Name:_______________
Date:__________
1. The human body has ___ types of glands, ____ and ________ glands.
2. Duct glands are also known as _________ glands.
3. Ducts are ______.
4. Examples of duct glands are ____ ______, _____ ______ and ________ ______.
5. Ductless glands are also known as _________ glands.
6. The secretions of ductless glands are called ________.
7. Endocrine glands release their secretions into the _____ ______ to be carried to other locations where they take their ______.
8. Examples of endocrine glands are: the _________, _______, __________, ________, ________, ______, and _______.
9. The study of endocrine glands is called _____________.
10. The word hormone was derived from the _____ word ___________ which means "__ ______."
11. The primary function of endocrine glands is to ________ ______ and ______.
12. The pituitary gland is also known as the _________.
13. The pituitary gland is called the "______ _____" because its various hormones ________ all other _________ ______.
14. The pituitary gland is located in the _____ near the top of the _____ ____.
15. The pituitary gland is connected to the brain by a _____ _____ called the ____________.
16. The pituitary gland is about the size of a ______.
17. The pituitary gland is divided into _____ regions,
18. The word "anterior" means _____ ____.
19. The word "posterior" means ____ ____.
20. The ________ ____ is the largest region of the pituitary gland.
21. The second largest region of the pituitary gland is the ________ ____.
22. The smallest region of the pituitary gland is the ____ __________.
23. The pars intermedia is located between the ________ ____ and the _________ _____.
24. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces the ___________ _______, which in people is commonly called the _____ ______ _______ (_ _ _).
25. If HGH is produced in greater than normal quantities, the _____ grow ____ ____.
26. HGH acts to prevent the _________ ________ from forming, making continued ______ possible in these bones.
27. The result of a greater than normal production of HGH is _________ ________, and they may grow to be _ ____ ____.
28. ________ is accompanied by a corresponding ________ in the size of the ________ ______.
29. If there is an increased secretion of HGH after the appearance of the _________ ____, the ____ _____ do not grow. However, there is growth in the bones of the ____, _____ and ____.
30. If there is an increased secretion of HGH after the appearance of the epiphyseal line, the result is called ___________.
31. Deficiency of HGH causes _________ _______, and these people are often referred to as being _______.
32. If ________ is recognized early in a _____ or __________, HGH produced through _______ __________ can be administered causing the child to ____.
33. A second hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary is _________.
34. In mammals, _________ stimulates the production of ____ in the _______ ______.
35. Prolactin may also stimulate ________ ________.
36. A third hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary is the ______ __________ _______. This hormone causes the _______ _____ to function, and if this hormone is absent, the _______ ______ _____ _____.
37. The anterior lobe of the pituitary also produces the _________________ ______ (_ _ _ _).
38. ACTH influences the amount of __________ produced by the ______ of the _______ ______.
39. __________ help regulate the amount of ________ in our bodies, as well as ____________ __________.
40. The two gonadotropic hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary are the ________-___________ _______ and the __________ _______
41. The ________-___________ _______ (_ _ _) causes egg cells and sperm cells to mature so that ____________ can occur.
42. The __________ _______ (_ _) works with the __________-___________ _______ to prepare the female body to _______ a developing child during ________.
43. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ___ hormones, the _____________ _______ (_ _ _) and the ________ _______.
44. ADH controls the __________ of water from the _______ into the _____ ______.
45. If ADH is deficient, the _____ ______ does not _________ water from the _______ and _____ is formed in ______ amounts.
46. If ADH is deficient, the resulting disease is called ________ _________, which may result in the excretion of as much as _ _ ________ of _____ per day.
47. ADH also increases _____ ________.
48. Vasopressin is _ _ _.
49. ADH acts on the walls of ________ to produce an ________ in blood pressure.
50. Another term for high blood pressure is ____________.
51. A diuretic drug stimulates _________, usually by __________ the action of _ _ _.
52. By stimulation urination, ________ ______ are useful in controlling ____ _____ ________.
53. The ________ _______ (________) causes the ____________ which lead to child birth, and it increases _____ ________ and decreases the formation of ____ during ________.
54. The pars intermedia produces a hormone called __________.
55. ______ is known of the function of __________ in people.
56. In ____, intermedin functions to ______ the ______.
57. The _______ _____ is located in the approximate area of the throat.
58. The thyroid gland lies along side the ______.
59. The thyroid gland is shaped like the letter _.
60. The thyroid gland uses ______ and the amino acid _________ to produce the hormones ________ and ________________, both of which function to regulate ________ _________.
61. __________ refers to all of the processes than make _______ available to _____.
62. Thyroxin and triiodothyronine regulate the conversion of ________ to _______.
63. ________ is stored glucose.
64. The deficiency of _________ results in a _________ in the __________ rate, causing a condition called ______________.
65. If _____________ occurs during _______ or _________ the result is called _________.
66. _________ is characterized by _______ physical growth and ______ _____________.
67. If hypothyroidism occurs in an adult, it results in such symptoms as: _______ ____ ___________, _ _________ __ ______ ________ and _____ _____, _______ __ ___ _____ and ____, ____ __ ______, ______ _____ and __________.
68. Hypothyroidism is treated medically by administering ________.
69. The opposite of hypothyroidism is _______________.
70. ______________ results from an ____-__________ of _________.
71. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:_____ _____ ____, ________ __ _____ ________, _________ __ ___________ (resulting in ______ ____), ____ ____, an increase in ____ ___________, excess ________, and ___________.
72. People suffering from ____________ may eat very large amounts of ____ and still ____ ______.
73. Hypothyroidism is treated by ________ part of the _______ _____ and by the use of ____ _________.
74. A ______ is an enlarged thyroid gland, which results in a ________ in the ____.
75. A ______ can result from either _____ or ____________, but it is more common in ______________.
76. A ______ is generally caused by a lack of _______.
77. The _______ ___________ _______ of the pituitary gland causes the _______ _____ to ____. But without _______, no _________ is produced. The pituitary gland responds to this by making the _______ _____ work ______ and ______. Therefore, like a ______ that you work with a _______, the _______ _____ gets ______.
78. We get most of our iodine from ________ and from __________ grown in soil which contains ______.
79. Iodine is often supplemented in the diet by including it in ____ (_______ ____).
80. On the back side of the thyroid gland are ____ small bodies known as the ___________ ______.
81. The parathyroid glands are the _________ endocrine glands.
82. The parathyroid glands produce the ___________ _______ which plays an important role in regulating _______ and ________ _____ in blood.
83. _______ and ________ ions are very important in _____ and ______ function, and in maintaining ____ structure.
84. _______ _ is important to the ___________ ______because it promotes retention of _______ and ________.
85. Without _______ _ bones cannot develop and they become ____ and ____, resulting in the disease called _______.
86. The _______ ______ look like caps sitting on top of each ______.
87. Each adrenal gland is composed of ___ distinct regions: an outer area called the _______ _______, and an inner part called the _______ _______.
88. The adrenal cortex produces hormones that belong to a group of chemical compounds known as ______________, _________, or just ________.
89. The adrenal cortex makes over _ _ different steroids.
90. The adrenal cortex has _____ layers, and each layer produces different _______________.
91. The steroids of the outer layer of the adrenal cortex are called _________________.
92. The steroids of the middle layer of the adrenal cortex are called _________________.
93. The steroids of the inner layer of the adrenal cortex are called __________ ________.
94. ___________ is the main mineralocorticoid, and functions to cause the _______ to reabsorb ______ and excrete _________, thus keeping these two ____ in _______.
95. _______________ is the principle glucocorticoid, which helps regulate the __________ of _____________, ________ and ____. It also helps us deal with ______.
96. Glucocorticoids cause a rapid destruction of certain _____ _____ _____, thereby _______ our resistance to ______.
97. Because glucocorticoids depress the ______ ______, they are used to treat many _________ ________.
98. The production of glucocorticoids is under the control of _ _ _ _ produced by the pituitary gland.
99. The androgenic hormones are called ________ and are _____ ___ ________.
100. ___________ is the main androgen.
101. While the adrenals of males and females produce near _____ amounts of androgens, males have an __________ ______ of androgens produced by the ________.
102. If the adrenal cortex produces insufficient amounts of ___________ and ___________ the result is called _______'_ _______.
103. The symptoms of Addison's Disease include: __________ _________, ________, ________ ________, ________, _______, ____ of ______, ___ _____ _________, and _________ ____________ of the _____ (________).
104. Addison's Disease can often be controlled with _______ ___________ _______.
105. Excess production of ACTH or a _____ within the adrenal cortex results in ________'_ _______.
106. The symptoms of Cushing's Disease include: _______, ____ _____ ________, a _____ "_____" ____, ________ ________ a tendency to _______ _______, and ____ _______ of _____ _______.
107. The adrenal medulla produces ____________ and ____________, often called _________ and ___________.
108. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in the ______ ________ called the "_____ or ______ ________."
109. When confronted with danger, epinephrine and norepinephrine ________ the _____ _______ of the _______ and _________ ______, dilate blood vessels in the _____ and _____, raise _____ ________, and _________ respiration. They also constrict the blood vessels of the _____ so that we will lose less _____ should we be ______, ___ or ____.
110. Epinephrine and norepinephrine rapidly convert ________ to _______, so that we might have extra ______.
111. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause more __________________ to be available to our _______ ______, so that our nerves can activate more ______ _____ making us ______ and ________.
112. All the changes made by ___________ and ____________ prepare us to respond to ______.
113. The ________ lies between the kidneys.
114. Cells in the pancreas called the ______ of ___________ are scattered throughout the pancreas.
115. The Islets of Langerhans have two types of cells: alpha cells which produce a hormone called ________, and beta cells which produce a hormone called _______.
116. _______ is the hormone which escorts _______ across the ____ ________.
117. Without _______, glucose cannot enter the cell to be used to produce ______.
118. ________ functions to cause the _____ to convert more ________ to _______, thereby, _______ the _____ _____ _____.
119. If the ______ of ________ stop or lessen their production of _______, the result is ________ _______.
120. The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include: ____ of ______, excessive ______, ________ in _________, _______ in the ____, and _______.
121. When glucose cannot enter cells, the _____ _____ _____ is ____.
122. A high blood sugar level causes _____ to be ________ in ____.
123. High volumes of _____ are needed to remove the _____ from the _______. Since water is used for this purpose, ______ occurs to _______ this lost _____.
124. In diabetes mellitus, since _______ is not available for cells to produce ______, _________ is used instead. This produces ______-____, as ________ is no longer available to form __________.
125. In diabetes mellitus, when cells attempt to use ___ to produce energy, the ___ is incompletely ______ and forms ______ ______.
126. ______ ______ are highly _____ and damage many parts of the ____.
127. Ketone bodies may be at least partially responsible for _______ ____ (______________).
128. There are _____ causes for diabetes.
129. In ________ ________, because of ________, it is suspected that when the child contracts a ________ _____, the ______ _____ makes a _____ _____ ____ to eat the _____. However, this particular _____ _____ ____ thinks that ____ _____ do not belong to the body and _____ them, too. The result is __ _______ ________ _____ at all, requiring an _________ of _______ before each ____.
130. In _____-_____ ________ there are ____ _____ which still produce _______. However, because of factors, such as being ____-______, there is not enough _______ to serve these large ___ _____.
131. _____-_____ ________ may be controlled by ____, by _____ _________ or _______ __________.
132. Insulin must be _________ as _________ destroys _______.
133. For many years diabetics injected insulin acquired from _______.
134. Today _____ _______ can be made by _______ __________.
135. The opposite of diabetes is __________.
136. ____________ occurs when the pancreas produces ___ ____ _______. Since insulin _______ _______ across the cell membrane, there is ____ sugar inside of _____ and a ___ _____ _____ level.
137. In hypoglycemia, the _________ reads the low blood sugar level and causes the perception of ______.
138. Many hypoglycemics appear to be ______ almost all of the time. For this reason hypoglycemics often ___ __________ and ____ ______.
139. Hypoglycemics often feel _____, _____ and develop the "______."
140. Most hypoglycemia can be controlled by ____--eating ___ small ________ meals each day.
141. The ______ are the sex glands and consist of the _______ in females and the ______ in males.
142. Testes produce _____ and _____ ___ ________.
143. Ovaries produce ______ ___ ________.
144. The effect of sex hormones usually becomes noticeable between the ages of _ _ and _ _ years of age when most boys and girls reach _______.
145. _______ is the biological event which brings the _____ into ___________.
146. Puberty occurs earlier for _____ than for ____.
147. Puberty begins when the ________ _____ releases the ____________ _______, which acts on the ______ causing them to become functionally ______.
148. The gonads become functionally mature, the person will some become ___________ ______, and their gonads will greatly _______ their production of ___ ________.
149. Sex hormones produce the _________ ___ _________ for the two sexes.
150. Secondary sex characteristics include: ______ hair in _____, the appearance of ______ in _______, _____ and ________ hair, lower _____ for both sexes, and the other characteristics which describe ___ and _____.
151. _____ different groups of hormones are produced by the various organs of the ______ ___________ ______. These hormones are called the __________ ________ (commonly called ________).
152. ____-_______ is responsible for maintaining the ______ environment, and effects ________.
153. ____________ makes the uterus favorable to the reception of a developing ______.
154. _______ _____________ prevents ovulation during ________.
155. Male sex hormones are called _________.
156. The main androgen is the _______ hormone known as ____________.
157. _________ causes males to have ______ ______ ____, and to be more _________ in ________.
158. The ______ ______ is attached to the lower surface of the _____ and is sometimes considered to be an _________ _____.
159. The pineal gland secretes two hormones: _________ and _________.
160. _________ functions as a neurotransmitter, and has been proven to be involved in some __________.
161. The pineal gland is stimulated by ________ to produce _________.
162. The lack of ________ in winter can result in a type of __________ called ________ __________ _________ or _ _ _.
163. _ _ _ can usually be treated with __________ ______, or with ____________ drugs such as ______.
164. _________ may be a hormone which triggers _____.
165. _________ may also be useful to correct "___ ___," as it can be used to alter
our "__________ ______."