| Performance-Enhancing Substances: Effects, Risks, and Appropriate Alternatives |
| · Ergogenic substance – performance-enhancing drugs and dietary supplements – have been around for almost as long as athletes have competed |
| Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances · Dietary supplement – highly refined products that would not be confused with a food o Psychomotor stimulants – Amphetamine, Cocaine, Methylphenidate o Sympathomimetic amines – Ephredrine, Isoprenaline o Other central nervous system stimulants – Caffeine, Doxapram, Strychnine o Anabolic (male sex) steroids – Testosterone, Stanozolol, Nandrolone, Norethandrolone, Methandienone o Other hormones – Growth hormone, Erythropoietin o Narcotic analgesics – Codeine, Heroin, Hydromorphone, Methadone, Morphine o Beta-blockers o Masking agent and diuretics – Probenecid, Furosemide |
| Anabolic Steroids and Other Hormones Anabolic Steroids · Anabolic steroid –increased muscle mass and other actions Actions of Androgens Results of Unnatural Use of Anabolic Steroids Types of Anabolic Steroids Oral Anabolic Steroids Testosterone Esters Who Uses Anabolic Steroids? Ergogenic Benefits Potential Risks to Performance Signs of Anabolic Steroid Use Other Hormones Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Growth HormoneErythropoietin Thyroid Hormone Beta-Adrenergic Agonists Drug Testing Dietary Supplements Vitamins “Steroid replacers” “Growth Hormone Releasers” L-Carnitine Chromium and Vanadium Bicarbonate and Other Buffering Agents Caffeine and Other Stimulants |
| Naturally Occurring Hormones and Their Synthetic Analogues |
| Hormone (origin) Growth hormone (pituitary) Luteinizing hormone (pituitary) Anabolic (male sex) steroids (testes, adrenal cortex, overies) Erythropoietin (kidneys) Thyroxine (thyroid gland) Epinephrine (adrenal medulla) |
| Synthetic analogues used by athletes Recombinant human growth hormone Human chroionic gonadotropin Methyltestosterone, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, methandrostenolone Recombinant human erythropoietin Synthroid Clenbuterol and other beta-agonists |
| Ergogenic effects of analogues Increased muscle mass & decreased body fat in growth hormone – deficient men Claimed effect: fat reduction Increased muscle mass and other actions Increased red blood cell production in patients with anemia Decreased body fat, but also sacrifices lean mass (muscle, bone) Increased muscle mass & decreased body fat |
| Substances purported to promote the hormone’s effects Arginine and other amino acids Clomid So-called steroid replacers: boron, sterols, animal testes Transfusions, B vitamins - - |
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| Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes Generic name or category Example trade names Orally active steroids Methandrostenolone Dianabol Oxandrolone Anavar Stanozolol Winstrol Oxymetholone Anadrol Fluoxymesterone Halotestin Methyltestosterone Oreton-M Mesterolone Proviron Injectable steroids Testosterone esters Delatestryl, Sustanon Nandrolone esters Deca-durabolin Stanozolol Strombaject Methenolone enanthate Primobolan-Depot Boldenone undecylenate Parenabol Trenbolone acetate Parabolan |