| Thoracic Injuries and Conditions |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Lumbar Herniation/Intervertebral Disk Rupture Slipped disk Trauma Abnormal stress due to faulty body mechanics As in a twisting motion or lifting Pain and point tenderness in the lumbar region Pain on nerve distribution that increases with coughing or sneezing Numbness Muscle weakness Painful arch The athlete will tilt away from the side of injury on flexion and extension Possible sensory loss in dermatomes Absent or decreased reflexes (Achilles and patella) Possible weakness of foot dorsiflexors and inversion Straight leg raise Well leg/straight leg raise test Hoover test Kerning test Milgram test Naffziger test Valsalva test General assessment of lumbar range of motion and strength test Neurologic evaluation Refer to a neurosurgeon X-ray MRI Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Nerve Root Compression Compressed nerve Trauma Numbness Paresthesia Pain Loss of function Loss of range of normal spinal range of motion Decreased sensation in one or more dermatomes Muscle weakness Absent or decreased reflexes Straight leg raise Well leg/straight leg raise test Hoover test Kerning test Milgram test Naffziger test Valsalva test General assessment of lumbar range of motion and strength test Neurologic evaluation Refer to a neurosurgeon X-ray MRI Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Sciatica Not applicable Nerve compression from disk lesion Radiating pain on nerve pathway Paresthesia Loss of function of the lumbar spine Positive well straight leg raise test Positive straight leg raising testMuscle spasm Straight leg raise Well leg/straight leg raise test Hoover test Kerning test Milgram test Naffziger test Valsalva test General assessment of lumbar range of motion and strength test Neurologic evaluation Refer to an orthopedic surgeon or neurosurgeon Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Spondylitis Backache Unknown The course of the condition is slow and variable over a 10- to 20-year period Pain longer than 3 months in duration Stiffness that can affect the sacroiliac joint Radiating pain in one or both legs Gradual limitations of range of motion Tenderness in the sacroiliac joint As the condition progresses X-ray will demonstrate widespread bridging of the vertebrae by desmophytes referred to as “Bamboo Spine” Gaenslen’s sign Pelvic rock test Fabere test Range of motion and neurological evaluation Refer to an orthopedic surgeon X-ray Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Spondylolisthesis Backache Direct traumaSpondylolysis or congenital deformity Chronic backache Possible sciaticaIncrease in pain from standing and after activity Possible pain in legs and buttocks Forward slippage of vertebrae Usually L5 on S1Increased lordosis Straight leg raise Well leg/straight leg raise test Hoover test Kerning test General assessment of lumbar range of motion and strength test Neurologic evaluation Refer to an orthopedic surgeon X-ray Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Spondylolysis Backache Degeneration of lumbar vertebrae common to gymnasts and football linemenIt is caused by congenital or acquired defect in the pars interarticularis and/or repeated trauma to the area of affected vertebrae Back pain Loss of spinal range of motion Symptoms increase with weight bearing Hyperextension causes pain X-ray demonstrates a defect in the neural arch Bone scan may show a hot spot Assessment of range of motion and neurologic evaluation Refer to an orthopedic durgeon X-ray Bone scan Not applicable |
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| Medical Term Common Term Mechanisms Symptoms Signs Special Tests Referral/Diagnostic Procedure Classification of Injury Management Comment |
| Spondylosis Backache Repeated minor trauma Disk trauma due to incident Changes in lumbar vertebral body’s interspaces related to chronic discopathy Increased back pain with activity Possible radiating pain Loss of function Pain on hyperextension Possible hypalgesiaLoss of function X-ray may show narrowing of intervertebral space Straight leg raise Well leg/straight leg raise test Hoover test Kerning test Milgram test Naffziger test Valsalva test General assessment of lumbar range of motion and strength test Neurologic evaluation Refer to an orthopedic surgeon X-ray Myelogram Not applicable |