"The law of the Creator, which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom, cannot be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property."
Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves
Democratic Senator
Secretary of Treasury
Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
History of Treasury Building
References and links
'Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves'
In the early years in Cincinnati Chase was more concerned with his family affairs and Sunday School Unions and Temperance Societies than he was with being an advocate of anti-slavery causes. At that time, 1836, protecting the civil liberties of white men was more important to Chase than the civil liberties of blacks. Only when an angry mob tried to shut down the abolitionist newspaper 'The Philanthropist' did Chase become involved. Defending editor James Birney, the editor, against the riotous mob Chase became labeled as one of 'Birney's supporters'. Birney hired Chase in another case for him, and soon the New Hampshire native was defending runaway slaves. Chase became convinced that slavery was a sin. His belief that black people had the right to vote and to an education, and the right to testify in court against white people, alienated him from white society. In a name meant to be uncomplimentary Kentucky opponents called him 'The Attorney-General of Fugitive Slaves'. Chase soon used the title with pride. He never refused to help fugitive slaves or people indicted for aiding the escape of slaves. Appearing in defense of many fugitives he never won a case but his fervent efforts made him a 'friend and counselor to the distressed colored people in Ohio and all over the country'. Taking on these cases brought little else but publicity for he was seldom paid for his services and may have lost clients due to his association with the blacks and abolitionists. At some anti-slavery rallies Chase was pelted with eggs, on one occasion he was hit with a brick.
To show their strong sense of gratitude for Chase's defense of Samuel Watson, a runaway slave, and for his other undertakings on behalf of slaves, he was presented with a sterling silver pitcher, as a testimonial of gratitude for his efforts in the Watson case and for other services. The pitcher bore the following inscription:
A testimonial of gratitude to 'SALMON P. CHASE FROM THE COLORED PEOPLE OF CINCINNATI, for his various public services in behalf of the oppressed and particularly for his ELOQUENT ADVOCACY OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN in the case of Samuel Watson, who was claimed as a fugitive slave, Feb. 12, 1845.'3
Accepting the gift Chase stated the beliefs from which he was never to waiver.
"True democracy makes no inquiry about the color of the skin, or the places of
nativity , or any other similar circumstances of condition. Whenever it sees a man,
it recognizes a being endowed by his Creator with original inalienable rights...
I regard, therefore, the exclusion of colored people from the election
franchise as incompatible with true democratic principles."
Future Governor Chase would serve proponents of slavery
lemonade from the same pitcher at the governor's mansion in the summers of 1856 to 1860. 4
From 1840 to 1849 Chase had his anti-slavery pursuits, the task of organizing the Liberty and Free-Soil Parties, and his private practice to attend to. During this time his second wife Eliza died in 1845 leaving him with his daughter Catherine, Kate Chase, Sprague, who would make her own mark on Washington in the years Chase was Treasury Secretary.
The Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party became one with the call of the Free Soil Party Convention in Buffalo, N.Y, Aug. 9, 1848. Writing strong resolutions Chase, wrote most of the platforms for the Free Soil Party. 'No more slave states and no more slave territory were the party's main agenda. The platform called for an end to slavery in the territories and a ban on the admission of any new slave states to the union.6
It also demanded free homesteads for settlers on the public domain. 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,' a slogan that climaxed the platform declarations, gave the party its name. Martin Van Buren became the presidential nominee. Although far from being a radical anti-slavery man, he had opposed on anti-slavery grounds the annexation of Texas.7 Delegates from eighteen states adopted the platform. Van Buren failed to carry a state.
In 1850 on the votes of the Free Soil-Democratic coalition Chase was elected to the United States Senate. The freshman senator from Ohio fought feverishly against the Compromise of 1850. Opposing the KansasNebraska Act of 1854, Chase helped organize the AntiNebraska Party, as many northern Whigs and The Independent Democrats, discontented with the Democrats liberal view on slavery, severed their political affiliations for the new anti-slavery Republican party. In 1853 Senator Chase introduced the Pacific Rail Act to Congress and it passed.
The Republican party nominated Chase for Governor of Ohio.8 He was elected and served two terms as the first republican governor of Ohio. (1856-60). Governor Chase promoted education, pushed for reform in the prison system of Ohio, established an insane asylum and promoted women's rights.
'Presidential Fever'
Chase was smitten by a malady that would plague him the rest of his life, 'presidential fever'. He tried to secure the presidential nomination of the first republican convention in 1856 but failed. Trying for the nomination again in 1860 Chase felt he was entitled to the republican presidential nomination.
Failing to muster even the support of the Ohio Delegation Chase lost the nomination to Illinois Senator Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln made the comment about Chase, "I prefer him to myself; for Doctor Branford says Governor Chase combines greater executive, administrative and high statesmanlike ability than any man living."9
Ohio, however, preferred Chase in the US Senate in 1860, and returned him there as a republican. In the campaign of 1863 Treasury Secretary Chase would try unsuccessfully to replace Lincoln on the republican ticket.
During the Impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868,
the democrats began to solicit Chief Justice Chase as a presidential
candidate. Chase was not opposed to a democratic nomination if
that party accepted universal suffrage.
Secretary of the Treasury
Two days after being sworn as senator for the second time
Chase resigned to accept the offer of Secretary of Treasury from
the newly elected president Abraham Lincoln. Chase brought to
the office his fear of monopolies, distrust of bankers, a preference
for revenue tariffs and a belief in hard money.
His principles would be tested by an empty treasury coffer
and a long civil war that would cost the nation more than twenty
billion dollars.
Professing a total ignorance of financial matters, Lincoln
placed the entire problem of financing the Civil War to Salmon
Chase. The Treasury Secretary would issue
create the Internal Revenue Division and adopt a national banking
system in attempts to keep the nation from going bankrupt. Against
his beliefs, and believing that issuing greenbacks to be unconstitutional,
but with the debts from the war mounting and not being paid, Chase
lobbied the congress to pass the Legal Tender Acts of 1862 and
1863. This enabled the printing of paper money as a legal substitute
for gold and silver for pre-existing debts including taxes, internal duties, personal debts, and excise taxes.
debts. After the war as Chief Justice, Chase would disown his own
offspring and declare the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional.
'In God We Trust' was printed on every piece of U.S. currency
for the first time in 1864 by order of the Secretary of the Treasury.
The face of the Treasury Secretary graced the one dollar dominations. The most
common of the bills, it was the one the public was most like to possess.
Thereby keeping Mr. Chase's image in the mind of the potential voters in
the next presidential elections. He was nick named 'Old Mr. Greenbacks.'
While Lincoln admired Chase's financial genus, relations
between the two men were never cordial. Lincoln's goal was to
preserve the Union at all costs. Chase would not comprise on the
abolition of slavery for all states.
'And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of
justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity,
I invoke the considerate judgment of all mankind, and the gracious
favor of Almighty God.'
The last line of the Emancipation Proclamation was written
by Chase at the suggestion of Lincoln when Chase called to the
President's attention that there was no mention of the Deity.10
A devout religious man, Chase read the Bible every day
and sought comfort from the loss of his wives and children in
God.
Disagreements between Chase and Lincoln were common occurrences,
when a matter arouse Chase didn't like the Treasury Secretary
would render his resignation. However, Lincoln always managed
to persuade Chase to reconsider. The fourth time Lincoln when
accepted the resignation no one was more surprised than Chase.
Lincoln's only concern about the appointment of Chase
was that the black robes of the court would not cloak Chase's
ambition to be president. Lincoln thought about asking Chase to
agree not to seek the presidency but Massachusetts Senator Charles
Sumner, friend of Chase, advised the President against it. A few
days later a secretary brought Lincoln a letter from Chase.
"Simply a kind and friendly letter,' Secretary Nicolay
replied to Lincoln's question of what it was about. Lincoln without
reading it, smiled and told the secretary to
"....I will tell you how it is with Chase. Chase
has fallen into two bad habits. He thinks he has became indispensable
to the country . . . He also thinks he ought to be President.
He has no doubts whatever about that. It is inconceivable to him
why people have not found it out, why they don't as one man rise
up and say so...He is either determined to annoy me, or that I
shall pat him on the shoulder and coax him to stay. I don't think
I ought do it. I will not do it. I will take him at his word .
. . And yet there is not a man in the Union who would make as
good a Chief Justice as Chase, and if I have the opportunity I
will make him Chief Justice of the United States
.." 11
'File it with his
other recommendations."12
Chase as Chief Justice:The Trials of Chief Justice Chase
Page threeThe Historic Treasury Building and references to Chase