1200-1209

Events

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1200

• "Roman de Merlin," by Robert de Borron¹
• large number of Italian merchants found in Constantinople¹
• "Carmina Burana," collection of German monastic songs¹
• Cambridge U. founded¹

1201

• facade of Notre Dame construction¹

1202

• Fourth Crusade begins¹
• Arabic numerals introduced in Europe¹
• Court Jesters appear in Europe¹

1203

• Genghis Khan defeats Ongkhan¹
• Siena University is founded¹
• "Parzival," by Wolfram von Eschenbach
• King John (England) has his nephew, the Duke of Brittany murdered¹

1204

• Fourth Crusaders capture Constantinople and are excommunicated by the pope^{1 & 3}
• the city of Amsterdam is founded¹

1205

1206

1207

1208

• King Philip (Germany) is murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach¹
• the empire of Nicaea is founded¹

1209

• King John (England) is excommunicated after invading Scotland¹
• Francis of Assisi creates rules for the Franciscan order¹
• Otto IV becomes Holy Roman Emperor¹

1210-1219

Events

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1210

• Pope Innocent III excommunicates the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV¹

1211

• Alfonso II becomes King of Portugal (-1223)¹

1212

• construction of Rheims Cathedral¹
• tiles replace thatch as roofing material in London¹

1213

• Council of St. Albans (english)¹
• James I rules Aragon (-1276)¹

1214

• Roger Bacon is born¹

1215

• Fourth Lateran Council establishes doctrines on transubstantiation, confession, and relic worship³
• Frederick II becomes Holy Roman Emperor¹
• the Magna Carta is signed¹
• Dominican Friars are founded¹

1216

• King John d.; Henry III succeeds (England)¹
• Pope Honorius III (-1227)¹

1217

• Crusade against ruler of Egypt fails¹

1218

1219

1220-1229

Events

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1220

• Henry, son of Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor) is elected King of Germany¹
• construction of Salisbury Cathedral¹

1221

• Vienna established as a city¹

1222

• St. George's Day becomes an English holiday¹

1223

• Philip II (France) d.; Louis VIII succeeds (-1226)¹

1224

• Anglo-French war begins ¹
• there are Franciscan Friars in England¹
• University of Naples is founded¹

1225

• cotton is manufactured in Spain¹
• "Roman de la Rose," by Guillaume de Lorris (abt. courtly love)¹
• Thomas Aquinas is Born (d. 1274)⁸

• Texts and Contexts: Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)
• St. Thomas Aquinas, part of Stephen Loughlin's homepage
  This page has links to texts, a brief bio, and an image of a sculpture of Aquinas by Father Bednar.

1226

• Francis of Assisi dies¹
• Louis VIII (France) d.; Louis IX succeeds¹

1227

• Henry III (England) ends his minority early¹
• Pope Gregory IX (-1241)¹

1228

• The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II begins the sixth Crusade¹
• Francis of Assisi is canonized¹

1229

• Toulouse U. founded¹
• Frederick II becomes King if Jerusalem¹

1230-1239

Events

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1230

• the excommunication of Frederick II is lifted¹
• Wenceslas I becomes King of Bohemia (-1253)
• returning Crusaders bring leprosy with them¹
• Berlin founded¹

1231

1232

• Pope Gregory IX writes the Decretal, "Vox in Rama" to the King of Germnay⁶
• Antony of Padua canonized¹

1233

• the first time coal is mined¹

1234

1235

• Henry VII (Germny) imprisoned by father (Frederick II)¹

1236

1237

• the Mongols take Russia¹

1238

1239

1240-1249

Events

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1240

• Simon de Montfort and Richard of Cornwall crusade¹
• English-Scottish border defined¹

1241

• Despite Mongol victories in Europe, they are forced to withdraw when their leader dies¹
• the 17 day reign of Pope Celestine IV¹

1242

• the Mongols "Golden Horde" era begins¹

1243

• Pope Innocent IV (-1254)¹
• England and France begin five year truce¹

1244

1245

• the Council of Lyons deposes the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II¹
• building of the Choir and Cloisters of Westminister Abbey begins¹

1246

• construction of La Sainte-Chapelle (Paris)¹

1247

1248

• Louis IX begins the Seventh Crusade¹

1249

• Roger Bacon writes about the existence explosives¹

1250-1259

Events

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1250

• Conrad IV becomes Holy Roman Emperor (-1254)¹
• Louis IX captured by Saracens¹

1251

• Kublai Khan rules China (-1294)¹

1252

• Church of St. Francis of Assisi built¹

1253

• Ottokar II rules Bohemia till 1278¹
• Linen is made in England¹

1254

• Marco Polo is born (d. 1324)¹
• Pope Alexander IV (-1261)¹
• Paris School of Theology founded, later known as the Sorbonne¹

1255

1256

• Venetians and Geonese begin "Hundred Years War"¹
• Order of Augustine Hermits founded¹

1257

1258

• House of Commons developed in England¹

1259

1260-1269

Events

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1260

• the flagellants appear in southern Germnay and northern Italy¹

1261

• Pope Urban IV (-1264)¹
• Constantinople returns to Greek rule²

1262

1263

1264

• "Summa Contra Gentiles," by Thomas Aquinas¹

1265

• Dante Alighieri is born (d. 1321)¹
• Pope Clement IV (-1268)¹

1266

• Giotto is born (d. 1337)¹

1267

1268

• there is no pope for three years¹

1269

1270-1279

Events

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1270

• Louis IX dies in the Eighth Crusade; Philip III succeeds¹
• Stephen V rules Hungary
• the German poet, Tannhäser dies (b. 1205)¹

1271

• Pope Gregory X (-1276)¹
• Marco Polo goes to China¹

1272

• Henry III (England) dies; succeeded by Edward I¹

1273

• "Summa Theologica," by Thomas Aquinas¹

1274

• Thomas Aquinas dies¹

1275

• Kublai Khan employs Marco Polo, creating the first European-Asian diplomatic relationship^{1 & 3}
• "Chirurgia," by William of Saliceto (possibly 1st record of human dissection)¹

1276

• Pope Gregory X, Innocent V, Hadrian V, and John XXI¹

1277

• Roger Bacon charged with heresy¹
• Pope Nicholas III (-1280)¹

1278

• Jews persecuted in London¹

1279

1280-1289

Events

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1280

• Flemish textile workers revolt¹

1281

1282

• Florence is top commercial and financial European city¹

1283

1284

1285

• Pope Honorius IV (-1287)¹
• Philip III (France) dies; Philip IV succeeds¹

1286

• Alexander III dies; niece Margaret inherits Scottish throne as an infant¹

1287

1288

• Osman I (-1326); Ottoman Empire¹
• Pope Nicholas IV (-1292)¹

1289

• Montpellier University founded¹

1290-1299

Events

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1290

• Jews forced to leave England ³
• "La Vita Nuova," by Dante¹
• spectacles invented^{1 & 2}

1291

• Swiss Confederation begins to form²

1292

1293

1294

• Pope Celestine V¹
• Pope Boniface VIII (-1303)^{1 & 4}

1295

1296

1297

• (circa) Marco Polo; "Book of Various Experiences"³

1298

1299

• construction of Palazzo Vecchio in Florence¹