Medical Evidence Showing Circumcised Males Less Susceptible To Sexually Transmitted Diseases Including HIV Infection
Sexual Transmission Of HIV
New England Journal Of Medicine, April 10, 1997,volume 336, no.15, 1072-1078. Rachel A.Royce, PH.D., M.P.H., Arlene Sena, M.D., Willard Cates, Jr., M.D., M.P.H., And Myron S. Cohen, M.D. Department of Epidemiology (R.A.R., A.S., W.C.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (A.S., M.S.C.), University of North Carolina.
"Male circumcision consistently shows a protective effect against HIV infection. This may be due to the abundance of Langerhans' cells in the foreskin or to a receptive environment for HIV in the sulcus between the foreskin and the glans. The prevalence of HIV infection is 1.7 to 8.2 times as high in men with foreskins as in circumcised men, and the incidence of infection is 8 times as high. A greater proportion of sex partners of uncircumcised men than of circumcised men are infected with HIV, which suggests that the presence of the foreskin may also increase infectiousness."
Circumcision Protects Against HIV Infection
Westport,
Jan 28, 1997 (Reuters)- Male circumcision appears to have protective effect against HIV infection, according to the Tanzania-Netherlands Project to Support AIDS Control in Mwanza region (TANESA).
After controlling for confounding variables," Dr. Marc Urassa found a "...modest but significant reduction of the HIV prevalence among circumcised men."
AIDS 1997;11:73-80
Evidence That Circumcision Reduces Susceptibility To HIV Infection Called Substantial
Westport, Jul 11, 1996 (Reuters)- There is now a "...substantial body of evidence..."that male circumcision lowers susceptibility to HIV infection, Dr.Stephen Moses told conference participants at theXI International Conference on AIDS Wednesday.
Dr.Moses concluded that the fact that male circumcision reduces susceptibility to HIV infection "...may explain part of the wide geographic and population-level variability in observed HIV transmission."
The African AIDS Epidemic
Scientific American, March 1996,62-68. John C.Caldwell and Pat Caldwell. Health Transition Center of the National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health at the Australian National University in Canberra.
"Over the past three years ,however, we have examined the methodology of the papers as well as the anthropology sources and determined that the findings are sound. Also, in continuing investigation we have found very little support for the charge that circumcision data are no longer relavent. The link between the lack of circumcision and elevated levels of HIV infection appears robust.
In some parts of the AIDS belt, nearly all men are uncircumcised -a situation unlike almost anywhere else in Africa. Thus we conclude that in the AIDS belt, lack of male circumcision in combination with risky sexual behavior, such as having multiple sex partners, engaging in sex with prostitutes and leaving chancroid untreated, has led to rampant HIV transmission".
Genitourinary Manifestation of AIDS
Infections Urology 9(3):73-78,92, 1996. Victoria R. Staiman, M.D, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center; Delbert J.Kwan, MD, University of Washington; Franklin C.Lowe, MD, MPH, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center
"An uncircumcised male has twice the risk of being infected that a circumcised male has. Because the foreskin is associated with high concentrations of macrophages and lymphocytes, these cells are targets for HIV virus. The foreskin also provides a protected environment and a larger surface area for prolonged exposure between the genital epithelium and infected genital secretions. Also, the uncircumcised penis does not have a thick stratum corneum layer of the glans, which develops after circumcision, this layer protects against abrasions. Finally, the
uncircumcised male has an increased risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted diseases that can increase the likelihood for HIV transmission."
Male Circumcision And Susceptibilty To HIV infection Among Men In Tanzania.
AIDS 1997 March; 11(3):73-80 Urassa M, Todd J, Boerma JT, Hayes R, Isingo R. Tanzanian-Neterlands Project to Support AIDS Control in Mwanza region, Africa Medical and
Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania.
"Male circumcision has a protective effect against HIV infection in this population, which may be stronger in urban areas and roadside settlements than in rural areas. Ethnic group and religious denomination are no longer the sole determinants of male circumcision."
Links To Medical Articles
The Incidence Of HIV Infection Among Women Using
Family Planning Methods In Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania.AIDS 1998 Jan 1;12(1):75-84
Kapiga SH, Lyamuya EF, Lwihula GK, Hunter DJ
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences,
Dar esSalaam,Tanzania.
Heterosexual Transmission Of Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Type 1 (HIV): Interactions Of Conventional Sexually
Transmitted Diseases, Hormonal Contraception And HIV-1.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998 Apr;14 Suppl 1:S5-S10
Plummer FA
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Male Circumcision, Sexually Transmitted Disease, And Risk Of HIV.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Jan 1;8(1):83-90. Seed J, Allen S, Mertens T, Hudes E, Serufilira A, Carael M, Karita E, Van de Perre P, Nsengumuremyi F, Project San Francisco, California, USA.
The Distribution and Density of
Langerhans Cells in the Human Prepuce:
Site of a Diminished Immune Response?
Reprinted from Israel Journal of Medical Sciences,
Vol 29 No 1, Jan 1993, pp42-43
Dr.Gerald N. Weiss, Melinda Sanders and Kent. C.
Westbrook
The Association Between Lack Of Male Circumcision And Risk For HIV Infection: A Review Of The Epidemiological Data.
Sex Transm Dis 1994 July;21(4):201-210. Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradely JE, Ndinya-Achola JO, Nagelkerke NJ, Ronald AR. Department of Community Health, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Sexual Behavior, Sexual Transmitted Disease, Male Circumcision, And Risk Of Infection Among Women In Narobo, Kenya.
AIDS 1994 January;8(1):93-99. Hunter DJ, Maggwa BN, Mati JK, Tukei PM, Mbugua S. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
Circumcision And Sexually Transmissible Disease.
Medical Journal of Australia 1983 September 17;2(6):288-290. Parker SW, Stewart AJ, Wren MN, Gollow MM, Straton JA
Circumcision And Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
Am J Public Health. 1994 Feb;84(2):197-201.
: AIDSLINE MED/94127625
by Cook LS; Koutsky LA; Holmes KK; Department
of Epidemiology, School of Public Health,
University; of Washington, Seattle.
(REh) Circumcision Protects Against HIV
Infection
Reuters Health Information Systems, Tuesday, 28 January
1997.
825 Eight Avenue,
31st Floor, New York, NY 10019 -
Infection
Reuters Health Information Systems, 825 Eight Avenue,
31st Floor, New York, NY 10019 - Tuesday, 28 January
1997.
Modifiers Of The Protective Effect Of Circumcision.
Int Conf AIDS. 1992 Jul 19-24;
8(2):C294 (abstract no. PoC
4299). Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE ICA8/92402007
by Hellmann NS; Grant RM; Nsubuga PS; Walker
CK; Kamya M; Tager IB; Jacobs B; Mbidde EK;
UCSF, San Francisco.
Additional
Medical Article Links
Courtesy of AEGIS (Aids Education Global Information System)
#1 Aids and Circumcision