| Individual Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Training |
| · Longitudinal study – the changes in subjects over time, illustrate the development of a person’s physical abilities with proper training |
| Gender Differences in Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical Differences Strength and Power Output |
| How Training Stimulus Interacts with Maturity · Motor development - concerned with the changes in movement behavior as they occur over a person’s lifespan Variation in Maturation Rate to Adulthood Variation in the Onset of Puberty Maximum Strength Development Follows Maximum Height and Weight Development Motor Skills in early and Late Maturers · Mesomorph – muscular, broad shouldered, thick chests, and narrow waisted · Endomorph – rounder and more pear shaped · Ectomorph – slender, tall, and more angular Chronological Age Versus Biological Age · Chronological age – developmental level in terms of an age in months or years · Biological age – skeletal age, dental age, or sexual age (maturity is better gauged) · Tanner stages – (sexual development) onset of secondary sex characteristics · Menarche – the onset of menstruation Successive Movement Ability Phases · Sensitive period – during person’s life span when development of given of motor skills is optimal. · Stabilizing movement – place a premium a gaining and maintaining one’s equilibrium in relation to the force of gravity · Locomotor movement – involve change in location of body relative to fixed point on the surface · Manipulative movement - involve motor actions that use an object o Reflexive movement phase (in utero to 1 year) § Involuntary reactions to an environmental trigger (sucking, palmar grasping) o Rudimentary movement phase (birth to 2 years) § Involves the development of voluntary inhibition of reflex movement and the beginnings of control over movement o Fundamental movement phase (2-6 or 7 years) § Running, jumping (locomotor), throwing and catching (manipulative), and beam walking (stability) are examples of movements that can be developed through the initial, elementary, and mature stages of this phase o Specialized movement phase (7-14 years and older) § Building on the competencies set in the fundamental movement phase, specialized sport, dance, and recreation movements can now be developed. Typical Changes in Performance Associated With the Aging Process · Osteoporosis – resulting loss of bone strength can become severe in the elderly, with fracturies occurring very easily. Implications of Individual Training History for the Strength and Conditioning Professional · Many children and adults in mechanized societies have never properly developed past the fundamental phases of movement |
| Individual Biomechanical Differences: Coaching the Execution of Exercises Posture Small and Large People Machines and Individual Differences · Specificity of exercise – training in a specific manner to produce a specific outcome · General adaptation syndrome – non-specific, three-phase response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) of the body to any stressor (e.g., the demands of exercise or a virus). Practical Observations Regarding Specific Free-Weight Exercises Long Torso Pulling Off the Floor (Snatch, Clean) Squat Snatch Clean and Jerk Bench Press |