| HJS |
| volume 4, issue 1, 2003 |
| NOTES NOTES 1 Borges, Jorge Luis. The Book of Sand, trans. N.T. di Giovanni. London: Penguin, 1979: 89. 2 See McLuhan, Marshall. 'Joyce, Mallarmé and the Press.' Literary Criticism of Marshall McLuhan: 1943/1962, ed. E. McNamarra. New York: McGraw Hill, 1969: 5-21. Cf. Hayman, David. Joyce et Mallarmé. Les Cahiers des lettres modernes. Collection confrontations, no. 2. Paris: Lettres modernes, 1956. 3 Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997: 10. Cf. Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 4 Nelson, Theodor H. Literary Machines. Swarthmore, Pa.: Self-published, 1981: 0/2. 5 Cf. William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion. The Oxford Shakespeare, eds. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. See also Jay L. Halio's introduction to the New Cambridge Shakespeare edition of King Lear, ed. Halio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 6 These developments have accompanied changing attitudes among many editors as to the integrity of presenting so-called standard or definitive texts. One of the consequences of this is that it is now not simply a matter of questioning the authority of something we might call a canon, or even a corpus, but of placing a question mark over individual texts themselves as the apparently static and unchanging records of a determinate authorial intention. By this it is not meant abolishing "literary works" and replacing them with metatextual diaboli representing all the various possible intertexts, historical and contextual data, and so forth, but of scrutinising the material boundaries which, either through tradition, chance, censorship, or other contingencies, have been assigned to particular texts (such as Hamlet or Ulysses), whose actual geneses are largely a matter for speculation. In this regard we could say that at no other point in the history of western writing, perhaps with the exception of the translations of the Bible, has the role of editors been so obviously crucial in determining or re-shaping the way in which we view texts and textual histories. 7 Cited in Landow, George P. and Paul Delany. 'Hypertext, Hypermedia and Literary Studies: The State of the Art.' Hypermedia and Literary Studies, ed. Landow and Delaney. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1994: 3. 8 Miller, J. Hillis. 'What is the Future of the Print Record?' Profession 95 (MLA, 1995): 34. 9 ibid., 34-35. 10 ibid., 35. 11 The question of authority and authenticity, in regards to the letter, is most clearly illustrated in the 'Tales Told of Shem and Shaun' episode of the Wake, where not only does Shem become in one moment both the body of the text and its author, but as "Sham" marks the letter as an originary forgery. In this sense the letter defines a simulacrum at the origin of textual production, and of logos (which Shem "embodies" in his moment of autopoiesis or auto-writing, mimicking the word of God). 12 McLuhan, Marshal. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1962. 13 Lanham, Richard. 'Convergent Pressures: Social, Technological, Theoretical.' Hypermedia and Literary Studies, ed. Landow and Delaney. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994: 155. 14 Rossman, Charles. 'The New Ulysses: The Hidden Controversy.' New York Review of Books 25:19 (1988): 53-58. 15 Groden, Michael. 'Editing Joyce's Ulysses: An International Effort.' Scholarly Publishing in an Era of Change: Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting, Society for Scholarly Publishing, Minneapolis, Minnesota June 2-4, 1980, ed. Ethel C. Langlois. Washington, D.C.: Society for Scholarly Publishing, 1981: 29. 16 Brockman, William S. 'Joyce and the Librarians.' Unpublished paper delivered at the 'Joyce and Modern Culture' conference, Brown University, June 13, 1995: n. pag. 17 Brockman, 'Joyce and the Librarians,' n. pag. 18 This previously "unknown" draft, originally mentioned in a letter from Joyce to Quinn in 1921, was purchased by the Irish government on December 14, 2000, at an auction at Christie's in New York. Killeen, Terence. 'See the truth behind Ulysses for yourself.' The Irish Times, Weekend (June 2, 2001): 8. Another auction, this time of "the lost 'Eumaeus' notebook for Ulysses," was held at Sotheby's in London, July 10, 2001. 19 Catalogue of a Collection Containing Manuscripts and Rare Editions of James Joyce. Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1935. 20 Segall, Jeffrey. Joyce in America: Cultural Politics and the Trials of Ulysses. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993: 3ff. This is discussed in detail in Brockman, William S. 'American Librarians and Early Censorship of Ulysses: "Aiding the Cause of Free Expression"?' Joyce Studies Annual 5 (1994): 56-74. 21 ibid. 22 Cf. Tofts, 'Ulysses Returns,' Parallax, 63-75. 23 See Arnold, Bruce. The Scandal of Ulysses: The Sensational Life of a Twentieth-Century Masterpiece. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Two years later, after a barrage of criticism from Kidd that ran at length in the New York Review of Books and in the Times Literary Supplement, the Gabler text came under such a cloud that Penguin decided to revert to the Bodley Head edition (claimed by Kidd to be "the most satisfactory to date") for the relaunch of Joyce's work in 1990. In Britain, the Gabler edition was reprinted in 1993, with emendations made in light of John Kidd's critique. These amounted to two (the by now notorious proper names "Buller" and "Thrift"). Gabler saw no reason to make any other corrections. Random House, however, did not issue this corrected reprint in the USA. In 1991, Kidd himself was offered US$100,000.00 by Boston University to produce his own "corrected" text of Ulysses, and an advance $300,000.00 by Norton for a further seven volume edition of Joyce's works (with the exception of Finnegans Wake). Publication of the new Ulysses was announced for June 16, 1992, but after repeated delays was eventually dropped. In 1993 many of Kidd's own arguments were in turn seriously discredited after Joyce's highly influential biographer, Richard Ellmann, affirmed that Gabler's use of the Ulysses manuscripts in advancing corrections to the final text had in fact been fair. 24 Cf. Hayman, David. 'Reading Joyce's Notebooks?!: Finnegans Wake from Within.' Finnegans Wake: Fifty Years, ed. Geert Lernout. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1990: 7-22. 25 Maddox, Brenda. Nora: A Biography of Nora Joyce. New York: Random House, 1988. Cf. Schloss, Carol. 'Privacy and Piracy in the Joyce Trade.' JJQ 33.4 (1996): 499ff. 26 Schloss, 'Privacy and Piracy in the Joyce Trade,' 500. 27 Cf. Steiner, George. Real Presences. London: Faber, 1989: 40. Steiner makes the point that: "All exegesis [...] transports the text into some measure of distance and banishment. Veiled in analysis and metamorphic exposition, the Ur-text is no longer immediate [...]. On the other hand, the commentary underwrites [...] the continued authority and survival of the primary discourse." 28 Cf. Ferrer, Daniel. 'Hemingway aux sources de la Liffey.' Genèse et metamorphoses du texte joycien, ed. Claude Jacquet. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1985: 223-228; Treip, Andrew. 'Histories of Sexuality: Vico and Roman Family Law in Finnegans Wake.' James Joyce 1: "Scribble" 3, eds. Claude Jacquet and Jean-Michel Rabaté. Paris: Lettres Modernes Minard, 1994: 179-199; Schork, R.J. 'By Jingo: Genetic Criticism of Finnegans Wake.' Joyce Studies Annual 1994, ed. Thomas F. Staley. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994: 104-127; Lernout, Geert. 'Singing Walking Gent: Sims Reeves in VI.B.13.' A Finnegans Wake Circular 3 (1988): 42-52; Lernout, Geert and Vincent Deane. 'Two VI.B.13 Indexes.' A Finnegans Wake Circular 5 (1988): 21-31; Landuyt, Inge and Geert Lernout. 'Joyce's Sources: Les grands fleuves historiques.' Joyce Studies Annual 1995, ed. Thomas F. Staley. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995: 99-138; Van Mierlo, Wim. 'St. Martin of Tours in VI.B.2 and C.2.' A Finnegans Wake Circular 7 (1991-1992): 29-43; Hayman, David and Sam Slote, eds. Probes: Genetic Studies in Joyce. European Joyce Studies 5. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995. 29 Derrida, Jacques. Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, trans. Eric Prenowitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996: 92. "Arche, we recall, names at once the commencement and commandment. This name apparantly coordinates two principles in one: the principle according to nature or history, there, where things commence-physical, historical, or ontological principle-but also the principle according to the law, there where men and gods command, there where authority, social order are excercised, in this place from which order is given-nomological principle" (ibid., 1). 30 Derrida, 'Structure, Sign and Play,' 279. Cf. Derrida, Jacques. The Archaeology of the Frivolous: Reading Condillac, trans. J.P. Leavey. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1980. 31 Rabaté, 'Lapsus ex machina,' 80. 32 Cf. Lernout, Geert. 'Genetic Gems.' Review of The Textual Diaries of James Joyce, by Danis Rose. JJLS 9.2 (1995). Work in Progress, in the former sense made its contemporary impact (distinct, if limited) piecemeal, and it is mainly in critical retrospect that the segmented publication has been redefined as serial. That is, as a "prepublication," by instalments, of Finnegans Wake, as finally and "really" published on May 4, 1939. 33 Rose, Danis. The Textual Diaries of James Joyce. Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1995. 34 Cited in Lernout. 'Genetic Gems,' 6. 35 Gabler, Hans Walter. Review of The Textual Diaries of James Joyce, by Danis Rose. JJQ 33.4 (1996): 621-25. 36 See Rose, Danis, anno. James Joyce's The Index Manuscript: Finnegans Wake Holograph Workbook VI.B.46. Colchester: A Wake Newslitter Press, 1978. 37 Rose, The Textual Diaries of James Joyce, 148. 38 Borges, Jorge Luis. 'The Garden of Forking Paths,' trans. Donald A. Yates. Spanish-American Literature in Translation: A Selection of Poetry, Fiction and Drama since 1888, ed. Willis Knapp Jones. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1962: 351. 39 Rescher, Nicholas. Essays in Philosophical Analysis. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969: Chapter 4. 40 Aristotle. Poetics, trans. Ingram Bywater. New York: Random House, 1954: 1451b-1452a. 41 Cf. Leibniz, G.W.F. von. The Monadology, trans. George Montgomery and Albert R. Chandler. The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz. New York: Dolphin Books, 1960. 42 See for instance DeWitt, Bryce and Neill Graham. The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973. Also Wolf, Fred Alan. Parallel Universes. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988; and Rae, Alistair I.M. Quantum Physics: Illusion/Reality? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 43 Turing, Alan. 'On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.' Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2.42 (1936): 230-265. 44 Cf. Turing, Alan. 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence.' Mind LIX.236 (1950): 433-460. 45 Theall, Donald F. The Virtual Marshall McLuhan. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000. 46 ibid., 164. Cf. Hayman, Joyce et Mallarmé, 149-83. 47 Mallarmé, Stéphane. 'Le Livre, instrument spirituel.' Œuvres complètes, ed. Henri Mondor and G. Jean Aubray. Paris: NRF Bibliotèque de la Pléiade, 1945: 378-82. 48 Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993: 6. 49 ibid. 50 ibid., 502ff. Cf. Baudrillard, Jean. L'Échange symbolique et la morte. Paris: Gallimard, 1976. 51 Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 127. 52 ibid., 6. 53 Cf. McLuhan, Marshall and Bruce Powers. The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford, 1989. 54 Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 53. 55 Blanchot, Maurice. The Sirens' Song, ed. G. Josipovicic, trans. Sacha Rabinovitch. London: The Harvester Press, 1982: 224. 56 Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1976: 158. 57 Derrida, Jacques. 'Living On: Border Lines,' trans. J. Hulbert. A Derrida Reader: Between the Blinds, ed. Peggy Kamuf. New York: Harvester, 1991: 256-7. 58 See Lukacher, Ned. 'Mourning Becomes Telepathy.' Introduction to Derrida, Jacques. Cinders, trans. Ned Lukacher. Lincoln: Nebraska University Press, 1992: 5. Lukacher has Nietzsche describing the eternal return as an image in a mirror: "an image of finitude or self-reflection, and thus also of its limits. At its limits, in the place of the tain of the mirror, lies the 'nothing,' which 'rings' the world into spatial form, between inside and outside." Cf. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Werke, ed. Karl Schlecta. 3 vols. Munich: Karl Hanser, 1960: 3.916-7. Nietzsche describes the eternal return in terms of "a world of eternal self-creation, of eternal self-destruction, this mystery world of twofold bliss [...] without aim [Zeil], unless the joy of the circle is itself a goal." 59 Cf. Derrida, Jacques. 'Coming to One's Own,' trans. J. Hulbert. Psychoanalysis and the Question of the Text, ed. Geoffrey Hartman. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1978: 138. "A 'domain' opens up in which the 'inscription' of a subject in his text is also the necessary condition for the pertinence and performance of a text, for its 'worth' beyond what is called empirical subjectivity." 60 Miller, J. Hillis. 'Stevens's Rock and Criticism as Cure, II.' Georgia Review 30 (1976): 337. 61 Rescher, Nicholas. 'The Ontology of the Possible.' The Possible and the Actual, ed. Loux. Oxford: Blackwell, 1979: 180-2. As Rescher has pointed out, among modal philosophers there are nominalists who attribute the existence of possibility to language, conceptualists who attribute it to the mind, conceptual realists who attribute it to the mind of God, and realists who posit the realm of possibility as existing independently of human language and thought. 62 Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations, trans. P. Foss, P. Patton, and P. Beitchman. New York: Sémiotext(e), 1983: 1. 63 Cf. Kojève, Alexandre. Introduction à la lecture de Hegel, ed. Raymond Queneau. Paris: Gallimard, 1947. 64 Klossowski, Pierre. Nietzsche et le cercle vicieux. Paris: Mercure de France, 1969: 201. 65 Rescher, Nicholas. A Theory of Possibility. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975: 1. 66 See Holstein, Hans. Homo Cyberneticus. Uppsala: Sociographica, 1974. 67 Cf. Freud, Sigmund. Studies in Parapsychology, ed. Philip Rieff. New York: Macmillan, 1963. Cf. Derrida, Jacques. 'My Chances/Mes Chances: A Rendezvous with some Epicurean Stereophonies.' Taking Chances: Derrida, Psychoanalysis, and Literature, eds. J.H. Smith and W. Kerrigan. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1984. Also Derrida, Jacques. 'Telepathy,' trans. Nicholas Royle. Oxford Literary Review 10 (1988): 3-41. 68 For example, the relation of the unconscious to the conscious, as mapped out by Freud, whereby the operations of the conscious are thought of as being, in effect, determined by those of the unconscious and pre-conscious. This is mirrored in the relationship of the Lacanian subject to the objet petit a (as a signifier of the Other), whereby the desiring movement of the subject is in a sense pre-destined. 69 To a certain extent such a deferral is common to the Freudian notion of the unconscious, in which so-called "latencies" (for example, a dream idea) is thought of as effecting the nature of what is "made manifest" at the level of consciousness (the dream content) without ever being "realised" as such. Indeed, this realisation is precisely what cannot take place, mimetically or otherwise, if the unconscious is not to be regarded as merely supplementary to the apparatus of consciousness. |
| LOUIS ARMAND BOOKS OF SAND |