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Graciliano Ramos - Biography
Graciliano Ramos in the twenties...BIOGRAPHY ONE
Writer from Alagoas (27/10/1892 - 20/3/1953). it is one of the exponents of the Generation of 30 of the Modernism. Born in Quebrangulo he works as journalist, merchant and director of the Public Instruction of Alagoas. In 1928, mayor of Palmeira dos Índios is chosen (AL), but he resigns two years later. In 1933, it throws his first romance, Caetés. In the occasion, it maintains contact with writers of the Northeastern vanguard, like José Lins do Rego and Rachel de Queiroz. In 1934, it publishes one of their work-cousins, São Bernardo. Accused of communist subversion in 1936, is arrested for 11 months in Rio de Janeiro, experience that narrates in Memoirs of the Jail (Memórias do Cárcere) (1955). When it is free continues in Rio as journalist and teaching inspector. In the decade of 40, he joins to Partido Comunista. With language he needs and social concern, his work is an example of the approach of the literature as middle of knowledge and change of the reality, typical of the second modernist generation. Among their works they still stand out Angústia (1936) and Dry Lives (Vidas Secas) (1938). he Dies in Rio de Janeiro.
BIOGRAPHY TWO
The great Brazilian writer Graciliano Ramos was born in Quebrângulo city, Alagoas State, on October 27, 1892. He studied in the cities of Viçosa, Palmeira dos Indios and Maceió and soon revealed his literary talent by cooperating in newspapers and magazines. In 1928 he was elected Mayor of Palmeira dos Indios andin 1933 he published (in Rio de Janeiro) the romance entitled “Caetés”. In 1933 he was appointed Director of Public Instruction in Alagoas State. On March 3, 1936 Graciliano Ramos was arrested in Maceió city for political reasons and banished to Rio de Janeiro. In the same year the romance “Angústia” was published. In 1938 José Olímpio Publishing House published “Vidas Secas”, a novel based on the existential drama of the Brazilian northeastern people. In 1939 Graciliano was appointed Federal Inspector of Secondary Education in Rio de Janeiro. In 1944 he published “Histórias deAlexandre”; in 1945, the memories book ”lnfância”, and in 1947, the tales book “Insônia”. In 1951 he was elected president of the Brazilian Writers Association. In 1952 he travelled to Russia and other European countries returning sick. He deceased on March 20, 1953 in Rio deJaneiro city. Posthumous publications: “Memórias do Cárcere” (1953) and “Viagem” (1954). Graciliano Ramos work has been translated to many languages and his social and literary contributions are worldwide recognized.
CHRONOLOGY OF A MYTH
1905-it is transferred for Maceió, where it starts to frequent, almost time, the School Fifteen of Março, of the profº. Agnelo Marques Barbosa. He writes, in Viçosa, the newspaper Echo Viçosense, of bimonthly publication, of which Mário Venâncio, his intellectual mentor, was one of the editors.
15 february.1906-It Circulates for the last time Echo Viçosense, bringing Mário Venâncio's obituary, that had ingested carbolic acid to 1st of that month. He prints in the carioca magazine O Malho, sonnets under the pseudonym of FELICIANO DE OLIVENÇA.
10 february. 1909-It begins his collaboration in the Newspaper of Alagoas, of Maceió, with the publication of the sonnet “Skeptic”, under the pseudonym ALMEIDA CUNHA. Other pseudonyms then used in the same newspaper: S. OF ALMEIDA CUNHA, SOARES OF ALMEIDA CUNHA and LAMBDA, this last one in prose works, up to 1913.
1909-1915-He collaborates in O Malho, with the pseudonyms SOEIRO LOBATO and S. of Almeida Cunha.
18 of september. 1910-He answers to literary inquiry thrown in Maceió, for the Newspaper of Alagoas.
27 of out. 1910-Graciliano Ramos comes for Palmeira dos Índios-where it starts to live-in the day of his 18th birthday.
1911-It collaborates in the Mail of Maceió under SOEIRO LOBATO'S pseudonym.
27 august. 1914-It embarks to Rio de Janeiro in the steam Itassuoê.
1914-1915-He works as reviewer of the newspapers carioca Mail of the Morning,(Correio da Manhã) THE Afternoon(A Tarde) and THE Century,(O Século) and it collaborates simultaneously in the fluminense newspaper Paraíba of the South and in the Newspaper of Alagoas under the initials R.O (Ramos of Oliveira).
17 jan. of 1934-The romance Caetés appears, in Rio de Janeiro, edited by Schmidt. The Newspaper of Alagoas, Maceió, announces the emergence of Caetés.
18 of nov. 1934-His father, Sebastião Ramos of Oliveira, dies in Palmeira dos Índios dos Índios.
1934-It also appears in Rio de Janeiro in an edition of Ariel the romance São Bernardo.
13 of March 1936-Prisoner in Maceió for political reasons proceeds to Rio de Janeiro, through Recife.
Ago. 1936-thrown by publisher José Olímpio, of Rio de Janeiro, his 3rd romance, Anguish (Angústia), that will obtain in September of the same year (1936), of the Academic Magazine, the Prize “Lima Barreto.”
3 of jan. 1937-He leaves the prison where was without regular process.
Mai. 1937-The Academic Magazine dedicates him a special edition (Year 3,nº 27) with thirteen goods.
1937-He obtains the prize “Infantile Literature”, of Ministry of Education with the Earth of the Skinned Boys."
1938-The romance Dry Lives (Vidas Secas) appears, in Rio de Janeiro, in an edition J. Olímpio.
Ago. 1939-Federal Inspector of Secondary Teaching is named in Rio de Janeiro.
1939-Published the book the earth of the Skinned Boys, in Porto Alegre for the Livraria Globo.
1940-He translates Memoirs of a black, of the American north Booker T. Washington, edited on that same year in São Paulo, for the National Publisher.
Março. 1941-It begins the publication of the series of chronicles “Pictures and Habits of the Northeast” starting from the 1st number of the Political magazine (Rio).
27 of out. 1942 He receives the prize “Felipe of Oliveira” for the work group, in a commemorative dinner of his 50th birthday.
Published in São Paulo, for the Livraria Martins, the romance Brandão between the sea and the love, written in partnership with Jorge Amado, José Lins do Rego, Aníbal Machado and Rachel de Queiroz. The part of his authorship, the third, Mário is entitled.
4 set. 1943 Palmeira dos Índios attends the writer's mother's death, Maria Amélia Ferro Ramos.
1944-The Uruguayan edition of Anguish, Graciliano Ramos' first translated work appears. Published Alexandre's Histories, infantile literature for Publisher Leitura, of Rio de Janeiro.
1945-Published Childhood(Infância), the book of memoirs (Rio, J. Olímpio) and Two Fingers, stories (Rio, to See. Academic).
1946-Published the work Incomplete Histories (P. Cheers. Globe), gathering the stories of Two fingers, the Unpublished story “Luciana”, three chapters of Dry Lives and four of Childhood.
1947-published the book of stories Insomnia, in Rio de Janeiro, by J. Olympio...
1948 - the book "Childhood" is translated in Uruguay.
1950-He translates the romance the plague, of French Albert Camus, thrown on that same year by J. Olympio.
March 31, 1951 - Elect president of the Brazilian Association of Writers, took ownership to 26 of following April: He was chosen again for that same position in 1962.
1951 - published the 7 true histories (Rio Vitória). Extracted of Alexandre's Histories.
21 April of 1952-It Travels to Russia the to Checoslováquia, still visiting France and Portugal, returning sick to 16 of following June.
13 September of 1952-Seriously sick, He travels to Buenos Aires, in search of improvement, where he was operated without hopes of success.
October 5, 1952-He Returns to Rio de Janeiro, undeceived by the doctors.
October 27, 1952- The passage of his 60th birthday is signed, for a group of friends and admirers in the noble living room of the City hall of Rio de Janeiro, in session presided by Peregrino Júnior, of the Brazilian Academy of Letters On the personality and the work of Graciliano. They spoke to Miécio Tati, José Lins do Rego, Jorge Amado, Peregrino Júnior, Jorge de Lima, Heraldo Bruno and other. On behalf of the honored, that he was sick, he thanked his daughter Clara Ramos.
26 January of 1953-He Goes into at the hospital and maternity São Vitor, in the Beach of Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro.
March 20, 1953-THE writer dies at 5:35 in the morning of one Friday.
1953-Published their Memoirs of the Jail (Memórias do Cárcere), in 4 volumes, in a posthumous edition.
1954-Published the work posthumous Trip (Viagem) (Checoslováquia URSS), in São Paulo, for the Livraria Martins.
1957-published the romance S. Bernardo, in Portugal the first foreign edition of the work.
1962-Published the works posthumous crooked Lines (Linhas Tortas). Living of Alagoas(Viventes das Alagoas) (São Paulo, Martins). Both of chronicles and Alexandre and other heroes (São Paulo, Martins) literature for the childhood and youth.
Published the book of stories Insomnia, in Portugal, for the first time edited in the exterior.
"Dry lives" (Vidas Secas) receive the prize “Fundação William Faulkner”, in Virginia (it USES).
1963-Marked the passage of the 10th birthday of his death, through the press of the Retrospective exhibition of Graciliano Ramos' works, in Curitiba, and of the Exposição Graciliano Ramos accomplished at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro, on May 20.
1965-Published in Portugal the romance Caetés, the first foreign edition of the work.
1970-Published the Memoirs of the Jail in Portugual, for the first time edited out of the country.
NOTE:
"Of all of the Northeastern writers that they were revealed about 1930, Graciliano Ramos is, without a doubt, the novelist that knew how to express, with larger sharpness, the Northeastern man's hard reality without her to let to enchant for the picturesque of the area. Doing with that the psychological prevailed on the social, which Graciliano investigates is the man living the drama that she cannot reproduce of his destiny, in other words, the universal man."
(Portuguese: Languages. Literature, grammar and composition: 2nd degree / William Cereja, Tereza A.Cochar Magalhães. - 2nd ed. rev. and enlarged. - São Paulo:Atual, 1994.)
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