPsf b]lvG5g\ . efUosf] vf]hLdf nfUg]x?sf nflu zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x?n] wdfwd cgnfOgaf6 8LeL kmd{ e/fO/x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] cgnfOgaf6} 8LeL kmd{ eg{] Joj:yf u/]kl5 ;fOa/ Sofkm]x?sf nflu sdfOsf] /fd|f] af6f] v'n]sf] 5 . rfx] tkfO{+ l8lh6n Sofd]/faf6 kmf]6f] lvrfP/ 8LeL kmd{ eg'{;\ of Dofg'cn kmf]6f]nfO{ :Soflg+ u/]/ 8LeL kmd{ eg'{;\ s'/f pxL xf], o;sf nflu ;fOa/ Sofkm]x?n] %) ?lkof+b]lv % ;o ?lkof+;Dd z'Ns lnG5g\ . cgnfOgaf6 8LeL kmd{ ebf{ kmf]6f] /fVg -cknf]8 ug{_ sf nflu afx]s Ps k};f klg nfUb}g . l8lh6n Sofd]/fsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] tkfO{+ cfkm"nfO{ rflxPcg';f/sf] l/hf]n';g /fv]/ kmf]6f] lvRg ;Sg'x'G5, o;sf nflu g t lkmNd /fVg'k5{ g Nofadf nu]/ w'nfO{ g} /fVg'k5{ . tkfO{+ hlt klg kmf]6f] lvRb} sDKo'6/df ptfb{} ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . olb tkfO{+ cgnfOgaf6, Psbd} ‘nfOe’ jf t'?Gt} jf cGo o:t} cflb, OToflb gfddf O8LeL e/fpg] gfddf df]6f] /sd ltb{} x'g'x'G5 eg] ;f]Rg';\, tkfO{+ 7lu+b} x'g'x'G5 .
cd]l/sfsf] a;fO{ ljZjel/sf dflg;x?sf] ;kgf xf] . sdfO{sf] pQd cj;/ ePsf] cd]l/sfdf hf]sf]xL klg hfg rfxG5g\ . Pp6f cf};t ‘xfO:s'n u|fh'P;g’ u/]sf] -cyf{t\ 8LeLsf nflu kmd{ eg{ of]Uo_ g]kfnLn] cd]l/sfdf So} geP klg $) b]lv ^) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/;Dd cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . b'O{ jif{cl3 ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ n] k|sflzt u/]sf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ef/tsf Ps bIf sDKo'6/ k|fljlws -;KM\6j]o/, xf8{j]o/ OlGhlgo/_ n] cd]l/sfdf dfl;s !% b]lv @) xhf/ 8n/;Dd tna kfpg] u5{ . ToxL eP/ cd]l/sfdf Toxf+sf] ;/sf/n] g} jif{df Ps k6s lrfdfkm{t k|bfg ug{] a:g kfpg] cj;/sf nflu ljZjel/sf bzf}+ nfv dflg;x?n] 8LeL eg{] ub{5g\ . utjif{ kmd{ eg{]x?dWo] ;f9] rf/ xhf/ g]kfnLx?nfO{ 8LeL lrf k/]sf sf/0f of] jif{ 8LeL kmd{ eg{]x?sf] ;+\Vofdf rf/ nfveGbf clws k'Ug] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . oltv]/ cd]l/sf hfg] :jlKgn sNkgfdf 8'a]/ OlGhlgo/, 8fS6/, k|f]km];/;lxtsf k];futx?b]lv lnP/ b'u{d If]qaf6 cfPsf cfdgful/sx?;Dd ;fOa/ Sofkm]df cfKM\gf] efUo vf]lh/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . k|ltJolQm cf};t *) ?lkof+sf b/n] u'0fg ubf{ klg of] jif{ O8LeL kmd{ eg{], e/fpg] sfo{sf nflu ´G8} ;f9] tLg s/f]8 ?lkof+ a/fa/sf] sf/f]af/ x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . cgnfOgaf6} 8LeL kmd{ eg{] Joj:yfkl5 cfKM\gf] l6s6 laqmLaf6 x'g] cfo 36\g] lglZrt b]lvPkl5 uf]Zjf/f x'nfsn] ;d]t *% / Ps ;o ?lkof+ z'Ns lnP/ l8eL e/fpg yfn]sf] 5 . 8LeL k/]sf JolQmn] sfg'gL ?kdf cd]l/sfdf a:g, sf/f]af/ jf Joj;fo ug{ / sfd ug{ kfp+5g\ . t/, o;f] eGb}df 8LeL kg{]lalQs} cfhsf] ef]ln Kn]g r9]/ cd]l/sf k'Ug kfOG5 eGg] xf]Og, o;sf nflu cd]l/sfdf :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] -lu|g sf8{ xf]N8/_ k|fof]hs vf]Hg'kg{] x'G5, h;n] 8LeL k/]sf] JolQmsf nflu cd]l/sfdf sfd / a;fOsf] Uof/]G6L u/f];\ .
clxn] sfg'gL / u}/sfg'gL ?kdf cd]l/sf a:g] g]kfnLx?sf] ;+\Vof sd 5}g . pRrlzIff xfl;n ug{, ljleGg k];fut k|lzIf0f lng, ljleGg ;ef, ;Dd]ng jf uf]i7Ldf efu lng jf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd b]vfpg uPsf g]kfnLx? k|foM kms{+b} kms{+b}gg\ . cd]l/sf, a]nfot;lxtsf y'k|} ljsl;t klZrdL b]zx?df o;/L efu]/ uPsf g]kfnLx?sf] ;+\Vof kf+r nfveGbf clws 5 . g]kfndf eGbf s}og\ u'0ff a9L tna kfpg] ePkl5 ljleGg axfgfdf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/ / k|fWofksh:tf k];futx? ljb]lzPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, ;8s ljefu / :jf:Yo ljefuaf6 o;/L x/fPsf k];futx?sf] ;+\Vof bh{gf}+ 5, h;sf] cf}krfl/s tYof+\s kfpg ufx|f] 5 . sltko k];futx?n] o;nfO{ k|ltef knfog -a|]g 8|]g_ eGbf klg cj;/sf] vf]hL -a|]g o'l6nfOh];g_ klg eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . jl/i7 sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/ d'lgaxfb'/ zfSo, Go"/f]nf]lh:6 8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f, d'6'/f]u ljz]if1 8f= eujfg sf]O/fnfh:tf cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] ljz]if1x?nfO{ ckjfbsf] ?kdf dfGg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf h'g;'s} k];fut JolQm klg ljb]lzg rfxG5 . 8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f s]xL ;do :jf:YodGqL eP klg c? ljz]if1x? jf:tjd} oltv]/ /fHosf] pk]Iffsf] l;sf/ ePsf 5g\ . /fHon] pgLx?sf] k|ltefsf] plrt sb/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ k|ltefx?df lg/fzf pTkGg x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og . d'n'sleq pTkGg ljifd kl/l:yltn] cfdgful/sx?df To;} klg lg/fzf pTkGg ePsf] avt b]zleq ePsf k|ltefx?nfO{ /fHon] plrt ;Ddfg lbg g;Sbf To;n] yk lg/fzf pTkGg u5{ / cfddflg;x?df kmnfgfh:tf] ljz]if1n] t oltsf jif{ b]zsf] ;]jf u/]/ s]xL kfPg eg] d}n] s] kfp+5' < eGg] wf/0ff pTkGg x'g hfG5 . ‘g;f]w b]zn] dnfO{ s] lbof], ;f]w b]znfO{ d}n] s] lbP+’ eGg] efjgfnfO{ cfdg]kfnLx?n] cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fHon] o;sf nflu pko'Qm gLlt cjnDag ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . o"Pg8LkLsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k|ltjif{ Ps nfv ef/tLo k|ltefx? /f]huf/Lsf nflu cd]l/sf knfog x'g] u5{g\ . o;af6 ef/tn] x/]s jif{ @ ca{ 8n/ a/fa/sf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]g'{k5{ . g]kfn;DaGwL cf+s8f tof/ geP klg b]zaf6 k|ltef knfog x'+bf d'n'sn] a]xf]g'{kg{] Iflt dfcf]jfbL lx+;faf6 x'g] IflteGbf s}og\ u'0ff a9L x'g]u5{ . /fli6|otfsf] uLt ufp+bfufp+b} ef]ln b]z ;Ifd ljBfjfl/lwx?, ljz]if1, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, k|f]km];/h:tf k];fut ljxLg x'g gk'uf];\ eg]/ a]n}df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

d+l;/ ( , @)^) d+unaf/
af+sL g} 5 ;'wf/sf] s7Lg dfu{
kSs} klg g]kfnh:tf] ljb]zL ;xof]udf k/lge{/ d'n'ssf nflu s'g} klg bftfn] ;xfotf a9fpg] lg0f{o ug'{ :jfutof]Uo s'/f x'g ;S5, t/ ;xfotf;+u} hf]l8Psf zt{x?sf] sfof{Gjog kIf plQs} uDeL/ d'2f xf], h;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . lat]sf] ;ftf g]kfnsf nflu cToGt} nfek|b /x\of] . cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]if -cfO{PdPkm_ sf] af]8{ a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;x'lnot clej[l4 -kLcf/hLPkm_ df k|j]z lbg] lg0f{o u/\of] . o; Joj:yfcGtu{t ;g\ @))^ sf] h'nfO{;Dd cfly{s ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ult lbg d'b|f sf]ifn] cfufdL tLg jif{;Ddsf nflu ;ft s/f]8 @) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;xof]u k|bfg ug{] d'b|f sf]ifsf] af]8{ a}7sn] g]kfnsf] kLcf/hLPkm k|j]z :jLs[t u/]nuQ} csf{] k|d'v bft[;+:yf ljZja}+ssf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zsx?sf] a}7sn] g]kfnsf nflu gof+ ;xfotf /0fgLlt kfl/t u/\of] . a}+ssf] af]8{ a}7sn] ul/aL lgjf/0f C0f ;xfotf sfo{qmdcGtu{t ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfnnfO{ klxnf] r/0fdf o;} cfly{s jif{df pkof]u ug{] u/L ;ft s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{;d]t ;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 . oL b'j} bft[;+:yfn] u/]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ of] jif{ ( s/f]8 $) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ -´G8} & ca{ ?lkof+_ ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]5 .
o;sf cnfjf ljZja}+sn] g]kfnsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLltkqnfO{ :jLs[t u/]kl5 g]kfnn] d'b|f sf]ifaf6 yk b'O{ s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] C0f lng kfp+5 . b]zsf] sl7g ljQLo cj:yf tyf lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf aLrdf b'O{ k|d'v bft[ lgsfox?n] rf/ lbgsf] cGt/df g]kfnnfO{ ;xfotf lbg] eg]/ u/]sf lg0f{ox?nfO{ clxn] tfnL 7f]s]/ :jfut ul/+b}5 . kSs} klg g]kfnh:tf] ljb]zL ;xof]udf k/lge{/ d'n'ssf nflu s'g} klg bftfn] ;xfotf a9fpg] lg0f{o ug'{ :jfutof]Uo s'/f x'g ;S5, t/ ;xfotf;+u} hf]l8Psf zt{x?sf] sfof{Gjog kIf plQs} uDeL/ d'2f xf] . h;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g .
cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]ifn] g]kfnnfO{ kLcf/hLPkmdf k|j]z lbgsf nflu egf}+ kLcf/hLPkmcGtu{tsf] ;xfotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu s7Lg r/0fsf] cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'kg{] / ljQLo cg'zf;gnfO{ k"0f{tM kfng ug'{kg{] zt{x? tf]s]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t ljQLo tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf ;'wf/;lxtsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ Kofs]h / ;'zf;gdf clej[l4sf zt{x? ;dfj]z 5g\ . ;|f]tsf] ;xL af+8kmf+8 / pkof]u, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f, hjfkmb]lxtfdf j[l4;lxtsf bh{gf}+ sl7gk|foM d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]t ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] Kofs]hleq ;d]l6Psf] 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/, ljQLo bfloTj dfq a9fO/x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k"0f{tM vf/]hL jf lghLs/0f, d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{;Sg] ;+:yfx?af6 ;/sf/sf] nufgL lkmtf{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k"0f{tM ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf zt{x? klg o;}leq ;dflji6 5 .
csf{]lt/ ljZja}+sn] klg g]kfndf clxn] ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmdk|lt ;Gtf]if hgfp+b} ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf, tLj|tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] zt{df ;xfotf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . ljZja}+sn] g]kfnsf ;'wf/sdL{x?nfO{ cfly{s j[l4, ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ;'wf/, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|j4{g tyf zf;gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] u/L Jofks lsl;dsf ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg] p2]Zon] ;xfotf k|bfg ul/Psf] hgfPsf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ b'j} bft[ lgsfox?n] ‘a[xt\ lsl;dsf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] zt{df ;xfotf lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5, h'g clxn] ;~rflnt dWod:t/sf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmdeGbf lgs} hl6n dflgPsf] 5 .’ ;+of]u g} dfGg'kb{5, b'O{ k|d'v bft[ lgsfox?n] g]kfnnfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg] lg0f{o ul//x+bf cGt/f{li6|o Jofj;flos r'gf}tLx?;DaGwL k/fdz{bftf ;d"x sG6|f]n l/:s u|'kn] g]kfnnfO{ nufgLsf nflu vt/fsf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/–dfcf]jfbL jftf{ ljkmntfkl5 b]zleq z'? ePsf] ‘u[xo'4’ n] ubf{ g]kfn ljZje/ g} vt/fsf] ;"rLdf kl//x]sf] a]nf ljZja}+s / cfO{PdPkmsf] ;xfotf clej[l4sf] 3f]if0ff st} ‘a]df};dsf] afhf’ t x'g k'u]sf] 5}g < clxn] cfly{s j[Qdf oxL k|Zg u'~hg yfn]sf] 5 . ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbL u/L b]zsf] /fhgLlt tLg w'|jdf af+l8Psf] 5 . /fhf / /fhgLlts bnx?aLrsf] 4G4 36]sf] 5}g, a? a9]sf] 5 . cfŠg} kf6L{sf ax'dtaf6 k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhLgfdf dfluPkl5 ;/sf/ PlSnPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf] a9\bf] ks8 If]qn] ubf{ ;]gfsf nflu x'g] vr{ al9/x]sf] 5 . :ki6 ?kd} ;]gfsf] /f;g vr{ a9]sf] b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . 4G4 ;dfKt x'g] jf lgolGqt x'g] s'g} nIf0f;d]t b]lvPsf] 5}g . hlt;'s} ;'wf/sf gf/f lbP klg ;dfhdf lje]b lgoGq0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHo / ljb|f]xL kIf b'j}n] clxn] zf]if0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg] ultljlwnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul//x]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s tLg} kIf clxn] b]zsf nflu ltDNofxf ;+s6sf ?kdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s7Lg r/0fsf] ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ ;/sf/sf nflu kmnfdsf] Ro"/f rkfpg';/xsf] sfd xf] . ;/sf/ :jod\ / ;/sf/4f/f lgo'Qm :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ k|d'v ;+;bLo zlQmx?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ .
;'/Iff jf cGo /fhgLlts sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lat]sf b'O{ jif{otf tNnf] txdf ah]6 k'u]sf] 5}g . cln–cln k'u] klg clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;fd"lxs ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx?sf nflu vr{ x'g] cj:yf 5}g . sG6|f]n l/:s u|'kn] klg g]kfndf e|i6frf/ JofKt /x]sf], sfg'gL kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf], cfoft–lgof{tdf cj/f]wx? /x]sf], /fhgLlts ;+u7gx? sdhf]/ /x]sf], gLlt–lgdf{0f k|lqmof ´G´l6nf] /x]sf], ck|ToIf ?kdf ;}lgs / u}/;}lgs ;z:q ;d"x -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] r'gf}tL / u}/sfg'gL x:tIf]k /x]sf], JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdfly nlIft cfqmd0fsf] vt/f /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 .
oL ;a} pbfx/0fx?n] :ki6 ;u+\s]t s] lbPsf 5g\ eg] bft[ ;+:yfx?n] 7"nf] ;xof]u lbg] lg0f{o u/] eGb}df dVv kl/xfNg'kg{] cj:yf 5}g . a[xt\ cfly{s ;'wf/sf nflu b]zn] s7Lg af6f] to ug'{kg{] vf+rf] b]lvPsf] 5 . h'g clxn] a[xt\ /fli6|o ;xdltlagf ;Dej g} 5}g eGbf klg x'G5 . olb ;f+Rr} g} ljsf;sf nflu, d'n'ssf nflu k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{] xf] eg] /fli6|o ;xdltsf] dfu{ th'{df ug{}kg{] x'G5, gq ljZja}+s, cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]ifh:tf bft[;+:yfn] hlt g} ;xof]u lbg] 3f]if0ff u/] klg g]kfnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu, oxf+sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu, To;n] slxNo} klg nlIft pknlAw lbg ;Sg]5}g .

d+l;/ @ , @)^) d+unaf/
ablnPsf] ;~rf/ cy{tGq / Jofj;flos ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{
;f+Rr} eGg] xf] eg] g]kfndf clxn]sf] cfly{s kqsfl/tf lhDd]jf/ kqsfl/tfsf] ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 . z'?df of] klg ‘eGg'eof]’ z}nLs} kqsfl/tfsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] eP tfklg clxn] cfly{s kqsf/x? gLltut ljifodfly k|Zg p7fpg ;Ifd eO;s]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf d"ns'/f t s] xf] eg]

cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTjnfO{ clxn] gLlt lgdf{0f txb]lv lghLIf]qsf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx?df;d]t cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f kf6f]sf ?kdf :jLsfg{ yflnPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ g]kfnsf] ;~rf/If]qn] jf:tjd} km:6fpg] cj;/ kfof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] jfs\ tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtfsf] Uof/]G6L u/]kl5 oxf+ ;~rf/sdL{sf] lbg g} lkm/\of] eGbf klg x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] dxTj a9\b} uPkl5 ;~rf/If]qdf nufgL klg a9]/ uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] pbf/ cy{gLlt cjnDag u/]otf ;dfhsf h'g;'s} If]qdf klg nufgL cf]Ol/Psf] eP tfklg kl5Nnf] bzsdf ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg / oftfoft If]qdf ePsf] nufgLn] lbPsf] k|ltkmn clxn] u0fgf ug{ of]Uo ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L ;~rf/If]qdf k|jfx eO/x]sf] nufgL / of] If]qn] ul//x]sf] Jofkf/nfO{ x]bf{ of] If]qnfO{ klg nufgLstf{x?n] pBf]usf ?kdf ljsl;t ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
Ps cgf}krfl/s cWoogcg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;~rf/ pBf]u -/]l8of], 6]lnlehg tyf kqklqsf_ df clxn];Dd tLg ca{ nufgL eO;s]sf] 5 eg] c´} #% b]lv %) s/f]8 nufgL x'g] qmddf 5 . sf/f]af/ d"Nosf cfwf/df x]g{] xf] eg] klg of] If]qdf clxn] jflif{s rf/ ca{;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;dWo] lj1fkgn] ;a}eGbf a9L lx:;f -sl/a %! k|ltzt_ cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] af+sL cGo sf/f]af/n] . ;~rf/If]qdf nfesf ;Defjgf b]Vg] :jb]zL pBf]uLx?b]lv lnP/ ljb]zdf a;]sf g]kfnL / ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?n] ;d]t o; If]qdf nufgL u/]sf 5g\ . ;~rf/If]q cGo pBf]u;/x gx'g] x'+bf o; If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg' x'Gg eGg] cfjfh p7] klg, ;/sf/n] o;;DaGwL gLlt g} agfP klg cflv/ ;~rf/df j}b]lzs nufgL cfP/} 5f8\of] . clxn] b'O{ j6f a|f]8l;6 b}lgs / Pp6f 6]lnlehg Rofgn;lxtsf tLg j6f ;~rf/ ;+:yf j}b]lzs nufgLdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . To:t}} Pp6} ;d"xnfO{ tLgj6} ;~rf/dfWod -/]l8of], k|sfzg / 6]lnlehg_ ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt lbg gx'g] ;Gbe{ p7] klg Pp6} ;d"xsf] nufgLdf tLg j6f ;~rf/dfWod ;~rfngsf] pbfx/0f b]lvO/x]sf] 5 . b]zdf cfly{s dGbL sfod} /x] klg obfsbf ahf/df %),^) s/f]8sf] nufgLdf gof+ ;~rf/dfWod cfpg] xNnf klg rNg] ub{5 . nufgLstf{sf] cf–cfkm\gf] cle?lr x'g ;S5, t/ ;~rf/dfWoddf nufgL ug{ s]xL cf}Bf]lus 3/fgfx? clxn] klg tof/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{ klg plQs} tfhf 5 . olb sflGtk'/ / sfdgf k|sfzgh:tf] :yflkt ;~rf/ u[xx?n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf z]o/ lgisfzg ug{] xf] eg] z]o/ lsGg]x?sf] eL8 a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] z]o/ lsGg]eGbf sd x'g] b]lv+b}g .
g]kfnsf] ;~rf/If]q clxn] jf:tjd} k|lt:kwL{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;a} ;~rf/dfWodsf cf–cfkm\gf kf7s,bz{s / >f]tfx? eP tfklg oxf+ Ps–csf{sf] lahg]; xft kfg{ 7"n} efubf}8 rN5 . dfqf tn–dfly eP klg of] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] bf}8df hf]sf]xL ;fd]n ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;~rf/If]qsf] of] ljsf;af6 nufgLstf{afx]s olb s;}nfO{ kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 eg] Tof] xf] ;~rf/sdL{ . jf:tjd} ;~rf/dfWodx?sf] a9\bf] ;u+\Vof;+u} ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] klg ;u+\Vof a9\g k'u]sf] 5 . clxn] g]kfn clw/fHoe/ !) xhf/eGbf clws ;~rf/sdL{x? sfo{/t /x]sf] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;~rf/If]qdf g} cfkm\gf] eljio b]v]/ ljleGg z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?df kqsfl/tf,cfd;~rf/ k9\g] jf o;;+u ;DalGwt k|lzIf0f lng]x?sf] ;u+\Vof klg sd 5}g . ;~rf/dfWodsf] a9\bf] k|ltikwf{n] ubf{ o; If]qdf nfUg] ;~rf/sdL{x?? ca ef]s} gx'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ;~rf/If]qnfO{ g} cfkm\gf] sd{If]q agfpg] ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] pT;fx / ablnPsf] ;~rf/ kl/j]zn] ubf{ kl5Nnf] bzsdf ljifout kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; cf/De ePsf] 5 . clxn] cfd;~rf/– kqsfl/tfsf] s'/f ubf{ s'g kqsfl/tf eGg] k|Zg ug{] ul/G5 . klxn] cfd;~rf/sf] kl/efiff ubf{ 5fkf kqsfl/tf / k|;f/0f kqsfl/tfsf] kl/efiff ug{] ul/GYof] eg] clxn] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, v]n jf ljsf; kqsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{ pNn]v ug{] ul/G5 . ‘clxn]sf kqsf/x? jf:tjd} Jofj;flos ePsf 5g\ . xfdLn] kqsfl/tf yfNbf Pp6} JolQm l/kf]6{/, ;Dkfbs, sDkf]lh6/, k|]; Dofg / ljt/s;d]t x'g'kYof{] eg] cfhsnsf kqsf/x? Pp6f ljifodf dfq bIf eP/ sfd ug{ yfn]sf 5g\’– jl/i7 kqsf/ dl0f/fh pkfWofon] s]xL ;docl3 Pp6f 6]lnlehg cGtjf{tf{df eGg'ePsf] of] ;Gbe{ jf:tjd} pNn]Vo 5 . ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] Jofj;flostf a9\b} uPsf sf/0f g} clxn] ;dfrf/ lgdf{tfx? cfkm}+ lsgf/f nfUb} uPsf 5g\ . sltko ;Gbe{x?df s]xL kqsf/x? axlsPsf eP klg clxn] ;du| k]|;nfO{ g} b'?kof]u ug{ ;S5' eGg] vfnsf JolQm tyf lgsfox¿ cfkm}+ lg?T;flxt x'+b} uPsf 5g\ . ;~rf/dfWodx?df clxn] cfly{s ljifoj:t'n] lgSs} 7fp+ kfp+b} uPsf] 5 . b]zdf lghLIf]qaf6 kqklqsf z'¿ x'g'k"j{ g} cfly{s kqsfl/tf cf/De eP tfklg lghLIf]qaf6 b}lgs kqklqsf z'? ePkl5 o;n] tLj|tf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . 7"nf cfsf/sf a|f]8l;6 klqsfx?n] 5'6\6} k[i7 5'6\6\ofP/ cfly{s tyf Jofj;flos ;dfrf/x?nfO{ dxTj lbPnuQ} g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf z'? ePsf] ‘cy{ sf] cy{’ h:tf] ljz'4 cfly{s sfo{qmdn] ;d]t of] Ps bzssf] cjlwdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . clxn] g]kfn 6]lnlehgd} cfly{s ljifoj:t';+u ;DalGwt tLg j6f 5'6\6f5'6\6} sfo{qmdx? 5g\ eg] Rofgn g]kfn, sflGtk'/ l6eL / g]kfn jfgh:tf lghLIf]qsf 6]lnlehgx?df klg 5'6\6} cfly{s sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] k|foh;f] x/]s a|f]8l;6 b}lgsdf cf};t $,% hgf cfly{s kqsf/x? sfo{/t 5g\ eg] ;fKtflxs, kflIfs / dfl;s klqsfx?df ;d]t cfly{s kqsf/x?sf] ;u+\Vof sd 5}g . tLg j6f cu+\u|]hL efiffsf ;lxt clxn] cfly{s tyf Jofj;flos ljifoj:t';+u ;DalGwt kf+r j6f dfl;sx? k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn cfly{s kqsf/ ;dfhdf clxn] %% hgf cfly{s kqsf/x? cfa4 eO;Sgfn] klg Jofj;flos cfly{s kqsf/x?sf] ;u+\Vof a9\b} uO/x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
;f+Rr} eGg] xf] eg] g]kfndf clxn]sf] cfly{s kqsfl/tf lhDd]jf/ kqsfl/tfsf] ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 . z'?df of] klg ‘eGg'eof]’ z}nLs} kqsfl/tfsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] eP tfklg clxn] cfly{s kqsf/x? gLltut ljifodfly k|Zg p7fpg ;Ifd eO;s]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf d"ns'/f t s] xf] eg] cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTjnfO{ clxn] gLlt lgdf{0f txb]lv lghLIf]qsf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx?df cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f kf6f]sf ?kdf :jLsfg{ yflnPsf] 5 . aflx/af6 x]/]/ cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df ljleGg lsl;dsf e|d l;h{gf ug{] ul/P klg Pp6f ck"j{ ;To s] xf] eg] cGo If]qsfn] h:tf] Pp6f cfly{s kqsf/n] kqsfl/tfsf] ;f]´f] b'?kof]u ug{ ;Sb}g . oBlk ckjfbsf ¿kdf Ps b'O{ j6f k|s/0fx? b]vfk/]sf xf]nfg\ . t/, To;}sf cfwf/df ;du| cfly{s kqsfl/tf If]qdfly g} lxnf] 5\ofKg] sfo{ ug'{ d"v{tfl;jfo c? s]xL x'g ;Sb}g . g t cfly{s kqsfl/tf ‘kf6{6fOd ha’ xf], g k];f a]r]/ sdfO ug{] dfWod g} . d'n'ssf hNbfaNbf cfly{s ;afnx? cfdhgtfn] a'em\g] efiffdf ;Dk|]if0f u/]/ Pp6f cfly{s kqsf/n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf uDeL/tfk"j{s lgjf{x ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ s;}n] klg Go"g d"Nofu+\sg ug{' cyjf unt JofVof ug{' x'+b}g . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf sd kf7s ;u+\Vof eP klg cfly{s kqsf/x¿n] ;"rgf k|jfxsf cnfjf bafa l;h{gf / gLlt–lg0f{o th'{dfdf klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] tYo :jod\ gLlt lgdf{0fstf{x?n] klg :jLsf/]sf] tYo xf] .
o;/L ;f+rf] cy{df Jofj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; ug{] xf] eg] cfly{s kqsfl/tfnfO{ klg d"nwf/ kqsfl/tf dfg]/ o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fd"lxs k|of;sf] yfngL ug{}k5{ . ;fy}, o; If]qdf nfluk/]sf cfly{s kqsf/x?n] klg k];fsf] ufDeLo{tf a'´]/ ;f]xLadf]lhd k];fut dof{bfnfO{ dfly p7fpg]tkm{ ;f]Rg}k5{ .

sflQs @% , @)^) d+unaf/
a9\bf] cgF}krfl/s cy{tGq
;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] sfo{If]qleq Jofkf/ k5{ jf kb{}g < olb kb{}g eg] d'gfkmf cfpg] sfo{ k]6|f]lnod kbfy{sf] laqmL,ljt/0fsf nflu 5'6\6} sd{rf/L g} v6fpg ldNg] xf] ls gldNg] xf] < Jofkfl/s sfo{df ;+nUg eP/ h+uLtkm{sf] tnaeQf a'em\g ldNg] xf] ls gldNg] xf] <

s]xL ;docl3 jL/uGhsf Pshgf Jofkf/L ldqn] lat]sf] s]xL ;dootf k|ltztsf cfwf/df ;fdfg sf7df8f}+ Nofpg] rng a9]sf] 5 eGb} jL/uGhsf] d"neG;f/ gfsfsf] /fh:j ;u+\sngdf o;n] k|efj kf/]sf] atfPsf lyP . !% b]lv !* k|ltztdf lagf s'g} ´G´6 sf]nsftfb]lv sf7df8f}+;Dd ;fdfg cfOk'U5 eg] lsg ´G8} $) k|ltzt eG;f/ ltl//fVg] < eGg] dfgl;stfn] Joj;foLx? cfhsn ‘;6{s6’ ckgfpg yfn]sf pgsf] egfOaf6 a'lemGYof] . kf/jxgdf ;+nUg s]xL 6|fG;kf]6{ sDkgLx?n] k|ltztsf cfwf/df ;fdfg Nofpg],n}hfg] ug{ yfn]sf] lgs} eof], s/ lt/]/ sf/f]af/ ug{]x?eGbf o;/L ;fdfg dufpg]x? a9L nfeflGjt x'g yfn] . ;/sf/sf] s/ k|zf;g o; lbzfdf lsg lqmofzLn x'g ;s]g, Tof] a]Un} s'/f xf] . /fh:j u:tLdf ;]gf k7fP/ /fh:j c;'nLdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'G5 ls eGg] ;/sf/sf] dfgl;stfnfO{ /fhwfgLdf ;fdfGo ;jf/L b'3{6gf x'+bf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof ug{] ;]gfsf] k|j[lQn] v'nf ?kdf luHofO/x]5 .
/fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{] ;/sf/sf] k|of; lg/y{s eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf] ‘k|ltzt k|0ffnL’ . s]xL ;do;Dd ;]gfsf] /fh:j u:tLn] af]8{/sf uf]7b]lv jL/uGhsf Jofkf/Lx?sf] uf]bfd;Dd 5fkf df/]/ s]–s] g x'+b}5 eGg] b]vfpg vf]h]sf] eP klg To;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|ltkmn guGo b]lvPkl5 g} clxn] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] a]nf ePsf] 5 . st} uf8Ln] s'lNrP/, st} :s'n] ljBfyL{dfly cGwfw'Gw uf]nL rnfP/ t st} ;fgf] 7Ss/df klg uf]nL k|xf/ u/]/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xTof ug{] clg /Iff dGqfno / ;}lgs d'Vofnoaf6 y/Ly/Lsf lj1lKt hf/L u/]/ cfkm\gf] uNtL g} gb]vfpg] k|j[lQaf6 ;]gfsf] 5lj klg lau|+b} uPsf] 5 . kSs} klg ;]gfsf] sfd / st{Jo eg]sf] /fi6|sf] /Iff ug'{ xf], cfGtl/s 4G4 ;dfwfgdf klg ;]gfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xg] s'/fnfO{ gful/s ;dfhn] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . xftdf aGb's / ;fydf zlQm 5 eGb}df s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] xb gf3\g' x'+b}g .
oxf+ rrf{ u/]´}+ ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] sfd ;'/Iff lbg' xf] cGo If]qdf ;+nUg x'g' sbflk xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt gxf]nf . oL lgsfox?sf] sfd Jofkf/ ug'{ klg xf]Og . ;}lgs d'Vofno / k|x/Lsf] d'Vofnos} sDkfpG8df k]6|]n kDk /fv]/ b'j} lgsfox? sNof0f sf]ifsf gfddf Jofkf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;z:q k|x/Ln] klg o;}sf] l;sf] u/]/ a;'Gwf/flt/ csf{] k]6|f]n kDk vf]n]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] sfo{If]qleq Jofkf/ k5{ jf kb{}g < olb kb{}g eg] d'gfkmf cfpg] sfo{ k]6|f]lnod kbfy{sf] laqmL,ljt/0fsf nflu 5'6\6} sd{rf/L g} v6fpg ldNg] xf] ls gldNg] xf] < Jofkfl/s sfo{df ;+nUg eP/ h+uLtkm{sf] tnaeQf a'em\g ldNg] xf] ls gldNg] xf] < eGg] ku+\ltsf/nfO{ yfxf ePg . t/ oL ;a} ;Gbe{x? uP/ Pp6} l;qmLdf af+lwg k'u]sf 5g\ . Tof] s] xf] eg] kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ b]zleq cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqsf] cg'kft a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljZja}+ssf] Pp6f gjLgtd\ tYofu+\scg';f/ g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqn] s'n /fli6|o cfo -hLPgcfO{_ sf] #* bzdna $ k|ltzt c+z cf]u6]sf] 5 .
;g\ &) sf] bzsb]lv cy{tGqdf ‘cgf}krfl/s If]q’ sf] ;Gbe{ p7\g] u/] klg () sf] bzssf] clGtd ;dodf cfP/ dfq cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqaf/]sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ;'? ePsf] xf] . oBlk clxn];Dd cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqsf] kl/efiff g} k"0f{ eOg;s]sfn] o;df s'g–s'g If]qnfO{ lng] / s;/L u0fgf ug{] eGg] s'/f g} ljjfbsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5, oBlk pknAw tYofu+\s / k|rlnt dfGotfx?sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] of] tYofu+\s cfkm}+df :jLsfo{ tYofu+\s xf] . km]u, :s]lg8/, k|]m/ / e]/]G;nufotsf cy{zf:qLx?n] ‘;Dk"0f{ c–plNnlvt cfly{s ultljlwx? h;n] s'n /fli6|o pTkfbg -hLPgkL_ df of]ubfg u5{g\ To;nfO{ g} cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq elgG5’ eGg] kl/efiff lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . -ljZja}+s M cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqaf/]sf] ;j{]_ . o;df sfg'gL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0faf6 k|fKt x'g] t/ pNn]v gul/g] -;]gf / k|x/Lsf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt d'gfkmfsf] ljj/0fh:tf] ¦_ cfo klg ;dflji6 5 .
gof+ kl/efiffcg';f/ cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqdf rf]l/Psf j:t'sf] Jofkf/, nfu" cf}ifwsf] pTkfbg / sf/f]af/, j]Zofj[lQ, h'jf, t:s/L / wf]vfw8Lh:tf df}lb|s sf/f]af/ x'g] tyf rf]/Lsf j:t' Pjd\ nfu" cf}ifwsf] ljlgdo, cfkm\gf] k|of]hgsf nflu x'g] rf]/L t:s/L / nfu" cf}ifwsf] pTkfbgh:tf u}/df}lb|s ultljlw h'g k"0f{tM u}/sfg'gL x'g\, ltgLx? k5{g\ eg] sfg'gL ?kdf b]lvOg] ultljlwaf6 k|fKt cfonfO{ n'sfpg]– l5kfpg] sfo{ klg cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqsf] Pp6f If]q xf] . :j/f]huf/af6 k|fKt t/ gb]vfOPsf] cfo sfg'gL j:t' tyf ;]jfaf6 k|fKt t/ c–pNn]lvt tna, eQf / ;DklQ, sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] 5'6, d'gfkmf n'sfpg] sfo{;lxtsf cGo s/ 5Ng] sfo{x? klg of] kl/efiffleq ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
s;}s;}n] o;nfO{ cfk/flws / e"ldut ?kdf ;~rfng x'g] cy{tGqsf ?kdf ;d]t kl/eflift u/]sf] eP klg sfg'gL ;+/rgfleq} a;]/ ;~rfng eO/x]sf cgf}krfl/s ultljlwx?nfO{ klg o;sf] bfo/feGbf aflx/ /fv]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . /f]huf/Lsf b[li6n] vf;u/L cfO{Pncf]sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ x]g{] xf] eg] cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqleq ;8sdf ul/g] h'Qf kfln;b]lv /Tgkfs{sf ;8s Jofkf/L, 3/df a;]/ n'uf l;nfpg];Ddsf sfd kg{] ub{5g\ . kl/efiff h] eP klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq a9\b} uPsf] k|;u+\unfO{ a]jf:tf ul/xfNg ldNb}g .
g]kfnh:tf] d'n'sdf s'n /fli6|o cfosf] ´G8} $) k|ltzt c+z cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqn] cf]u6\g' cToGt} uDeL/ s'/f xf] . ef/th:tf] 7"nf] / tLj| ljsf; eO/x]sf] cy{tGqdf ;d]t cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqn] s]an @# k|ltzt c+z cf]u6]sf] 5, hals ;a}eGbf a9L cgf}krfl/s If]q ;lqmo dflgG5 . ha ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Sb}g, ha ;/sf/sf s/ k|zf;gsf lgoGq0f / ;Ldfx? a9\g yfN5g\, ha cf}krfl/s If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfoeGbf cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo a9\g yfN5 ta cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq a9\g yfN5 eGg] cy{zf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf b]zleq cgf}krfl/s If]q c´ a9L ;lqmo /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5, lsgls clxn] ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs b'a} ?kdf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;'/IffsdL{x?af6} cfdgful/s c;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . lgjf{w ?kdf Jofkfl/s ultljlw ;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fHo / dfcf]jfbL b'a} kIfaf6 cg'lrt bafa / aGb]hsf sf/0f v'Nnf / :jtGq ?kdf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 3";vf]/L, sld;gvf]/ / n'Rrf] k|j[lQn] ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 7Kk ljsf; sfo{n] ubf{ lsg s/ ltg{] < eGg] dfgl;stf ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . s/ ltg{]n] eGbf s/ 5Ng]n] a9L k|>o kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . Pp6f jf:tljstf s] klg xf] eg] cf}krfl/s If]qdf eGbf cgf}krfl/s If]qdf ;+nUg x'g]x?sf] ;u+\Vof a9\b} g} uPsf] 5 . sltko ;Gbe{x?df t ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] hfgLhfgL cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . /fh:jaf6 tna v'jfP/ Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf ;+nUg u/fpg' / To;af6 k|fKt d'gfkmf /fHosf] sf]ifdf bflvnf gx'g'af6 o;sf] k'li6 x'G5 . olb sNof0f sf]ifsf nflu Jofkf/ ;~rfng ePsf] xf] eg] ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /fv]/ jf cGo gof+ b/aGbLaf6 sd{rf/L egf{ u/]/ ToxL+sf] d'gfkmfaf6 tnaeQf v'jfpg] Joj:yf u/]df dfq Tof] b'?kof]u g7xg{ ;S5 .
d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqsf] of]ubfg 36fp+b} n}hfgsf nflu ;dod} kxn gug{] xf] eg] eljiodf oxL g} uDeL/ cfly{s ;d:ofsf ?kdf pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

sflQs !* , @)^) d+unaf/
lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jlKgn sNkgf–/fi6|a}+ssf] tna
g]kfn /fi6|a}+sn] xfn} dfq cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna / eQfdf b'O{ xhf/ k|ltzteGbf a9L cg'kft /xg] u/L j[l4 u/]kl5 k|zf;lgs If]qdf ax; / ;+jfb ;'? ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]if -cfO{PdPkm_ sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f j[l4 ;x'lnot -kLcf/hLPkm_ df g]kfnsf] k|j]z ;'lglZrt ug{sf

nflu tf]lsPsf zt{x?dWo] /fi6|a}+ssf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnadfg j[l4 ug'{kg{] klg Pp6f clgjfo{ zt{ lyof] . o;} qmddf /fi6|a}+ssf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna j[l4 ul/Psf] xf] . To;} klg g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ljQLo k|zf;gsf] hflu/ cfsif{0fsf] If]q /x+b}cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;g / ljQLo k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?aLrsf] tna / cGo ;'ljwfsf] cGt/ o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] clxn]sf] :j?K x]g{] xf] eg] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] eGbf ljQLo k|zf;gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] j[lQ ljsf;sf] a9L cj;/ kfpg]u/]sf 5g\ .
ljQLo k|zf;gdf klg vf;u/L /fi6|a}+ssf] hflu/nfO{ cd]l/sL:t/;+u t'ngf ul/G5, h;/L cfly{s k|zf;gdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx? eG;f/df hfg kfpg'nfO{ dxQ\jk"0f{ 7fG5g\, To;/L g} ljQLo k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx? klg /fi6|a}+ssf] hflu/nfO{ nf]enfUbf] gh/n] x]g{] ub{5g\. ;]jf / ;'ljwfs} s'/f ug{] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf] dxQ\jk"0f{ ljsf;] nfOg dGqfnox?df k|d'v ljefu / dxfzfvfsf ;x–;lrj cyjf dxfzfvf k|d'vx?sf]df afx]s cGt b'n{e k|foM dflgg] ldg/n jf6/ /fi6|a}+sn] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fkl5 tTsfnnfO{ vl/b gug{] lg0f{o ubf{ k|d'v cfly{s va/ aG5, hals s]xL dGqfnox?df ldg/n jf6/sf] vl/b cfb]z hf/L gePsf] dlxgf}+ lalt;Sof], sltko lhNnf:t/s} sfof{nox?df k|o'Qm ah]6 lgsf;L gePsfn] sltko sd{rf/Lx?n] tna vfg gkfPsf] ;d:of klg plQs} 5 . eGgfsf] tfTko{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu /fi6|a}+ssf] hflu/ :jKgb]zsf] sNkgf xf] .
cfly{s jif{ @)%(, )^) df Ps} k6s 7"nf] dfqfdf tna j[l4 ul/Potf lghfdtL k|zf;gdf tna j[l4 ePsf] 5}g . k"j{cy{dGqL 8f= /fdz/0f dxtsf] egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] Toltv]/sf] tna j[l4n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . To;n] vf;u/L k]G;g sf]ifdfly 7"nf] bafa l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . clxn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu 5'6\6} lsl;dsf] lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ff galg;s]sf]n] klg eljiodf Ps}k6s 7"nf] cfly{s bfloTj cFOkg{] lglZrt 5 . of] ;Gbe{ lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dfq nfu" x'+b}g, /fi6|a}+sdf klg nffu" x'G5 . clxn] tnadfgdf b'O{ xhf/ k|ltzt a9L cg'kft /xg] u/L j[l4 ubf{ eljiodf To;n] a}+ssf] lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifdf kg{ cfpg] yk bfloTjsf af/]df s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf] Joj:yfkgn] ;f]r]s} xf]nf eGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . tna / ;'ljwfs} s'/f ubf{ @)%^, )%& df tna j[l4 ePotf ´G8} c9fO ;o k|ltzn] d"Noj[l4 ePsf] 5 . k]6|f]lnod kbfy{df ul/Psf] d"Noj[l4kl5 oftfoft ef8f;d]t hf]8\g] xf] eg] d"Noj[l4 cg'kft tLg ;o k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . s[ifsn] kfpg] pTkfbsd"No 36] klg xl/of ;fu;AhL, rfdn, bfn, t]n;lxtsf x/]s lsl;dsf s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] d"No a9]sf] 5 . oxL cg'kftdf geP klg tLg jif{otf clwsf+z b}lgs pkef]udf cfpg] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx?sf] klg d"No cfsflzPsf] 5 .
clxn]sf] tnasf e/df af+Rg} s7Lg 5 eGg yfn]sf 5g\ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? . cy{dGqLn] of]hgf cfof]usf] ;efsIfaf6 rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 jQmJo kl9;s]kl5 k|ltlqmof ln+bf Pshgf k|yd >]0fLsf clwsf/Ln] ‘;/sf/n] d"Noj[l4 ug{sf nflu eg] 3f]if0ff ul/lbG5, a9\bf] dx+uLdf af+Rgsf nflu eg] yf]/} tna lbG5, clg s]sf] e|i6frf/ gxf];\ t <’ eGg] l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP . ah]6/L Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan], d'n'sleq kof{Kt ;|f]t kl/rfng gePsf lx;fan], ;/sf/n] lghdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnadfgdf j[l4 gug'{ :jfefljs eP klg sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an j[l4 ug{ ;/sf/n] /fxt sfo{qmdsf] eg] 3f]if0ff ug'{ h?/L lyof] .
;/sf/ clxn] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfos{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . Pp6f dxQ\jk"0f{ bft[;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] ;xof]uaf6 @, $ j6f dGqfno ufEb}df ;lrj, ;x–;lrj / ljefuLo k|d'vx?sf] sfo{sIfdf lrNnf 6]a'n–s';L{, dx+uf / cfsif{s ;f]kmf;]6, sDKo'6/;]6 /fVb}df zf;sLo ;'wf/ x'+b}g . ;f+Rr} zf;sLo ;'wf/ ug{] xf] eg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]andf ;'wf/ x'g'k5{ . zfvf clws[taf6 ;]jf cf/De u/]sf bh{gf}+ ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ;]jf lgj[Q x'+bf klg ToxL kbd} /lx/xg', Pp6f zfvf, ljefu jf If]qdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cj;/ gkfpg', k6s–k6s /fhgLlts bafadf ;?jf x'g', dx+uLcg';f/sf] hLjg wfGg ldNg] tna gkfpg', ;]jfsfnLg cWoog–k|lzIf0fnufotsf cGo j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x?af6 jl~rt x'g'h:tf bh{gf}+ sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g oltv]/ lzlyn 5 . ljQLo k|zf;gcGtu{t /fjf a}+sdf u0fs -hf] ls vl/bf/;/x x'G5_ kbdf /x]sf] Pp6f sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t kf+r jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]kl5 3/ agfpg] C0f kfp+5 t/ Pp6f lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] t[tLo >]0fLsf] clws[tn] aL; jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]kl5 ;~rosf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd l´Sbf klg 3/ agfpg k'Ub}g .
b]zdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf e|i6frf/n] df}nfpg] cj;/ kfPsf] klg oxL sf/0f g} xf] . ;a} JolQm ;"o{gfy pkfWofo x'g ;Sb}gg\ . s]xL dlxgfcl3 /fh:j k|zf;gcGtu{tsf @@ hgf sd{rf/Ldfly clVtof/n] sf/afxL cl3 a9fPkl5 s] s/ sfof{no / eG;f/x?df cglws[t ?kdf /sd c;'Ng] qmd /f]lsof] t < /f]lsPsf] 5}g eg] s] sf/0f t < s/ sfof{no / eG;f/df ;'wf/, cg'zf;g / ;'zf;gsf] s'/f ug{] clwsf/Lx?nfO{ pN6} Toxf+af6 kQf;fkm kfg{] v]n rN5 . k;f{, ´fkf, df]/+u, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/Lnufotsf lhNnfdf ;'Aafn] ;L8Lof]nfO{ xNnfpg] tfut /fV5 elgG5, sf/0f s] xf] t <
k~rfotsfnb]lv ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf kl5Nnf jif{x?df ;d]t e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfx?df gfd"b ag]sf k"j{k~r, ;L8f]of] / cGo JolQmx?n] oltv]/ st} gu/k|d'v, st} ;efklt, st} s'g} cfof]udf cfo'Qmsf] ;Ddfg kfPsf 5g\ . x]bf{ ;fdfGo nfUg] of] k|lqmofn] klg Odfgbfl/tfdf ljZjf; /fVg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an lu/fpgdf yk an k'/\ofPsf] 5 . sltko JolQmx? t g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf nflu k|mfG;df ´}+ cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g'kg{] dfGotf /fV5g\ t/ ljBdfg sfg'gL / k|lqmofut ;'wf/x?af6 dfq} klg dxQ\jk"0f{ pknlAwx? xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0f jfl0fHo ljefun] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 .
s]xL lbgcl3 ljZj a}+ssf pkfWoIf ldosf] ldlzldh"sf] Pp6f ;+jfb sfo{qmddf ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ljdn sf]O/fnfn] g]kfndf ;'zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{sf nflu s]xL k|of;x? yfln;s]sf] / o;} qmddf s]xL ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df gful/s a8fkqsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ul/;s]sf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf k|of;x? cfkm\gf 7fp+df 5g\, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfTdan a9fpgsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;zQm agfpg' klg plQs} ckl/xfo{ 5 . dx+uLdf hLjg wfGg k'Ug], 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ :t/Lo lzIff lbg k'Ug] u/L ljQLo k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] :t/sf] dfq klg tna k|bfg ug{ ;lsPdf d'n'sdf JofKt e|i6frf/ cfwf lgd"{n ug{ ;lsG5 . xf]Og eg], /fi6|a}+ssf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnadfg x]b{} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] d'v ld7ofp+b} ‘j}slNks af6f]’ vf]Hg'kg{] vt/f eg] sfod} /xG5 .

sflQs $ , @)^) d+unaf/
‘l8kmN6/’sf] ;"rLdf /fhkl/jf/sf] gfdn] s] ;Gb]z b]nf .
uPsf] ;ftf g]kfnsf] cfly{s If]qdf Pp6f uDeL/ t/+u\u pTkGg eof]. ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf ;/sf/L / c4{;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf b]zsf k|d'v b'O{ 7"nf jfl0fHo a}+sx? g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 / /fli6|o jfl0fHo a}+sn] Ps}lbg qmdzM ! ;o !# / ^! u/L ! ;o &$ Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx?sf] gfd ‘C0f gltg{], C0f ltg{ c6]/ u/]/ a:g]x?’ sf ?kdf k|sflzt u/] . ;f]´f] / k|:6 ?kdf pNn]v gu/] klg tL Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx?sf] gfd sfnf];"rLsf ?kdf k|sflzt ul/Psfn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf Jofj;flos If]qdf To;n] xnrn g} pTkGg u/]sf] 5 .
ufp+df ePsf] !) w"/ hUuf klg w/f}6L /fv]/ hDdf aL; xhf/ ?lkof+ shf{ lng] y'k|} g]kfnLx?sf] tLgk':t] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ub{}cfPsf g]kfn a+}s / /fli6|o jfl0fHo a+}ssf nflu o:tf] ;"rgf gf}nf] geP klg o;k6ssf] C0f gltg{]x?sf] ;"rL k|sfzgn] oL b'j} jfl0fHo a}+ssf ;~rfnsx? clGtd o'4df pq]sf] ;+u\s]t lbPsf] 5 . of] sfnf];"rLdf kg{af6 /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o / zfxL gft]bf/x? klg aRg g;Sg'n] o; s'/fsf] :ki6 ;+u\s]t lbPsf] xf] .
a}+ssf ‘l8kmN6/’ x?sf] ;"rLdf :j= zf/bf /fHonIdL zfx / pxf+sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?, s'df/ df]xgaxfb'/ zfxL / pxf+sf kl/jf/, k"j{k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf 5f]/f / gft]bf/x?b]lv g]kfnsf k|ltli7t Jofkfl/s 3/fgf cdfTo ;d"x, Hof]lt ;d"x;lxt y'k|} k|ltli7t Joj;foLx?sf] gfd klg of] ;"rLdf k|sflzt 5 . g]kfn a}+s / /fjf a}+sn] nufgL u/]sf] (@ ca{ ?lkof+eGbf dflysf] C0fdWo] #), #% ca{ ?lkof+ v/fa shf{sf ?kdf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] tYo ljutdf ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf] 5 . oL b'j} jfl0fHo a}+ssf] ljQLo :jf:Yo cToGt} v/fa ePsf sf/0f klg a+}s Joj:yfkg ljb]zL lj1x?nfO{ s/f/df lbg'k/]sf] xf] . a+}s Joj:yfkg s/f/df lnPsf] Ps jif{kl5 b'j} a}+ssf Joj:yfksx?n] ;Nnfxk"j{s C0f gltg{]x?sf] ;"rL k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . C0fL, C0f lng] ;+:yfsf k|j4{sx? / hdfgtbftfx?sf] ;d]t tLgk':t] ljj/0f k|To]s dlxgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ /fi6| a}ssf] ebf} #) sf] lgb]{zgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf klxnf] r/0fdf ! ;o !# / ^! Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx?sf] gfdfjnL ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] tL a}+sx?sf] ;"rgfdf pNn]v 5 .
ljutdf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8sf Pshgf ;~rfnsn] a}+s 8'afpg] @) j6f Jofj;flos 3/fgf -l8kmN6/x?_ sf] ;"rL cfkm";+u /x]sf] bfaL h'g;'s} ;df/f]xdf klg ug{] uy{] . pgLx?s} sf/0fn] a}+s 8'a]sf] pgsf] egfO x'GYof] t/ pgn] Tof] ;"rL slxNo} ;fj{hlgs u/]gg\ / clxn] cfP/ Ps}rf]6L ! ;o !# Jofj;flos k|lti7fgsf] gfd ToxL a}+sn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ s]xL s'/fx?n] g]kfn a}+ssf ;~rfnsx? af+lwPsf lyP, h;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx? o;/L C0f gltg{]x?sf] ;"rL ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;Sb}g lyP eGg] o;af6 b]lvG5 .
kSs} klg jfl0fHo a}+sx?n] u/]sf] nufgL lkmtf{ cfpg'kb{5, C0fsf] ;f+jf–Aofh c;'npk/ ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fdf s;}n] klg ljdlt g/fVnfg\ t/ C0f c;'nL s'g k|lqmofaf6 s'g ;dodf ug{] eGg] g} clxn]sf] d"nk|Zg xf] . ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]kl5 7"nf] dfqfdf ljQLo k|lti7fgx? v'n]sf 5g\ . ahf/df ;+u\VofTds j[l4;+u} To;n] k|lt:kwf{ klg l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] sDkgL wfGgsf nflu a}+ls+u If]qdf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . vf;u/L lghL If]qsf jfl0fHo a}+sx?n] ‘d'gfkmfsf nflu h] klg ug{]’ /0fgLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf cfPsf] lzlyntf, /fli6|o tyf cGt/f{li6|o Jofkf/df cfPsf] dGbL, sd pTkfbsTjh:tf sf/0fx?n] ljQahf/sf] cfsf/ a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . sDkgLsf] lgoldt sfo{;~rfngsf nflu klg Psn] csf{sf] c;n u|fxs tfGg'kg{] cj:yf 5 . /fd|f] / s'zn Joj:yfkg tyf u|fxs ;]jfsf sf/0f g]kfn a}+s / /fjf a}+ssf /fd|f u|fxsx? o;cl3 g} lghL If]qsf jfl0fHo a}+sx?n] tflg;s] . d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:yf ljifd /x]sf] o; kl/l:yltdf Ps}k6s oqf] 7"nf] dfqfdf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] gfd ‘l8kmN6/’ sf ?kdf k|sflzt ul/+bf of] sbd pTkfbseGbf k|To'Tkfbs a9L x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;"rgfkl5 pgLx? s] cfwf/df C0f ltg{ cfpnfg\ t eGg ;lsGg. Psrf]6L u'ld;s]sf] k|lti7f km]l/ sfod /fVg lgs} ufx|f] k5{ . ;"rgf / ;"rgf;+u} cfPsf] k|lt;"rgfx? x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfn a+}ssf] Joj:yfkgn] C0fLx?;+u clGtd ;Dks{ g/fvL xtf/–xtf/df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . a}+ssf] C0f ltl/;s]kl5 klg cfkm\gf] gfd ‘l8kmN6/’ ;"rLdf k|sflzt ePkl5 Joj;foLx?n] v08g lj1lKt 5fKg'k/\of] -x]g'{;\, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, sflQs–!_ .
;f+Rr} eGg] xf] eg] a}+ls+u If]qn] g} g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ 8'laxfNgaf6 arfPsf] 5 . clxn] d'gfkmfdf uPsf] Pp6} dfq If]q xf], ljQLo If]q . z]o/ ahf/df klg a}+sk|lt ljZjf; 5 . nfef+z lbG5 eGg] nufgLstf{x?sf] ljZjf;nfO{ a}+sx?n] wflg/x]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg sDkgLn] d'gfkmf geO{ nfef+z af+8\g ;Sb}g . d'gfkmf x'gsf nflu a}+ssf] sf/f]af/ k|ultd'vL x'g'k5{ . a}+ssf jf:tljs u|fxs eg]s} g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;flos If]qdf ;+nUg ltg} JolQm jf Jofj;flos 3/fgfx? x'g\, h;dWo] w]/}nfO{ g]kfn a}+s / jfl0fHo a}+sn] l8kmN6/sf] ;"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 . logLx?nfO{ lr9ofP/, abgfd u/]/ jf t;f{P/ a}+ls+u sf/f]af/ km:6fpg ;Sb}g . a? To;sf] ;6\6f cfk;L 5nkmn / ;d´bf/Lsf cfwf/df af6f] th'{df ug'{k5{ .
s/f/sf] ;do ;lsg (, !) dlxgf dfq af+sL x'+bf b'j} a}+ssf Joj:yfkgn] cfkm\gf] sfd b]vfpgsf nflu klg of] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] x'g ;S5 . a}+s Joj:yfkg s/f/df lnPsf] Ps jif{ lalt;Sbf klg ;'wf/sf gfddf s]–s] ePsf] 5 , cfdhgtfnfO{ yfxf 5}g . s]an ;fgf] :t/df lbOg] @), #) xhf/sf] C0f aGb ug{], sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ :j]lR5s cjsf;sf gfddf hflu/af6 lgsfNg] dfq sfd u/]sf] hgtfn] yfxf kfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfn a}+sn] clxn];Dd @ ca{ ?lkof+ nufgL p7]sf] 5 eg]sf] 5, Tof] klg cf}krfl/s ?kdf xf]Og . (), (@ ca{ ?lkof+ nufgL ePsf a}+sx?df @%, #) ca{ ?lkof+ p7fpg'k5{, To;sf nflu a}+sn] s] ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfpgsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] h:tf] nfU5 . b'j} jfl0fHo a}+snfO{ gof+ k|ljlwo'Qm agfpg], a}+sx?sf] sf/f]af/ ljj/0f cGt/f{li6|o n]vf lgodcg'?k /fVg], ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/ sDKo'6/fOH8 ug{]nufotsf s/f/df ln+bf ul/Psf zt{x?sf] k|ult s:tf] 5, b'j} a}+ssf] Joj:yfkgn] ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{ .
;'wf/sf ultdf hlt tLj|tf lbP klg s/f/df a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lng]x?n] hlt;'s} vr{ u/]/ sfd u/]h:tf] u/] klg cGttf]uTjf b'j} a}+snfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf lghLs/0f gu/L ;'v} 5}g . s]an s;nfO{ lbg], s;n] lsGg], s'g k|lqmof ckgfpg] eGg] dfq ax;sf] s'/f xf] lsgls g]kfnsf] ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf nufgL ul//x]sf ljZja}+s / cGt/f{li6|o d'b|f sf]ifsf clwsf/Lx?n] lghLs/0f g} clGtd c:q xf] eGg] tYo ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
clxn]sf] ljQLo If]q ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{ eg]sf] g]kfn a}+s / jfl0fHo a}+ssf] ;Gbe{ dfq xf]Og, g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud -PgcfO{8L;L_ / s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] klg ;Gbe{ xf] . oL b'j} lgsfo klg c:j:y 5g\, vf;u/L PgcfO{8L;Lsf] xfnt t ´g} v/fa 5 . Ps cg'dfgcg';f/ PgcfO{8L;Lsf] () k|ltzt C0f nufgL lgliqmo shf{df kl/0ft eO;Sof] . lwtf]d'vL xf]Og, kl/of]hgfd'vL tyf JolQmsf] ;fvsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] PgcfO{8L;Lsf] C0f nufgL t ´g} a9L hf]lvddf 5 .
kl5Nnf jif{x?df cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx? 8'Ag] qmd hlt 5, Tof]eGbf a9L PgcfO{8L;Lsf] C0f 8'a]sf] 5 . sfnf];"rLsf] ;"rgf dfq} lgsfn]/ C0f c;'n x'g] xf] eg] g]kfn a}+s / /fjf a}+saf6 ! ;o &# k|lti7fgsf] dfq xf]Og, PgcfO{8L;Lsf] ;d]t hf]8]/ % ;oeGbf a9Lsf] gfd l8kmN6/sf] ;"rLdf lg:sg ;S5, t/ of] g} clGtd c:q sbflk x'g ;Sb}g .
d"ntM C0f lbg] a]nfdf sDkgLsf] clws d"Nof+u\sg, k|j4{sx?dflysf] clws ljZjf;, lwtf]d'vL xf]Og kl/of]hgfd'vL eP/ C0f lbg] rng, sDkgLsf] cfly{s, k|fljlws ;DefJotf / nufgLsf] hf]lvdsf] cWooglagf C0f lbg] k|j[lQ, C0fsf] ;b'kof]u / c;'nLsf nflu lgodg / cg'udgsf] sdLh:tf sf/0fn] oL ljQLo k|lti7fgx?sf] nufgL 8'a]sf] xf] . C0f lng] sltko k|lti7fgx? k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf sf/0f 8'a]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] hfgL–hfgL abdf;L u/]sf 5g\ .
clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f a}+sdf ;dodf C0f a'´fpg g;Sg]x?dfly k'glj{rf/ tyf ;f+Rr} abdf;L ug{]x?sf] plrt 5fglag / klxrfg u/L pgLx?dfly sf/afxL cl3 a9fpg'kg{] gLltsf] vf+rf] xf] . o;sf nflu plrt kxn ePdf h;n] klg ;3fp k'/\ofpg ;S5 .

c;f]h @&, @)^) d+unaf/
cy{tGqsf] zx/Ls/0fn] pAhfpg] vt/f
g]kfndf o'4lj/fdkl5 cy{tGqn] ;sf/fTds ult lnPsf] nIf0fx?sf cfwf/df ev{/} Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] cfkm\gf] Pl;ofnL ljsf; kl/b[Zo, @))# sf] ^ dlxg] k'g/fjnf]sgdf of] jif{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ @ bzdna # k|ltzt x'g] k|If]k0f t u/\of] t/ a}+ssf clwsf/Lx? cfkm" :jod\ klg of] j[l4b/ xfl;n x'g] s'/fdf z+u\sfu|:t 5g\ . zflGtjftf{df x'g] k|ult / ;/sf/ tyf ljkIfL ;+;b\jfbL bnx?aLrsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf] zt{df dfq g]kfnsf] cfly{s k|ult hf]l8Psf] ;Gbe{ ;f] a}+sn] k|sfzgdf Nofp+bf–gNofp+b} zflGtjftf{sf ;a} ;Gbe{x?sf] z[+u\vnf 6'l6;s]sf] lyof] . o;cl3 uPsf] dlxgf dfq cGt/f{li6|o d'b|fsf]if -cfO{PdPkm_ n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ‘cfl6{sn kmf]/’– k|ltj]bgn] of] jif{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ @ k|ltzt /xg] tYo ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf clwsf/Lx? eg] clxn] klg @ bzdna # k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/sf] 7f]s'jf ul//x]sf 5g\ .
b'O{ lbgcl3 Pp6f cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf qmddf Pshgf cfly{s ljZn]ifs j[l4b/ k|If]k0f k|lqmofk|lt qm'4 ?kdf k|:t't eP . ‘b]zsf] ufp+–ufp+df cfly{s ultljlw 7Kk 5, s[lifn] /fd|f] k|ult ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ljQLo If]qsf] k|ult kl/;"rs lg/f;fhgs 5, s;/L cfly{s j[l4b/ p+ef] hfg ;S5 eGg] tL ljZn]ifssf] syg lyof] . x'g klg gLlt–lgdf{tf{x? kl5Nnf] bzssf] k|ultsf s]xL tYof+u\sx? k|:t't u/]/ a[xt\ cfly{s ljsf;tkm{ g]kfnsf] ult lglZrt ePsf] dGtJo JoQm ug{] ub{5g\ . ;/sf/n], /fli6|o of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?n] / g]kfn /fi6| a}+sn] /fli6|o tyf cGt/f{li6|o cfly{s d~rx?df k|:t't ug{] u/]sf] tYof+u\sLo ljj/0f x]g{] xf] eg] b]zsf a[xt\ cfly{s cfwf/x? clxn] klg l:y/ 5g\ / ljQLo l:ylt klg wfGg ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5 . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?n] o'4lj/fd e+u\u u/]/ cfqmd0fsf 36gfx? tLj| kf/]otf Jofkfl/s tyf cf}Bf]lus ultljlw 7Kk g} 5 . t/ klg ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? of] jif{ klg /fh:j c;'nLsf] nIo xfl;n x'g] bfaL ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L tYof+u\scg';f/ d'b|fl:kmtL b/ ‘l;dfleq}’ 5 t/ d"Noj[l4n] eg] cfsfz 5f]Psf] 5 . oltv]/ ;/sf/L cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] gLlt lgdf{tfx? klg cfkm\gf] 7fp+df ;xL 5g\ / cfly{s ultljlw 7Kk ePsf ljZn]if0f lgsfNg]x? klg ;xL 5g\ .
lat]sf jif{x?df /f]huf/L / cfo–cfh{gsf nflu ufp+ 5f8\g]x?sf] ;+u\Vof hlt lyof], xfn}sf jif{x?df zflGt ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] knfog x'g]x?sf] ;+u\Vof Tof]eGbf s}og u'0ff a9L 5, ufp+df dflg;x? g} gePkl5 cfly{s ultljlw x'g] t k|Zg} p7\b}g . o;y{ u|fdL0f e]udf cy{tGq k|foM 7Kk g} 5 cyf{t\ cfnf]rsx? k"0f{tM ;xL 5g\ . /f]huf/L, Joj;fo tyf ;'/Iffsf sf/0f zx/df a:g]x?sf] ;+u\Vof oxL sf/0fn] g} a9\g uPsf] 5 . zx/ l5g{]x?n] ;s];Dd bzf}+ la3f jf /f]kgL ufp+sf hUufhldg laqmL u/]/ zx/df Ps 6'qmf hUuf lsGg yfn]sf 5g\ . hUuf lsg]/ dfq ePg 3/ klg agfpg'k/\of] h;n] ubf{ 3/sf nflu cfjZos O+6f, l;d]G6, /8, /+u\u/f]ugsf] laqmL, ljt/0f klg eO g} /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf zx/df /f]huf/L ug{] jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{]x?sf] ;+u\Vof klg o; cjlwdf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t a}ls+u k|0ffnLn] ubf{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ls:tfaGbL e'QmfgL ;'ljwfdf 3/ agfpg, df]6/;fOsn tyf uf8L lsGg C0f k|bfg ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . of] nufgL ;'ljwfn] ubf{ o:tf lsl;dsf ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x?sf] vl/b–laqmL klg a9]sf] 5 . obfsbf zx/L If]qdf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf sf/0f s]xL 36gf eOxfn] klg b]zsf k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df cfly{s ultljlw /f]lsPsf] 5}g . zx/L If]qdf a9\b} uPsf] rfk / To;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] dfu tyf cfk"lt{aLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod x'g g;Sbf oltv]/ d"Noj[l4 csflzPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] s/ c;'nLsf] k|d'v If]q g} zx/L If]qx? /x]sfn] s/ c;'nL klg Psgf;n] eO/x]sf] 5 . km]l/ h]h:tf] cj:yfdf klg nIo k"/f ug'{kg{] cy{dGqfnosf] sl8s8fp lgb{]zgn] ubf{ klg s/ clwsf/Lx? s;/L x'G5 s/ c;'nL ug{] dgl:yltdf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ljQLo cj:yf klg wfGg ;Sg] l:yltdf 5 cyf{t\ ;/sf/ klg ;xL 5 .
b]zsf] () k|ltzt hg;+u\Vof u|fdL0f If]qdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] g]kfnh:tf] d'n'ssf nflu cy{tGq zx/Ls/0f x'+b} hfg' cToGt} 3fts x'g;S5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, /fli6|o tyf cGt/f{li6|o ;+:yfx?sf] ul/aL;DaGwL k|If]k0fx? eG5g\– g]kfnsf] $) b]lv $@ k|ltzt hg;+u\Vof k"0f{tM lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5, cyf{t\ ´G8} ! s/f]8 hg;+u\Vof k"0f{tM ul/a 5 . pknAw tYof+u\sx?sf cg';f/ ul/ax?sf] 7"nf] ;+u\Vof -^@ b]lv &) k|ltzt_ u|fdL0f If]qdf 5 . km]l/ ef}uf]lnstf, cfo:t/, ;fdflhs Jojxf/cg';f/ zx/L If]qdf a:g] / u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/ax?aLr 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0fn] g} ul/aL a9]sf] tYo ;j{dfGo l;4fGt xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ufp+ / zx/aLr b"/L a9\b} hfg' / cfly{s ultljlw zx/df dfq} s]lGb|t x'+b}hfg' ul/aL lgjf/0fsf b[li6n] vt/fk"0f{ ;"rs xf] .
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu Go"gtd ^ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n x'g' h?/L 5 . o;nfO{ cfly{s ultljlw a9\g}k5{ / Tof] j[l4 zx/d'vL geO{ u|fdL0f cy{tGqd'vL x'g' klg plQs} ckl/xfo{ 5 . zx/Ls/0fd'vL cfly{s ljsf;n] cy{tGq Pp6f ;Lldt ju{sf] d'7\7Lleq hsl8g] vt/f a9\b} hfG5 . ;Lldt k"+hLklt ju{sf] xftdf cy{tGq kg'{ k/fwLgtfsf nflu af6f] v'Nb} hfg' klg xf] .
oltv]/ Pp6f ;Lldt ju{ cfkm\gf] juL{o :jfy{sf nflu lqmofzLn eO/x]sf] 5 . b]zleq ;se/ nufgL g} gug{], u/] klg sfnf] wgnfO{ ;]tf] agfpgsf nflu ug{] / g]kfnLdf nufgL u/]/ ljb]zL kl/jTo{ d'b|fdf oxf+sf] k"+hL ljb]z k7fpg] logLx?sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f+}+df cfh ;DkGg x'g] k|yd u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;Dd]ngdf p7]sf d'2fx?dWo] g]kfnaf6 8n/df nufgL lkmtf{ n}hfg kfpg] ;'ljwf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] kfpg'k5{ eGg] d'2fnfO{ klg o;};+u hf]8]/ x]g{ yflnPsf] 5 . of] ;'ljwf ;f+lRrs} k|bfg ug{] xf] eg] ef]ln uP/ ljb]zdf jiff{}+;Dd u}/sfg'gL tj/df cfh{g u/]sf] sfnf] wgnfO{ g]kfndf NofP/ oxf+af6 ;]tf] wg agfO{ 8n/df lkmtf{ nfg] cyjf g]kfnsf] ;DklQ laqmL u/]/ 8n/df ljb]z n}hfg] vt/f /xG5 h;n] sfnfGt/ x}6Lsf] h:t} ;Lldt k"+hLklt ju{n] cd]l/sfaf6 cy{tGq ;~rfng ug{] kl/0flt lbG5 . To;} t ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|j]z k|;+u;+u} v'Nnf ul/Psf] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf o; lsl;dsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkn] k|j]z kfp+bf ef]lnsf] ult s] x'g] xf], Tof] lg0f{o ug'{k"j{ ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 .

c;f]h !#, @)^) d+unaf/
km]/L gcfcf];\ o:tf] bz}+
bz}+ d"ntM Jofkf/ x'g] l;hg dflgG5 . jif{el/sf] dGb Jofkf/af6 cfkm\gf] ;f+jf;d]t u'dfpg k'u]sf Jofj;foLx? bz}+ ahf/af6 pS;g] cfzf /fVb5g\ . jif{lbgsf] :6s lSnl/oG;sf] cj;/ klg oxL g} xf] . bz}+sf nflu eg]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] 7"nf] dfqfdf nQfsk8f l´sfpg] ub{5g\, ;f+Rr} eGg] xf] eg] bz}+h:tf rf8kj{ Jofkf/Lx?sf nflu bz nufgL u/]/ ;o sdfpg] cj;/ xf] . t/, o; jif{ d'n'sdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsl;t 36gfqmdn] Jofkf/Lx?n] ;o sdfpg' t k/} hfcf];\, nufgL u/]sf] bz;d]t lkmtf{ gcfpg] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
utjif{ df3df dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xL / ;/sf/aLr o'4lj/fd ePkl5 b]zsf] cy{tGqn] s]xL ult lng yfn]sf] lyof] . ufp+3/df ;':t /x]sf] Jofkfl/s ultljlw rndnfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . ca t s]xL x'+b}g eGg] cfz lnP/ o'jfju{ ufp+ kms{g yfn]sf lyP, h;n] ubf{ dlxgf}+b]lv af+´f] /x]sf v]t hf]lt+b} lyP . e08f/df yGSofP/ /flvPsf] pAhgL laqmLsf nflu ahf/df k7fOg yflnPsf] lyof] . cfly{s ultljlwn] k'ghL{jg kfpg] nIf0fx? b]lv+b} lyP . b]zsf] cfoft / lgof{t Jofkf/ a9\g] qmddf lyof] . g]kfndf ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{gsf nflu bf];|f] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6gn] klg ult kfpg ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . ko{6sx?sf] cfjfudg / pgLx?sf] g]kfn a;fO{ cjlw a9\g yfn]sf] lyof], t/ PsfPs o'4lj/fd e+u\u eP/ d'n'sdf k'gM cfGtl/s o'4sf] l:ylt bf]xf]l/Pkl5 cy{tGqdf cNksfnLg ?kdf b]vfk/]sf cfzf / cfsf+u\Iffx?dfly t'iff/fkft ePsf] 5 . Jofkf/ 7Kk ePsf] 5, ufp+3/df bf]xf]/f] cft+u\ssf sf/0f lx+88'n / rxn–kxn aGb 5 . 8/n] clwsf+z dflg;x? of] jif{sf] bz}+df 3/ gkms{g] ;f]rfOdf k'u] . jft:jdf g]kfnL dfqsf] dxfg\ rf8 a8fbz}+ ldngsf] kj{ klg xf], cf–cfkm\g} p2]Zon] k/b]lzPsfx? of] kj{sf] cj;/ kf/]/ 3/ kms{G5g\ . jiff{}+;Dd ldng gePsf cfkmGt / ;fyL, ;+u\uLx?;+usf] e]6n] ;f+Rr} g} bz}+ ldng–pT;j g} aGYof] . clg ;///{=== ub{} lk+u\df x'O+lsg] t?gL–tGg]/Lx? / /+u\uL–r+u\uL n'uf nufP/ bz+}df ;–kl/jf/ cfkmGtsxf+ 6Lsf yfKg lx+8\g]x?sf] nsf{]n] ldng dxf]T;jsf] k/]8sf] ´f+sL lbGYof] . t/, of] jif{ g t o:tf] nsf{] b]Vg kfOg]5, g lk+u\sf] ;//{=== g} ;'Gg kfOg]5 . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf] cf/f]k, cleof]u / wDsLaf6 cft+u\lst ufp+sf s]xL ;DkGg x'g], vfg]x? pgLx?s} 8/n] ufp+ kms{]sf 5}gg\ eg] clnstf hfGg]a'em\g] tyf vfOnfUbfx? ;'/IffsdL{sf] vfgtnf; / clt s]/sf/sf sf/0f ufp++ gkms{g] dgl:yltdf 5g\ . ‘cfkm\gf] ufp+df cfkm}+ gf}nf] eOG5, sxf+ s'g sGb/fsf ;'/IffsdL{x? P t]/f] 3/ sxf+ xf] <, lsg cfO;\ < oxf+ t]/f] 3/ xf] eg] lxhf]–cl:t sxf+ uPsf] lyO;\ < h:tf b'Jo{jxf/ ub{5g\ . To;}n] sltko 3/ hf+b}gg\ .
lat]sf] jif{ t l:ylt lau|]s} cj:yfdf klg bz}+ olt lg/f;fhgs lyPg, /f]hL/f]6Lsf nflu ufp+ 5f8\g]x? klg 3/ kms{]sf lyP . oftfot Joj;foLx?nfO{ ofq'sf] rfk wflgg;Sg' x'GYof], t/ clxn] bz}+ ;f+Rr} g} bzf ag]sf] 5 . ufp+3/df afa'cfdfsf] bz}+ dfGg] vr{ ag]sf] ljb]lzPsf 5f]/fx?n] k7fpg] nfx'/] cfo klg clxn] t aGb ePsf] 5 . 3/df 7"nf] /sd /fVbf vt/f x'G5 eGg] dg;fon] afa'cfdfn] cg'/f]w u/]kl5 5f]/fx?n] s;/L vr{ v]k'g\ t < Psflt/ ufp+df cfly{s ultljlw g} 7Kk ePsf sf/0f Jofkf/ dGb t 5+b}5, csf{]lt/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] bz}+vr{ ;dodf lgsf;f gePsfn] klg ahf/ k|efljt ePsf] 5 . d"ntM dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qx?sf nflu kl5Nnf s]xL dlxgfotf 7"nf] dfqfdf /sd g} lgsf;L gePsf] /fi6| a}+ssf If]qLo sfof{nox?sf] tYof+u\sn] b]vfp+5 . n'l6g] 8/n] a}+sx?n] 7"nf] lgIf]k g} hDdf ug{ 5f8]sf 5g\ . otf ‘6]l/l/:6 kmfOgflG;+u’ sf] cleof]u nfUg] 8/n] 7"nf] /sdsf] lgsf;L klg ug{ 5f8]sf 5g\, dfcf]jfbL k|efljt If]qx?df .
s]xL ;docl3 ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]zdf bz nfv ?lkof+;lxt g]kfnL kqmfp k/]sf] va/ cfof] ef/tLo 5fkfx?df . g]kfndf oxf+sf] ;/sf/n] ef? % ;o / ! xhf/sf gf]6x?df k|ltaGw nufPh:tf] ef/t ;/sf/n] g]kfnL k};fdfly k|ltaGw t nufPsf] 5}g . km]l/ klg !) nfv ?lkof+ g]kfnLn] af]Sb}df lsg ;dfpg'k/\of], hjfkm cg'Ql/t g} 5 . ljZjel/ g} cft+u\sjfbdfly x'g] nufgLsf lj?4df cleofg g} ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ;dodf o; If]qdf klg o;;DaGwL ;r]ttf a9\b} hfg'nfO{ unt eGg ldNb}g . oL s]xL pbfx/0fx?n] ‘PG6L 6]/f]l/:6 kmfOgflG;+u’ sf nflu kxn eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, cft+u\sjfbdflysf] nufgL /f]Sg] gfd jf lgx'+df sd{rf/Lsf] bz}+ vr{ lgsf;L g} 7Kk kfg'{ sxf+;Dd a'l4dfgL xf] . gLlt–lgdf{tfx?n] ;f]Rg'kb{5 .
b]zleq cfly{s dGbL 5fPsf] sDkgLn] ljQLo k|ult ug{ g;s]sf], sDkgL 3f6fdf uPsf], sf/f]af/ g} 7Kk, dGb /x]sf] h:tf ljleGg tQ\jx? b]vfO{ lghL If]qsf sDkgL ;~rfnsx?n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ bz}+ vr{ lbgaf6 jl~rt /fVg', ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t bz}+ vr{ ;dodf lgsf; gx'g'h:tf sf/sx?n] of] jif{sf] bz}+ ahf/nfO{ k"0f{k|efljt kf/\of] . b]zs} k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf ?kdf /x]sf] /fhwfgLdf ;d]t bz}+sf] lsgd]n k|efljt ePsf] b]lvof] . ;fgf / dWodjuL{o kl/jf/sf nflu ‘;lk+u :6];g’ dflgg] e[s'6Ld08kl:yt ‘x+us+u ahf/’ df ;d]t Tolt eL8 b]lvPg o;kfln . ljutdf b}lgs kf+r xhf/;Ddsf] sk8f a]Rg] Jofkf/Lx? o;k6s xhf/, kGw| ;osf] klg laqmL ePg eG5g\ . 7"nf vfnsf l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/x?sf] klg xfnt pxL g} 5 . cyf{t\ cf7, bz nfv g]kfnLsf] d'6' /fhwfgLd} Jofkfl/s dGbL b]lvof] .
kl5Nnf jif{x?df b]zsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ d'n'sleq JofKt 4G4n] slt;Dd uf+h]sf] /x]5, To;sf] ;fgf] pbfx/0f dfq xf], bz}+ ahf/sf] dGbL . ha;Dd b]zsf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|efljt kfg{] tQ\jx?df ;'wf/ cfp+b}gg\ ta;Dd s'g} g s'g} ?kdf b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlwx? k|efljt eO{ g} /xG5g\ . rfx] Tof] bz}+ xf];\ of cGo cj;/ . olb ;xL 9+u\uaf6 cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ rndnfpg] cj;/ lbg] xf] eg] d'n'sdf zflGt sfod x'g}k5{ . ha;Dd zflGt sfod x'+b}g, ta;Dd cfly{s ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n x'+b}g . ev{/} k|sflzt ljZja}+ssf] Pp6f k|ltj]bgn] klg elg;Sof] ls xfdL ljZjs} clt ul/a d'n'sx?df kl/;Sof+} . of]eGbf ul/a x'g] xf] eg] t xfdL Olyof]lkofnL gful/sx?eGbf klg hL0f{ / hh{/ hLjg latfpg afWo x'g]5f}+, hxf+ ef]s d]6\gsf nflu cfkm\g} df;' sf6]/ vfg'kg{]5 / Kof; d]6\gsf nflu cfkm\g} /ut lkpg'kg{]5 . ‘d'n'snfO{ c;kmn d'n's x'gaf6 arfp+’ eg]/ w]/} g]tfx?n] efif0f ul/;s], s] ca xfdLn] g;f]Rg] < o;k6ssf] ljhofbzdLdf xfdL ;a} ldn]/ zflGt / ljsf;sf nflu df+ b'u{];+u k|fy{gf u/f}+ .

c;f]h ^, @)^) d+unaf/
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg} k5{
ev{/} dfq sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf lghL If]qaf6 tf//lxt -8ANo"PnPn_ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf] ;/sf/L:t/sf ef/t ;~rf/ lgud, dxfgu/ ;~rf/ lgud, 6]lnsd sG;N6ofG6 lnld6]8h:tf 7"nf / Vofltk|fKt sDkgLx?;+u ;xsfo{ u/]/ ljzfn u'|kn] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o"6LPn_ n] bzsf}+ b]lvsf] b"/;~rf/sf] Psflwsf/ ;dfKt u/]sf] 5 . t/, o"6LPnsf] cfjfudg / o;n] ;~rfng k|lqmofdf ´]Ng'k/]sf cj/f]wx?n] kSs} klg g]kfnL b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ‘/Tg] ;fx"’ dfgl;stf cBflk sfod} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf/L ;fwg grNg] s'g} cw{ kxf8L ufp+df w]/} jif{cl3 Ps hgf /Tg] ;fx"n] sk8f bf]sfg vf]n]sf lyP . glhsdf csf{] s'g} ahf/ gePsfn] Toxf+ pgsf] Psflwsf/ g} lyof] . sfnfGt/df Toxf+ csf{] Pshgf ef/tLo d"nsf g]kfnL -df/jf8L_ sk8fs} bf]sfg vf]Ng] p2]Zon] k'u] . /Tg] ;fx"n] ;'?df t Toxf+ k;n g} /fVg glbg x/]s k|k~r /r], t/ cGTodf s]xL ;Lk gnfu]kl5 pgn] ;D´f}tf u/]/ tL df/jf8LnfO{ k;n vf]Ng] 5'6 t lbP t/ ToxL Jofkf/df cj/f]w eg] l;h{gf ul/g} /x] .
7Ls oxL g} k|j[lQ b]vfk/\of] o"6LPnsf] :yfkgfdf . ;/sf/L tj/af6 g} g]kfndf o"6LPnsf] clwsf/L lgo'Qm eP/ cfPsf pRr kb:y JolQmx?nfO{ dlxgf}+;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f / ;~rf/dGqfnosf kmf+6–kmf+6 rxfg{ afWo kfl/of] . slxn] ;~rfng cg'dlt kq glbP/ t slxn] lk|mSj]G;L glbP/ t slxn] OG6/ sg]lS6le6L glbP/ . csf{] k|lt:kwL{ cfof] eg] cfkm\gf] efu vf]l;G5 eGg] dfgl;stfn] k|]l/t x'g] b"/;~rf/ sd{rf/Lx?n] clVtof/df ph'/L;d]t xfn] .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf o"6LPnn] g]kfnaf6} kms{]/ hfg];d]t ;f]r agfO;s]sf] lyof] . ‘xfd|f] nflu g]kfnsf] ahf/ dxQ\jk"0f{ xf]Og, oxf+sf] ahf/ t Pp6f k|fGtLo ahf/eGbf ;fgf] 5 tfklg g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx? x]/]/ rf/–rf/ j6f 7"nf / dxQ\jk"0f{ sDkgLx? ldn]/ g]kfn cfof}+ . t/, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;f]rfO ;sf/fTds b]lvPg’– o"6LPnsf Pshgf k|j4{sn] u/]sf] of] l6Kk0fLn] jf:tjd} ;sf/fTds ;+u\s]t eg] lbPsf] 5}g .
o"6LPnsf] ;]jf cf/De ePsf] nuQ} ca clxn] b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] klg clw/fHoe/ tf//lxt k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;'? ug{] pb\3f]if u/]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ kLl8tx?sf] ;+u\Vof g]kfndf sd 5}g, Ps nfOg ‘lkmS; kmf]g’ lng cfj]bg lbPsf] jiff{}+kl5 klg kmf]g nfOg h8fg ePsf] 5}g . /fhwfgLleq dfq} b'O{ nfveGbf a9L dflg;x? k|tLIff ;"rLdf 5g\ . klxnf] s'/f t b"/;~rf/af6 kmf]g nfOg g} kfO+b}g . aNn–tNn kfOxfn] klg To;sf] h8fg ug{ cg]sf}+ cj/f]wx? ´]Ng'k5{ . ‘Toxf+ t KjfOG6 vfnL g} 5}g’– x/]s PS;r]Ghx?af6 u|fxsn] ;'Gg] of] ‘8fOnu’ b'/;~rf/sf] kfn]b]lv gjf}+ txsf clws[t;DdnfO{ sG7:y 5 .
‘lrof–l;of vr{’ gkfOGh]n;Dd b"/;~rf/sf sd{rf/Lx? nfOg hf]8\g xQkQ tTk/ g} x'+b}gg\ . cfkm\gf] kmf]g Ps 7fp+af6 csf{] 7fp+df ;fg{, gfd;f/L ug{ klg p:t} sl7g 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b"/;~rf/n] csf{] k|lt:kwL{ cfpgf;fy} cfkm"n] klg ToxL k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? u5{ eg]/ pb\3f]if ug'{ ‘lvl;ofgL laNnL vDaf gfr]+’ eg]´}+ ug'{ dfq xf] eGg] dx;'; x'G5 . b]zsf clwsf+z 7fp+x?df oltv]/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|efjsf/L 5}g . nfOg kfpg 3G6f}+ kv{g'k5{ . a]nf–a]nfdf ;]jf aGb x'g], :yfgLo k|0ffnL lau|g] ;d:of u|fxsx?n] ´]Ng' kl//x]sf] 5 . ub{} gu/]sf] kmf]gsf] lan p7\g], Pp6} gDa/df 3G6f}+ kmf]g u/]sf] lan p7\g], Ps 7fp+df u/]sf] kmf]g csf{] 7fp+df k'Ug], nfOg h'Wg]h:tf ;dfrf/ k|foh;f] kqklqsfdf k9\g kfOG5 .
b"/;~rf/sf k|foM sd{rf/Lx? k"0f{Jofj;flos 5}gg\ eGbf klg x'G5 . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ef/tLo ;xof]udf sDKo'6/fOH8 k|0ffnL pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . t/, sDKo'6/df rf/, kf+r c+u\ssf] 8f6f OG6|L ug{ klg sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 3G6f}+ nfUg] tYo b"/;~rf/df 6]lnkmf]g lan ltg{ 3G6f};Dd nfOg a:g'kg{]af6 yfxf x'G5 . v'b|f k};f lkmtf{ gkfpg] k|j[lQ t sd{rf/Lsf] afgL g} eOxfNof] b"/;~rf/, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\ k|flws/0f sxL+ klg v'b|f k};f lkmtf{ kfOGg . ‘8f6f OG6|L’ df q'l6 ePs} sf/0f sltko u|fxsx?sf] landf cufl8 g} e'QmfgL ul/;lsPsf] k};f klg ltg{ af+sL b]vfk/]sf] / lan ltg{] sfpG6/df b"/;~rf/sf sd{rf/L / u|fxsx?aLr obfsbf ljjfb x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
b"/;~rf/n] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] hLP;Pd k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]n'n/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] klg xfnt pxL g} 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] lrlgof+ k|ljlw h8fg u/]/ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/]sf] eg]/ krxQ/ xhf/ nfOg kf]:6k]8 / yk rfnL; xhf/ lk|–k]8 nfOg t ljt/0f u/\of] . -oBlk lk|–k]8sf] ljt/0f ev{/} yflnPsf] 5_ t/ ‘g]6js{ lahL, gf] g]6js{’ cyjf df]afOn k|of]ustf{sf] ;]6 Jo:t gx'+b} klg ‘tkfO{+n] 8fon ug'{ePsf] df]afOn clxn] Jo:t 5, aGb 5’ eGg]vfnsf ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g 5f8]sf 5}gg\ . ;f+Rr} eGg] xf] eg] df]afOn kmf]gn] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;~rf/ qmflGt g} Nofpg ;S5, o;sf] pbfx/0f a+u\unfb]zsf] ‘u|fdL0f kmf]g’ ag]sf] 5 .
u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s;+u cfa4 eO{ n3'shf{ lnP/ pBd Joj;fo, ;~rfng ul//x]sf ;d"xsf dlxnf ;b:ox?nfO{ ‘u|fdL0f kmf]g’ sf] ;'ljwfn] b}lgs sf/f]af/ ;~rfngdf 7"n} ;xof]u k'/\ofPsf] 5 . t/, cGo ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jf b:t'/ / bfxf]/f] s/ ePsf] d'n'sdf df]afOnsf] ;]jf pkef]ustf{sf] b}lgsL ;xh agfpg]eGbf klg ;]jfbftfsf] sdfpg] k|ljlw x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;'?df bz xhf/ ?lkof+ w/f}6L lt/]/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] u|fxs aGg]x?sf] af+sL kf+r xhf/ ?lkof+df g t b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] s'g} Aofh g} k|bfg u/]sf] 5, g Tof] af+sL /sd ;dfof]hg g} ul/lbPsf] 5 .
ef/tdf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df afx| j6f sDkgLx?n] df]afOn kmf]g ;'? u/]kl5 ;:tf]df $) k};f k|ltldg]6 / dx+uf]df ! ?lkof+ *) k};f k|ltldg]6 kmf]g k|of]usf] 5gf]6 ;'ljwf kfPsf 5g\ . l/nfoG;n] tLg xhf/ ?lkof+df kmf]g ;]6;lxtsf] ;'ljwf lbPkl5 c? sDkgL klg To;}sf] xf]8df ;]jf yKg], dx;'n ;:tf] agfpg] cleofgdf 5g\ .
kl5Nnf] tYof+u\scg';f/ ef/tdf clxn] df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g stf{x?sf] ;+u\Vof %& nfv 5 . hf] c´} a9\g] qmddf 5 . g]kfndf klg df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gdf u|fxsx? c´} a9\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/, To;sf nflu b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/ dfq kof{Kt 5}g .
ljutdf lghL If]qaf6 klg df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? ug{sf nflu af]nkq cf³jfg\ eO;s]sf] klg xf] . kRrL; ca{ ?lkof+ saf]n u/]/ :kfO;;]nn] df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng ug{] eg]/ af]nkq xft klg kf/\of] . v]tfg ;d"xsf] @) k|ltzt / ef/tLo sDkgL :kfO;;]nsf] *) k|ltzt z]o/ /xg] u/L :yfkgf ul/g] elgPsf] :kfO;;]n g]kfnn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf ;]jf ;'? ug{] nIf0f g} b]vfPg .
/Tg] ;fx" k|j[lQnfO{ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngdf lghL If]q 5gf]6 ul/g]lalQs} slxn] clVtof/df t slxn] cbfntdf d'2f xfn]/ xtf]T;fx ug{ vf]lhof] . :kfO;;]nn] klg ;~rf/dGqfnoaf6 lk|mSj]G;L kfpg 7"n} kfk8 a]Ng'k/\of] . t/, ;'?d} @% ca{ a'´fp+5' eg]/ 7"nf] bfaL u/]/ ;]jf ;~rfngsf] clwsf/ xft kf/]sf] :kfO;;]nn] ;dod} tf]lsPsf] ‘a}+s Uof/]G6L’ afkt\sf] /sd;d]t a'´fpg g;s]kl5 Tof] sDkgLsf] ;~rfng cg'dlt klg lgliqmo eof] . lgodfg';f/ t Pp6f sDkgL :jtM ‘l8:SjflnkmfO8’ ePkl5 k'gM csf{] af]nkq cfXjfg\ x'g'kg{] xf], t/ b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f s;sf] bafadf k/]sf] xf] s'lGg . cfh;Dd km]l/ csf{] af]nkq cfXjfg\ ePsf] 5}g .
lghL If]qaf6 csf{] ;~rfns gcfPs} sf/0f b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] h] ubf{ klg ePsf] 5 . af]n]sf], 3f]if0ff u/]sf] s'/f k"/f gubf{ klg ePsf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] aL; xhf/ u|fxs ePs} a]nf krxQ/ xhf/ u|fxs k'/\ofPkl5 ;]jfz'Ns cfwfeGbf 36fP/ blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx?sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'/\ofpg] / cfjfudg sn k"0f{tM lgMz'Ns ug{] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . t/, clxn] krxQ/ xhf/ u|fxs k'lu;Sbf klg b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] afXoudg snsf] b:t'/ 36fpg] / cfjfudg sn lgMz'Ns ug{] t k/} hfcf];\ ljleGg gfddf pN6} z'Ns a9fpg] sfd dfq u/]sf] 5 .
clxn];Dd lgMz'Ns /x]sf] 5f]6f] ;Gb]z ;]jf -P;PdP;_ z'Ns nufPsf] 5 . klxn] b'/L dx;'n dfq lt/] k'Ug] 7fp+df df]afOn k|of]ustf{ Pp6f a]; :6];gaf6 csf{] a];:6]zgdf uP/ cfkm\gf] df]afOn kmf]g u|fxs /x]sf] a];:6]zg ;x/df jf Tof] ;x/sf] csf{] df]afOn gDa/df kmf]g ubf{ cGt/b]zLo -P;6L8L_ dx;'n / yk b"/L dx;'n lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ P]gn] bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/] klg b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf z'Ns eg]/ bf]xf]/f] s/ nufPsf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] cfkm\gf u|fxssf] w/f}6Ldfly Aofh lb+b}g . t/, s]xL u/L dx;'n a'´fpg l9nf] eof] eg] hl/jfgf 7f]S5 < of] ;f]´} u|fxsx?sf] zf]if0f geP s] x'g ;S5 <
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -8ANo"6Lcf]_ sf] ;b:otf ln+bf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ klg afXo nufgLsf nflu v'nf ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5, ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f ug{] 3f]if0ff o; k6ssf] ah]6df klg bf]xf]/\ofOPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf ;+:yfgnfO{ d'gfkmfvf]/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf dfq gnuL ;]jfd'vL agfP/ k|lt:kwL{ 9+u\uaf6 n}hfg;s] dfq ;g\ @))& kl5 Ps}rf]l6 7"nf] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf u/]/ w/fzoL x'g] cj:yfaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .