Chapter3
Life in the Age of Machines
(A).
Life before the Industrial Revolution (工業革命).
-
Social and Economic Life:
→farmers framed land which refers to the landlords (地主).
→People Craftsmen工匠) made things
by ＊1Domestic
System.(家庭手工業制)
＊1
Made things with simple tools and hand in their home (own).
-
Political Life:
→Most people did not have many freedoms and have few political rights.
→Many Western countries
were under absolute rule (專制政治).
(B).
The Meaning of Industrial Revolution.
→Industrial Revolution refers to the changes in industry, framing, sources of power, transport, communications (通訊), science and medicine in the West from 1750.
→People started to use machines in production in this period.
→First started in
Britain and spread to other Western countries and America.
(C).
The causes of Industrial Revolution.
-
The increase in the population (人口):
→The market become large.
→To feed the rising population, Europeans developed faster ways of production.
-
The invention (發明)of
new machines:
→This changed production methods.
→People could produce goods more faster and more production.
-
The development of world trade (貿易):
→European states set up many overseas colonies (植民地).
→Trade grew. Demand (需求) of goods rose.
→Need for quicker means of production.
-
The accumulation of capital (資金積聚):
→Trade grew, people could accumulate capital.
→They invested their capital in developing faster way of production.
-
The end of the feudalism (封建制度):
→＊＊22
ended the old privileges
(特權) of the ＊3upper
class.
→People could trade
freely and earn more money.
＊2
The monopoly (專利)
on trade is an example of the old privileges enjoyed by the upper classes.
＊3
The upper classes formed by nobles and big landlords.
(D). Major Developments during the Industrial Revolution.
1. The Agricultural (農業)
Development:
- The use of machines in framing:
→With
big farm land, landlords started use the invention of the Seed
Drill (播種機).
- The use of a new farming method:
→The
new farming method Crop Rotation
(輪耕法).
- The use of a new breeding method:
→The possible scientific breeding (科學繁植法).
→This
produced sheep with more wool, cattle with more milk and meat.
2. The Industrial Developing:
- The new methods of production:
→People mainly used power-driven machines in production.
- Major development:
→Textile
Industry(紡織業)—the
first industry to use new method and
machinery(機械化).
→Many new machines to made clothes were invented during this period.
→In
1900, most Western countries had become Industrialized
(工業化).
3. Development of new sources of power:
- The new sources of power: steam, gas, oil and
electricity.
- The first pipeline(輸油管)
was laid in USA.
4. Transport Development:
- Sea Transport: Steamship
(1807), Canals.
- Land Transport: Railways
(1829), cars (1885).
- Air Transport: Planes
(1902).
5. Communication Development:
- The important inventions: Electric
Telegraphy(電報機),
Telephone(電話),
Wireless Telegraphy(無線電報機).
6. Discoveries in Science and Medicine:
- Vaccination(預防注射)
Against Smallpox(天花)
- Invention of Chloroform(麻醉劑)
→A
drug making patients lose consciousness during an operation.
- Pasteurization(巴氏滅菌法)
→It
could prevents the milk from turning sour(酸)
and made it safe to drink.
- Discovery of X-rays
→We
could see the inside of hymen bodies.
- Discovery of Radium(鐳)
→It
is used for treat(治療)Cancer(癌).
(E). The Effects of Industrial Revolution.
1.
It increase population, started urbanization (城市化)
and led to the rise of industrial towns in Europe.
2. It ended the domestic system and started the factory
system.
3.
It led to the rise of the three new social classes: Capitalist
Class, Middle Class and Working Class.
4.
It led to the rise of Socialism (社會主義)
[Communism (共產主義)]
and led the living condition of the workers better.
5.
It started Imperialism
(帝國主義).
Industrial states set up lots of empires in Asia and Africa between 1750-1900.To
solve the problem of too many production.
6. It started economic cooperation among industrial
states.
The European
Economic Community (歐洲經濟共同體).