Annotated Bibliography

Anhorn Schaaf, Judy. "Pastoral Exile and The Marble Faun." Nineteenth Century  

            Literature 1988:  24-41.

An interesting comparison between Hawthorne’s own life abroad as his own exile, and Hawthorne’s use of the pastoral and characterization in the novel as analogous to his own personal experience.  The analysis proves that Hawthorne, while away from America, suffered a creative paralysis but found meaning in his environment, much like what occurs in pastoral literature.

Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms.  New York, 1990.

186.

A dictionary of concise literary terms to aid in the interpretation of the term “pastoral.”

Crews, Fredrick. “Giovanni’s Garden.”  American Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 3

            1964:  402-418.

This was a fascinating interpretation of the flower imagery in Giovanni’s garden as a representation of the dual nature of humanity.  Fred Crews refers to Roy Male’s organic theory and explicates the religious irony found in Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter.  Fredrick Crews also interprets the sexual implication behind the tale.

Flannagan, Roy. Paradise Lost.  The Riverside Milton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin

            Company, 1988. 416-418.

            This is an anthology of the works of John Milton.  I took excerpts from the foot- notes of the epic to support my argument that flowers are celestial.  Hawthorne may have reverted to Milton’s Paradise Lost for flower imagery.

Leibman, Sheldon W.  “Hawthorne’s Comus: A Miltonic Source for “The May Pole of

            Merry Mount.”” Nineteenth Century Fiction, Volume 27, Issue 3 1972: 345-351.

This article discusses Hawthorne’s borrowing of other sources for The May Pole of Merry Mount.  Sheldon W. Liebman compares and contrasts Milton’s Comus while explicating Hawthorne’s theme of transformation, temptation, and moral choice.   Sheldon Liebman argues that Hawthorne goes beyond a historical account to reveal the theme of moral choice.

Male, Roy. Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision.  University of Texas Press, New York, 1957.

This was an excellent source for support of the central thesis of this analysis.  Male discusses Hawthorne’s use of the pastoral and Hawthorne’s concern with morality in his fiction.

Male, Roy.  “From the Innermost Germ: The Organic Principle in Hawthorne’s Fiction.”

            ELH, Volume 20, Issue 3 1953:  218-236.

            This article discusses and interprets Hawthorne’s organic theory of art and his implementation of the theory in his works.  Male discusses the organic mechanical antithesis and applies the theory to The Marble Faun and other works to reveal the opposition of ideas centered upon the organic-mechanical antithesis.

Mc. Williams, John.  “Fictions of Merry Mount.”  American Quarterly, Volume 29, No. 1

             1977: 3-30.

            This article discusses the controversy arising at the beginning of American Civilization, as Post-revolutionary Americans, in reference to Nathaniel Hawthorne, were self-conscious about their identity and therefore recreated history.   Mc Williams utilizes the reconstruction theory and retells the actual account through reconstructing Morton and Bradford’s accounts.

Moss, Sidney P. “The Symbolism of the Italian Background in The Marble Faun.”

            Nineteenth-Centery Fiction, Volume 23, Issue 3 1968), 332-336.

            This article discusses the mirroring motif found in The Marble Faun.  She discusses Donatello’s metamorphosis and his possibility for redemption.

Stavans, Ilan.  Mutual Impressions: Writers From the Americas Reading One Another.

            Keystone Typesetting, Inc. United States. 1999.

            Jorge Luis Borges discusses Nathaniel Hawthorne’s fiction through comparing and contrasting the theme of morality with Hawthorne’s Puritan desire to make a fable out of his art.  Borges refers to Hawthorne’s notebooks to support his argument.

Vickery, John B.  “The Golden Bough at Merry Mount.”  Nineteenth-Century Fiction,

            Volume 12, Issue 1957: 203-214.

            John Vickery examines Hawthorne’s use of folklore and legend in The May Pole of Merry Mount.  Vickery argues that the tale’s anthropological material reveals two central themes: contrasting ideals and the logic of religious evolution.

Waples, Dorothy.  “Suggestions for Interpreting the Marble Faun.”  American Literature Volume 13, Issue 1941:  224-239.

            This article discusses Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun as an intellectual and moral conflict.  Dorothy Waples discusses the antithesis of good and evil and Hawthorne’s treatment of sin.