Gorinto Home Beginners Course
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In the Wu Hsing (Pancabhuta='Five Element') system of Buddhist healing the state of illness (byada) is represented as being a totality of conditions in which various characteristic elements (laksanadhatu) of the body (rupakaya) have become imbalanced and/or disharmonious (asama). Such imbalance has ramifications in all the activities of the psycho-physiological organism (namarupa) and at many levels. Usually one or more of these ramifications demands our attention by means of pain or impairment, in other words we experience its symptoms. A Monk dentist applies his art Symptoms
Symptoms
are not difficult
to recognise but causes
often are. The art of healing itself must always revolve
around the development of
skill in the art of diagnosis for such diagnosis determines what and
how all subsequent treatments will be. The method employed for
diagnosis usually determines just what art or
aspect of healing we are involved in.
Skill in the art of knowing how to suppress symptoms, however noble it may seem, does not constitute a skill in healing nor are they (skill in healing methods and healing itself) necessarily found together. To suppress the symptoms of disharmony and regard this act as being a cure for illness is a very limited approach for any doctor orhealer to adopt as it can only ever achieve exactly what it sets out to do, namely the usually temporary eradication of symptoms. Another
danger of such an
approach lies in the
methods used as a result of such a view. The development of new and
more devastating forms of illnesses has brought ever more terrible
sufferings in its wake and their symptoms require even more powerful
drugs to be developed, manufactured and administered. All too often a
patient suffers more from the results of a 'therapeutic' chemical
process than the illness it is held to cure.
What we experience as the
symptoms of an illness
are simply the apparent effects of a more general state of ill health
manifesting in a particular manner, or in a particular place within the
body. What we regard as its cause (if at all known) is usually the
antecedents of the symptoms themselves rather than anything else. That such a state of
affairs is commonly understood
to exist by the orthodox healing professions can be seen in the fact
that there is no general view amongst them that such causes could ever
be made to cease for ever, nor is it considered a real possibility that
a person could ever attain a state in which they never develop or
'catch' an illness. We can see here that the danger of developing an inherently pessimistic orientation for the art of medicine is great and one based upon what are considered to be the experiential inevitabilities existing within a continual state of struggle to be free from illness. Insurance companies and the commercial manufacturers of medicines grow wealthy from such ideas and views. Ancient
traditions
That the state of illness has been with us a long time is known by the very ancient accounts of healing and medicine in all the civilised nations of the world. Some of them however did consider illness with a more positive outlook particularly in the case of Buddhism and Hinduism. Both these systems had very advanced concepts and therapies about illness and its causes. What is especially interesting is how they viewed the nature of illness itself. Their views resulted in very different forms of diagnosis and from this the very therapies they practiced. In general both these
great traditions of healing
regarded many more factors than mere external symptoms in their
evaluation of the nature and treatment of illness. Long before people such as Freud, Harvey, Pasteur, or arts such as psychiatry and chemotherapy, they had evolved sophisticated ways of determining the nature of both mental and physical illness as well as what are now called infections. Treatments arising from these ideas consisted of a wide variety of therapeutic endeavours and practices many of which would not nowadays be connected to the art of medicine at all. The types of treatment applied by the ancient Buddhist and Hindu doctors often involved practices which are still regarded as very new or forward looking in modern times. The phototherapy of G.G Luce and its related S.A.D. syndrome were all well known, as were (safe) radiation treatment, osteopathy, phytotherapy, chromotherapy, hydrotherapy, inoculation, vaccination, and a very advanced form of clinical surgery, the like of which was not equalled for 2000 years in the western hemisphere. Some of these healing practices still await discovery by modern medicine. The practitioners
themselves were also different in
that, in common with the ancient Greeks and Egyptians, the art of
healing was regarded as religious practice and an exalted profession
fit only to be studied and performed by priests or renunciates. The healing of bodies and
the healing of minds go
naturally together and for a person who is involved in studying and
applying both of these aspects an inner balance of each is essential.
Such balance is achieved through spiritual practices and both Hinduism
and Buddhism fully recognise this fundamental fact. Despite this knowledge illnesses still arises. It often strikes when we haven't done anything to justify it and in order to explain such occurrences the ancient teachers quite wisely sought answers in both the physical and spiritual realms. Unlike their later western counterparts 'answers' were forthcoming for it was in the understanding of what actually constituted the human being that one 'key' to understanding the nature of illness was found. If one took the materialist
view that humankind was all and only
physical being then one had to accept the sheer injustice of disease
and sickness. Therapeutic endeavour was thus strictly limited to what
could be experientially evident. Every new disease began a flurry of
research and experimentation until some solution to it was unearthed. Diagnosis
If our system of diagnosis is faulty, incomplete or both, any and every treatment we apply will not be totally successful in the long term. In some cases it could be that bearing the symptoms will be healthier for us than taking the treatment suggested for it. The symptom we repress will be replaced by yet other symptoms until the patient's body is no longer able to bear either the treatment suppressing those symptoms or the symptoms themselves. We can understand these principles by means of an analogy. Suppose we work hard all our lives, save our money and buy our dream cottage in the country. It is a beautiful place with woods, fields and a lovely pond in which fish and frogs abound. Soon we make friends with our neighbours who are all simple and spiritual folks like ourselves. all seems well and we are very happy, content and looking forwards to enjoying the fruits of our well deserved labours. One day our closest neighbour, whom we get on with very well, and who is the poorest and simplest of all those who live in the locale, begins to create a small workshop. In this he hopes to produce a few goods which he can sell in order to raise some sorely needed money for himself and his family. We feel very glad for him and make a note to publicise his efforts to others in the neighbourhood. After a few months however we begin to notice that the fish in our pond are not so abundant. Later on we find some of them floating dead on the surface of the pond. Being concerned with this we try to find out what has happened and ask around and take advice about this situation. Eventually we discover that all the oxygen in the water of our pond has gone and along with it all the fish and other pond life. Even the frogs etc have died. Because there are no fish left, the insect population, which the fish usually eat, increases in leaps and bounds. The water clogs up with the weeds normally eaten by the fish. In a short time our previously beautiful pond has become a choked up, swamp like, dip in the ground, filled with parasites such as mosquitoes along with their eggs etc. Such a situation would concern us but we may ignore it by suppressing our concern and hope that it will go away. Of course it doesn't, so we then try replacing our concern with another i.e. we go on an extended holiday somewhere. This means we do not see the pond or experience the sadness it brings us. This isn't of course a proper solution for eventually we have to return and face it all anew. Such a response is like ignoring an illness we suspect we are developing or being told by our doctor that what we think we have will pass naturally and doesn't require any significant treatment. If decide to change this situation in the style of modern medicine by removing its immediate symptoms we could introduce oxygenating pond plants and perhaps new fish into the pond. These would work for a time but sooner or later the same situation would arise anew and we would be back where we started and the degeneration would continue to increase. No matter how many times we applied this remedy the same situation would reassert itself because it isn't the real problem, it is only its symptom. At this point we would need to positively decide what more we could do, so we initiate an investigation into its possible causes. With a little detective work we discover that our industrious neighbour has been tipping waste products form his workshop into or close to the pond and these have seeped into the water and killed the fish. We now have decide on a further course of action to alleviate this situation. We could approach our neighbour and explain what has happened. He may for instance say he did not intend this to occur and is very sorry that it has, but that the materials involved, or the way he uses and disposes of them in his work are essential, and he needs the money. He likes what he does and no amount of persuasion or pressure can change his way of working as his work depends upon this and he cannot afford to do anything else. We then reach a stalemate situation. There is nothing further we can usefully do by stating our case. We know what it is that we wish to achieve but we do not have the means or power to do it. If we decide to again use medicines' technique of suppression we could secretly go around to our neighbours workshop late one night and quite illegally burn it down. This would halt his activities for a while and give our pond a chance to recover its natural life, but by using such a method there arises the possibility that he could rebuild it later, perhaps on an even larger scale, to make up for his lost trade. Then we would be faced with the possibility of even greater acts of sabotage and a greater chance of being discovered and caught in the act. To do more along these lines would mean initiating a cycle of events that we would have no way of knowing where or how would end. Such
an approach is rather
like medicines idea of surgically removing
an infected organ or body part in the hope that this will end the
illness and symptom. Such
a remedy would be
rather like encouraging a patient who is
difficult to treat to die quickly and his relatives to produce a new
baby to replace him. A
more wise solution would
be to recognise the real causes of the
situation, namely the financial hardship which prompted our neighbour
to engage in the business in the first place and it is that very
financial need that we should really address first and foremost. This
could start by suggesting, helping or even creating for him, other
means of income or more amenable premises and places of work. We could even offer to pay for his waste disposal as an interim encouragement. By giving some time to trying to understand how our neighbour sees this situation, how and what he thinks about it, enables us to develop an individual approach that we can present to him in terms he finds both understandable and acceptable. Attitudes It
seems clear that it is
the therapists view of patients in general
which is a
key factor in the formulation of both diagnosis and treatment. If one
is limited so will be the other. If a doctor has a limited conception
as to the potentialities inherent in general humanity he or she will
only address those factors. It is doctors themselves alone who restrict
their diagnostic basis and it is the range and basis of his or her own
mental and physical being which limit the efficacy of their diagnosis
and treatment. Although their 'power' to heal obviously derived from sources other, or additional to, the purely outward and physical disciplines common to modern institutional medicine, they were never recorded as having taught their students to consider such things in any systematic manner. When the disciples of these prophets fell ill they sought out Doctors the same as everyone else. Such a defecit of consideration is noticeably absent in the Buddhist outlook. The Buddha
He, and many of his later disciples, outlined different, and surprisingly modern sounding themes concerning the causal factors involved in both the formation and development of physical illness. These included various types of foodstuffs (ahara), their colour, texture, substance and preparation, as well as the time and environment in which they are consumed. How the seasons of the year affect one's temperament (which is literally what the word really indicates) and the body's homogenous interactive responses (prasada) to them. In the Ceylonese version of the text entitled 'Visuddhi Magga' X1.14-26 ('The Path of Purification') we find all these described in depth. Another early text, the 'Chie to tao Lun', was taken to China and seems to have been much used as a 'vade mecum' by missionaries. In Pali this was entitled the 'Vimutti Magga'(The Path of Liberation) authorship of which is ascribed to the Arahant Upatissa. Its Chapters describe and explain organic & skeletal anatomy, respiration, death states and causes of infections. Despite the extensive knowledge of the working of the body,the Buddha always addressed equally the significance of the role of mental as well as physical factors. He determined clearly for instance the differences between mental and physical 'foods'. The Buddhist system proved a worthy basis for the exploration of human and superhuman potential and we find even within the earliest forms of Buddhism the tools necessary for the formulation of both psychological and physiological medicines and intricately structured healing systems. Although the Buddha was borne into a time and tradition in which healing was already a very sophisticated practice, his teachings extended its range and methods considerably. So significant was his contribution that within a short time Hindu physicians and healers adopted many of his ideas concerning disease and illness wholesale. The basic textbooks of the aforementioned Caraka and Susruta contain many excerpts of Buddhist scriptures and commentaries concerning both the practical art of healing as well ethical and philosophical attitudes it assumed. The texts of Caraka and Susruta were much later carried into medieval Europe by Arab traders and many sections of their teachings came to be included in the medical references created by Christian monks. The study and practice of medicine continued unceasingly after the death of the Buddha and we find famous teachers of both Indian and Chinese Buddhist schools, such as Kasyapa, Jivaka, Nagarjuna and Vasubandhu writing commentaries concerning both directly and indirectly the art of healing, In China, the 1st century CE, An Shi Kuo translated many such texts which elevated and revolutionised the existing Chinese traditions. Modern systems of medicine lacks a central universalist basis, It has no proper definition of good health other than a negative one of 'lack of disease'. This is consonant with its inherently pessimistic view of illness itself as was outlined earlier. The Buddhist system however has always had a central and positive goal, namely that of human Enlightenment (Nirvana). Such a goal is seen as the ultimate and transcendental overcoming of all mental and physical sufferings and is the noblest target a healer can aim for. In such a quest the separation of mental and physical illness is recognised as foolish, so also is the concept that one can attain wisdom through specific and specialised knowledge of any one method or practice. This fact is of course completely contrary to the general understanding and view of the intellectual capabilities of a medical specialist or 'consultant'. Understanding
and expertise of the art of healing only arises through a
balanced understanding of the various spiritual, natural, environmental
and psychologial contexts and interactions available to one's patients
and which may affect them not simply from any departmentalised
'specialised' information or outlook. The
burden upon the
Buddhist healer is then to try
and understand, diagnose
and apply therapies which are balanced and conducive to the best wordly
and
suprawordly conditions and interests of the patient. The uncovering of
what these consist of is the great adventure of healing.
Shifu
Nagaboshi
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