| Pharmacology The study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms. Drug A chemical agent in the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of disease Phamacokinetics The method by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated Administration of Drugs - Drugs can be administered internally or externally Internal Administration - Inhalation (asthma) - Intradermal / Subcutaneous - Intranasal - Intraspinal - Intravenous - Oral - Rectal (From ASS!!) - Sublingual and buccal introductions External Administration - Inunctions - Ointments - Pastes - Plasters - Transdermal patches - Solutions Drug Vehicles - The substance in which a drug is transported - Liquid preparation o Aqueous solution (Sterile water containing a drug substance) o Elixir (Alcohol, sugar, and flavoring with a drug dissolved in solution, designed for internal consumption) o Liniment (Alcohol or oil containing a dissolved drug, designed for external massage) o Spirit (A drug dissolved in water and alcohol or in alcohol alone) o Suspension (Undissolved powder in a fluid medium; must be mixed well by shaking before use) o Syrup (A mixture of sugar and water containing a drug) - Solid preparation o Ampule (A closed glass receptacle containing a drug) o Capsule (A gelatin receptacle containing a drug) o Ointment (emollient) (A semisolid preparation for external applicaiton of such consistency that it may be applied to the skin by inunction) o Paste (An inert powder conbined with water) o Tablet (A solid phamaceutical dosage compressed into a small oval, circle, square, or other form) o Plaster (A substance intended for external application, made of such materials and of such consistency as to adhere to the skin and thereby attach a dressing) o Powder (Finely ground drug plus vehicle or effervescent granules) o Suppository (A medicated gelatin molded into a cone for placement in a body orifice (e.g., the anal canal) Absorption of Drugs - Bioavailability o How completely a particular drug is absorbed by the system Distribution - Volume of distribution = Volume of fluid through which drug would have to be distributed to reach therapeutic level of concentration - Efficacy = A drug’s capability of producing a specific therapeutic effect - Potency = The dose of the drug required to produce a desired therapeutic effect Metabolism - Biotransformation = Transforming a drug so it can be metabolized - Metabolism = Changing a drug into a water-soluble compound that can be excreted Excretion Drug Half-Life - Half-life = Rate at which a drug disappears from the body through metabolism, excretion, or both - Steady-state = When the amount of the drug taken is equal to the amount that is excreted Effects of Physical Activity on Pharmacokinetics - In general, exercise decreases the absorption after oral administration of a drug - Exercise increase absorption after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration because of an increased blood flow in the muscle LEGAL CONCERNS IN ADMINISTERING VERSUS DISPENSING DRUGS - Administering a drug is defined as providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by the patient - Dispensing refers to providing the patient with a drug in a quantity sufficient to be used for multiple doses. This is not responsibility of the athletic trainer Dispensing Prescription Drugs - At no time can anyone other than a person licensed by law legally prescribe or dispense prescription drugs for an athlete, Administering Over-the-Counter Drugs - The athletic trainer may be allowed to administer a single dose of a nonprescription medication Record Keeping Labeling requirements 1. The name of the product 2. The name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor 3. The net contents of the package 4. The established name of all active ingredients and quantity of certain other ingredients whether active or not 5. The name of any habit-forming drug contained in the preparation 6. Cautions and warnings to protect the consumer 7. Adequate directions for safe and effective use 8. Expiration date and lot number The Safety of Pharmaceutical Drugs - Athletic trainer should be fuly aware of any untoward effect a drug may have. - It is essential that the athlete be instructed clearly about; - Specifically to take medications - With meals or not - What not to combine with the drug (Other drugs or specific foods) Drug responses - Alcohol should not be ingested with a wide variety of drugs, both prescription and nonprescription - A fatty diet may decrease a drug's effectiveness by interfering with its absorption - Excessively acid foods (Fruits, carbonated drinks, or vegetable juice) may cause adverse drug reactions Buying Medications - All pharmaceuticals must be properly; - Labeled (indicating clearly the content) - Expiration date - Any dangers or contraindications for use SELECTED THERAPEUTIC DRUGS USED TO TREAT ATHLETE - in vitro = in a laboratory - in vivo = in the body - Bioequivalence = having a similar biological effect Pharmaceutical Classifications - Analgesics (anodynes) = Pain-relieving drugs - Anesthetics = Agents that produce local or general numbness to touch, pain, or stimulation - Antacids = Substances that neutralize acidity; commonly used in the digestive tract o Pepcid - treat heartburn and acid indigestion. It has no stimulant effects - Anticoagulants = Agent s that prevent coagulation of blood - Antidotes = Substances that prevent or counteract the action of a poison - Antiprutitics = Agents that relive itching - Antiseptics = Agents that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth and can be applied to living tissue - Antispasmodics = Agents that relieve muscle spasm - Antitussives = Agents that inhibit or prevent coughing - Astringents = Agents that cause contraction or puckering action - Bacteriostatics and fungistatics = Agents that retard or inhibit the growth of bacteria or fungi - Carminatives = Agents that relieve flatulence (caused by gases) in the intestinal tract - Cathartics = Agents used to evacuate substances from the bowels; active purgatives - Caustics = Burning agents, capable of destroying living tissue - Counterirritants = Agents applied locally to produce inflammatory reaction for relief of deeper inflammation - Depressants = Agents that diminish body functions or nerve activity - Disinfectants = Agents that kill/inhibit growth of microorganism; should be applied only to nonliving materials o Betadine is a topical microbicide agent used for skin and wound infections nervosa - Diuretics = Agents that increase the secretion of urine - Emetics = Agents that cause vomiting - Expectorants = Agents that suppress coughing - Hemostatics = Substances that either slow down or stop bleeding or hemorrhage - Irritants = Agents that cause irritation - Narcotics = Drugs that produce analgesic and hypnotic effects - Sedatives = Agents that relieve anxiety o Burisol is a barbiturate used as a sedative in the treatment of insomnia o Xanax - Treat anxiety and panic disorders o Prozac - Treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia - Skeletal muscle relaxants = Drugs that depress neural activity within skeletal muscles o It affects bilateral pupils (caffeine, cocaine, anphetamine) - Stimulants = Agents that excite the central nervous system - Vasoconstrictors and vasodilators = Drugs that, respectively, constrict or dilate blood vessels Drugs to Combat Infection - Drugs used to combat infection include local antiseprics and disinfectants, antifungal agents, and antibiotics Local Antiseptics and Disinfectants - Alcohol (Skin disinfectants - Ethyl alcohol & ospropyl alcohol 70% by weight ) - Phenol (Earliest antiseptic and disinfectants used by the medical profession) - Halogens (chlorine, fluoride, and bromine) (Antiseptic and disinfectant) - Oxidizing agents (Antiseptic - Hydrogen peroxide) Antifungal Agents - Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Candida albicans - Tinactin - Aerosol powder, cream, powder, or solution o Treatment of tinea Pedis (athlete’s foot) or tinea crutis (jock itch) Antibiotics - Penicillin (inhibits the metabolism of bacteria) - Bacitracin - Tetracycline - Erythromycin - Sulfonamides - Quinolones - Furunculosis - Lymphadenitis Drugs for Asthma - Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disorder that is characterized by obstruction of the airways as a result of complex inflammatory processes, smooth muscle spasm, and hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. - Use 30 minutes before exercise (for exercise-induced asthma) Drugs that Inhibit Pain and Inflammation - Pain relievers - Counterirritans and local anesthetics o Spray coolants o Alcohol o Menthol o Cold o Local anesthetics - Narcotic analgesics o Codeine o Propoxyphene hydrochloride o Morphine o Meperidine - Nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics o Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - Not an anti-inflammatory drug - Ultram is a centrally acting analgesic drug used to control moderate to severe pain - The recommended dosage for Naprosyn is 250 to 500 mg twice a day - Diclofenac is known by the brand name Voltaren - Aspirin is administered in 325 mg tablets Drugs to Reduce Inflammation - Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) – A blood test shows mild anemia - Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs o Naproxen (Naprosyn) - Not come in a topical form and is delivered orally - Corticosteriords o Cortisone o Aristocort, Kenalog, and Topicort - Inflammation and pruritic manifestations of psoriasis Drugs that Produce Skeletal Muscle relaxation - Methocarbamol (Robaxin) - Carisoprodol (Soma) Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Disorders - Antacids - Antiemetics - Carminatives - Cathartics (Laxatives) - Antidiarrheals o Lomotil - Histamine-2 Blockers Drugs Used to Treat Colds and Allergies - Nasal Decongestants - Antihistamines - Cough Medicines - Sympathomietics - Epinepherine Drugs Used to Control Bleeding - Casoconstrictors - Hemostatic Agents - Anticoagulations PROTOCOLS FOR USING OVER_THE_COUNTER MEDICATIONS - In most cases, athletic trainer will be concerned only with nonprescription medications (over-the-counter drug) SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG ATHLETES Performance-Enhancing Substances (Ergogenic Aids) - Ergogenic aid is a term used to describeany method, legal or illegal, used to enhance athletic performance. - Stimulants o An athlete who has overdosed on a stimulant will be agitated and excitable, demonstrate an increase in the respiratory and pulse rates with possible arrhythmias, exhibit tremors, and might become hyperthermic and have convulsions (cocaine affects central thermoregulation) if left untreated - Amphetamines (crack) – stay awake - Caffeine o Caffeine consumed in moderate amounts will stimulate the cerebral cortex and the medulla, which will increase mental alertness - Narcotic Analgesic Drugs - Beta Blockers o Decrease in heart rate under stressful situation o Because beta-blockers slow the heart rate, they are potentially performance enhancing during archery - Diuretics - Anabolic Steroids o Side effect; stunting of growth in children, acne, and aggression o Abuse of anabolic steroids will cause a reduction in body fat in the female - Androstenedione - Human Growth Hormone - Blood Reinjection (Blood Doping, Blood Packing, and Blood Boosting) Recreational Substance Abuse among Athletes Psychological versus Physical Dependence - Psychological dependence is drive to repeat ingestion of a drug to produce pleasure or to avoid discomfort - Physical dependence is the state of drug adaptation that maniwithdrawal syndrome - Tolerance of drug is need to increase dosage to create effect that was obtained previously by smaller amounts - The withdrawal syndrome consists of an unpleasant physiological reaction when the drug is abruptly stopped Tobacco Use - Cigarette smoking - Use of smokeless tobacco - Passive smoke - The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system is o Vasoconstriction o Skipping of heartbeat o Erratic heart rhythm o Higher heart rate Alcohol Use - Alcohol is poison (stated by AMA) Drug Use - Cocaine - Crack - Marijuana DRUG TESTING IN ATHLETES - Both the NCAA and the USOC conduct drug testing programs The Drug Test Sanctions for Positive Tests - For a first-time positive test, the NCAA will declare the athlete ineligible for all regular and postseason competitions for a minimum of one year. Banned Substances - Some drugs appear on the banned list for both the NCAA and the USOC o Codeine - Class I performance-enhancing drugs (which are banned by IOC) include narcotics, diuretics, and stimulants - A potentiating drug is one that is used to increase the effect of another drug |
| Pharmacology, Drugs, and Sports |