Suffrage- Suffrage means the right to vote. It was to be extended to all male citizens, not just to property owners. This helped many of the common people of Europe.
Sans-culottes- In some cities of France like Paris, there was a working class that was made up of men and women and they were called the Sans-culottes. They pushed the revolution into more radical action.
Abdicate- Abdicate means to step down from power. Napoleon abdicated a year after the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813, because Napoleon was defeated.
Deficit spending- Deficit spending means when the government spends more money than it takes in. This was a major problem when King Louis XIV was a ruler because he had major economy problems.
Plebiscite- Napoleon had held a plebiscite, which is a ballot in which voters say yes or no to an issue about the government or the city. Every time the French people would vote in favor to Napoleon.
Blockade- Blockade means the shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in and out. Britain responded to the economic warfare by putting up a blockade of European ports.
Bourgeoisie- This was another name for the middle class in France. The Bourgeoisie consisted of prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who propped up the French economy.
Nationalism- Nationalism is an aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. This spread throughout France pretty rapidly.
Émigré- Émigré were the nobles, clergy and others who had fled revolutionary France. They told stories about how there were going to be attacks on their property, privileges, religion, and even their lives.
Louis XVI- King Louis XIV was known to be a very weak ruler. He was always indecisive with his problems and allowed matters to drift all the time. His kingdom was greatly in debt and taxes were incredibly high which caused the economy to die. So basically, he failed at being ruler.
Clemens von Metternich- The real hard busy work fell into the hands of Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria and others. Each leader had their own goals. Metternich wanted to restore the way things were.
Napoleon- Napoleon Bonaparte was born of lower noble status in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. He became one of the most famous rulers of all time because of his great achievements. He was able to expand his empire greatly.
Olympe de Gouges- When the Declaration of the Rights of Man was made, many were happy; however, there were still some disadvantages, like the whole document not being pertained to women. Olympe de Gouges was offended by this and wrote a Declaration of Rights of Women.
Rosbespierre- Robespierre was elected States- General of 1789in France. He had a very big influence on being a great general to the French people so eventually he became the leader of the Jacobins.
Jacques Louis David- Jacques Louis David was the leading artist during that period. He immortalized such stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath and the reign of Napoleon.
Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why? The ideals of the French revolution were not destroyed. The ideas like the slogan remained to inspire the people in Europe and Latin America to find equality and liberty.
Reign of Terror- The Reign of Terror lasted from about July 1793 to 1794. It is estimated that around 40,000 people were killed, included Marie Antoinette the queen.
Napoleon annexed who? Napoleon, as you know, was practically obsessed with conquering countries and expanding his power; therefore, he took over some more areas. Napoleon annexed some areas of France including Netherlands and Belgium as well as parts of Italy and Germany.
Congress of Vienna- The Congress of Vienna met one time to discuss the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war. They met for 10 months and many Europe leaders attended the meet.
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Alexander II- Alexander II took over the thrown in 1855 during the Crimean War. The war broke out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube. Britain and France stepped in to help the Turks, invading the Crimean peninsula
Francis Joseph- Francis Joseph was the one who took over the thrown at 18 years old, and he ruled until 1916. Francis Joseph felt that it was time for a change in government in Austria and so nationalism slowly crumbled.
Giuseppe Garibaldi- He was a longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini. He believed in and wanted to create an Italian republic. Some say he was good with his morals because he was a pretty strong believer.
Otto von Bismarck- Otto von Bismarck was the new powerful ruler in Europe. He used the same ruthless method that he used to achieve unification on the domestic front in the past. He came up with an excuse to attack Austria.
William II- King William II became emperor in 1888. He was really convinced of his abilities because he used these abilities pretty well. He also believed in his divine rights to rule.
Camillo Cavour- He was a smart yet cruel politician. He had supreme power of Sardinia and would so anything until he got what he was after and wanted or desired. He was a pretty sneaky guy.
Anarchist- Anarchist were all the people who wanted to abolish all governments. The government extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve social conditions.
Refugee- Because the Jews were angry, scared, and just pissed off at the idea of Pogroms, they escaped Russia. They became people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere, also known as a refugee.
Pogrom- Pogroms were official encouraged violent mob attacks on Jews. Gangs and other violent groups would beat and kill Jews and looted and burning their homes and stores and the sad part is, is that the police did absolutely nothing to stop it.
Realpolitik- Bismarck was a main leader/ruler of realpolitik, or realistic politics based on a tough-minded evaluation of the needs of the state. In Bismarck’s view, the ends justified the means. Power was more important than principles such as liberalism,.
Zemstv- These were elected assemblies that were made responsible for matter such as road repair, schools, and agriculture. Russians gained some experience of open discussion and self-government.
Economic development in Germany- Germany used their resources, ample iron and coal, and created an industrial development. This helped the economy of Germany greatly while the country was also rapidly growing population.
Nationalism threatened? who? (which country the most)- The Hapsburgs were bleived to have threatened Nationalism. Francis Joseph believed that it was time for a big change in government of Austria and so nationalism was slowly destroyed.
Revolution of 1905- Discontent exploded in Russia because the strikes were multiplying like crazy. Workers would take over local governments and peasants would revolt and demand for land. Many called for autonomy and terrorists targeted officials and some assassins were cheered as heroes.