Gold
dinar and the currency crisis
By
Shan Saeed
When the global economy is passing through turbulent times, stock markets are
volatile and countries trying hard to keep up with arduous times of war ,
Malaysia has coined a plan what is perhaps the first of its kind, -the golden
dinar proposal for bilateral and multilateral trade among Islamic countries. The
plan, announced by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, aims to prevent another
currency crisis of the scale seen in Asia in 1997-98. Just as the
capital-control measures introduced in response to the financial crisis in 1998
were initially viewed with skepticism, the dinar-gold plan has its share of
critics and supporters. Malaysia's concern since the attack on the nation's
currency has been the vulnerability and volatility of money- a bane suffered by
this country and others in the region in 1997-98 that it now wants to avoid or
minimize. Having one of the most 'open' economies, Malaysia is often at the
mercy of swings in its currency. Though pegging the Malaysian ringgit to the US
dollar in 1999 has brought some semblance of stability, the currency is
nonetheless still subject to constant volatility. Hence the gold-diner idea.
Although gold might not solve the problem, it is less unstable than the US
dollar and has an intrinsic value that paper money does not have. It is believed
that with gold, speculation and manipulation could be avoided and thus the
international trade would be safe from being undermined. The gold diner was used
by the Muslim world as far back as the second caliphate (AD 632), until the fall
of the Ottoman empire in 1924. According to the Islamic law, one diner is
equivalent to 4.22 grams (0.135 ounce) of pure gold and the value is based on
demand for gold. In modern times, a gold-backed system was adopted
internationally until the Bretton Woods system collapsed in the 1970s. The dinar
is already being used as a currency by the Islamic Development Bank but it is
indirectly pegged to the US dollar, with one Dinar equivalent to one special
drawing right [SDR] of the International Monetary Fund. [The SDR, the
"currency" established by the IMP, is set to a basket of five major
currencies, i.e, the US dollar, British pound, Japanese yen, French franc and
German Deutschmark - the last two in their euro equivalents.] Private
initiatives abound in gold-backed payment systems, including as e-gold,
gold-money, gold economy, e-Diner and so on, but they are mostly confined among
private individuals and firms using gold as payments.
The Malaysian plan, however, is different in that it uses gold as money and not
as a gold-backed instrument, a feature that is important for the gold Dinar
proposal to be successful as it would avoid the pitfalls that caused the failure
of the Bretton Woods system. The plan seeks to use the diner not for day-to-day
settlement of trades but for bilateral payment arrangements, later to be
extended to multilateral payment arrangements, and is solely confined to the
settlement of trades.The gold diner, whose denomination has yet to be
determined, will not exist in physical form but will be defined in terms of
gold. Observers believe that Malaysia is likely to adopt a one-ounce diner.
Therefore, if the price of one ounce of gold is $365 as it is now, the value of
one gold diner will be $365 or equivalent in other currencies based on the
prevailing exchange rate.
Since there will be no physical transfer of gold, settlement of trade balances
between countries would be conducted through their respective central banks
every three months, for instance by transferring the beneficial ownership of
gold in their custodian's account at the Bank of England. Exporters would then
be paid in their respective national currencies by their central banks on the
due date of exports, based on the gold-dinar exchange rate prevailing at the
time of export. Similarly, importers will pay their central bank in their
national currency equivalent to the amount of their imports. Apart from the
economic benefits, the gold-diner proposal also has a political dimension to it.
It is a response to "an inherently unstable and ultimately unjust global
monetary systems. It is expected that relations among Islamic nations would be
strengthened via the trading system. It is "a system that will also allow
the Islamic community to use its collective surpluses to fund each other and
help each other grow and benefit and people of many Muslim nation would prosper.
Some observers believe that the nature of the prevalent international financial
system means alternative systems such as those proposed by Malaysia and should
be seriously considered. Developing countries were true losers in the current
global fiat money system as the 1997 East Asian financial crisis had flashed
out. Thus the gold-diner system "promises a much more stable and just
monetary system, having intrinsic value in itself", unlike currencies.
However, like currencies, gold could also create arbitrage opportunities, in
which case there would be a need for regulations that restrict the diner to real
transactions. There are more benefits than risks with the Malaysian proposal. In
this structure, exchange-rate risks, a phenomenon of the current floating
exchange-rate regime and the source of much chagrin, would be eliminated, as
there would be no need for forward, futures or options on currencies. And unlike
the forward, futures and options markets, the gold dinar does not depend on
speculators for increased liquidity. According to one economist, the virtual
nature of the gold dinar and the strict limit and authority on the usage of it
serves as a barrier to speculative activities and arbitrage opportunities, two
reasons gold-backed systems broke down in the past.
The gold dinar is akin to the forward contract but with its problems of
'barter', speculative and arbitrage elements removed and is also a superior tool
for managing foreign exchange risk. Since people of every race, creed and
nationality treasure gold, it is a suitable global currency that enjoys global
diversification, meaning that no single country's unique risk may be
significantly embedded in gold. And because gold has all the characteristics of
a good money - desired, highly valued, durable, stable, and incapable of being
either created or destroyed. It can play the role of a stable international unit
of account that is missing in the current floating exchange-rate system since
the demise of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. The plan (gold-dinar) warrants
consideration as a welcome alternative to the existing international financial
system, which has many shortcomings. With 87 countries having undergone major
currency crises over the past 25 years, and in a world without a stable and
predictable international standard of value, the gold-diner project is trying to
create a reference value - gold - that would supposedly operate outside this
unstable environment.
While the plan will become operational with consensus from many countries. The
gold dinar will solve all the problems of many nations' economic, social,
political and cultural woes and enhance foreign trade. The project can become a
stepping stone to another system that also opens the doors to participation from
other non-Muslim countries, rather than an end in itself. The problems holding
back its effectiveness are the issue of volatility of gold due to its narrow
market and the fact that not many of Malaysia's major trading partners produce
gold. For these reasons the proposal for a currency backed by a broader-based
basket of commodities and services that includes the gold diner and the silver
dirham as two of its components. The other components could include crude oil,
palm oil or rubber, products of which Malaysia and its major trading partners
are significant producers or users. A currency backed by a broader basket that
is also interest-free (and therefore compatible with Shariah law, a Malaysian
and Islamic concern) would be more stable than if it would rely only on one of
its components. As to the repercussions of the plan, reactions have been mixed
as to the impact on gold resources and the gold market. Some believe gold
resources would be depleted and prices of gold would be pushed up. Others,
believe the impact on gold prices would be positive but the actual volume of
physical gold stored or traded would be minimal.
Compared to other factors - war in Iraq and the resulting impact on oil prices,
or a change of a policy of the Chinese or Japanese towards dollar holdings - the
gold dinar would have a comparatively less dramatic effect. The reason is that
since the mechanism involves the settlement of balance at the end of a
determined period of time, there is no necessity to hoard large amounts of gold.
For example, if at the end of a three-month cycle, the total exports from
Malaysia to Saudi Arabia is 2 million gold dinar and the total exports of Saudi
Arabia to Malaysia is 1.8 million gold dinar, only a relatively small amount -
200,000 gold dinar - supporting a total trade value of 3.8 million changed
hands. And the mechanism could be further refined if the credit or debit
outstanding at the end of each quarter can be forwarded to the subsequent
quarters and final settlement is made only at the end of the year, thus for the
year as a whole, the payment flows are further minimized.
AFTA:
The upcoming challenges to the Malaysian automotive industry
The AFTA
Agreement was signed in 1992 by six ASEAN members at that time to enhance
economic co-operation among them. The member countries plan to reduce
inter-regional tariffs on all manufactured items, including capital goods and
processed agricultural products and remove non-tariff barriers over 15 year
period beginning in 1993. The objective was to increase the ASEAN regions
competitiveness in the global market. In 1994 the heads of ASEAN Government
decided to accelerate the time frame for the implementation of AFTA. They agreed
to reduce the time frame from 2008 to January 1 2003 as the implementation date.
The decision to accelerate the implementation of AFTA from the initial target of
2008 to year 2003 is a clear indication of the seriousness in which ASEAN
regards the achievement of a free trade area in the region. This can be seen as
part of ASEAN contribution to the general trend towards global trade
liberalisation. Under AFTA tariffs on almost all products traded by ASEAN
leading trading nations will be down to 0-5 percent in less than two years. AFTA
is implemented using the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT). More than
1000 products have been included in this scheme. Non tariff barriers are also to
be eliminated completely for trade among the ASEAN countries by the year 2003.
For automobile industry all the components and parts that are needed to the car
industry will be affected. From tires till the engines are included in the CEPT
list. Completely assembled cars are also included in this scheme. Non trade
barriers like custom tax and tariffs will be taken once the market is open.
Currently from my research I found out Thailand and Indonesia have already
started to reduce the tariffs for all automobile components. Only Malaysia and
Philippines have not made their move to reduce tariffs in this sector.
As a result of this Malaysia had requested AFTA to be deferred to 2005 for the
car industry. The reason given was that the local manufacturers need time to
recover from the economic downturn. ASEAN countries have agreed for this
request. Actually they are given opportunity to the local car manufacturers
Proton and Perodua to prepare themselves for AFTA. Currently consumers pay
significantly higher price for foreign car compare to its original price.
Overall AFTA for auto will drive the regional manufacturing integration and cost
competitiveness among ASEAN countries. It will be more technology transfer to
this region and more opportunity to the labor. Local companies to benefit from
the implication by producing part for car that will be marketable to the ASEAN
region
AFTA
and Malaysian car industries
Proton and Perodua are really
going to feel the threat of AFTA if they are not prepared by the year 2005.
Government has helped them by deferring the AFTA from 2003 to 2005. So now it is
up to the local manufacturers to come out with their own remedies to face AFTA.
The truth fact is that nobody can escape from liberalization of car industry in
this region.
From my opinion, Proton has already started preparing for AFTA. But is it
enough? Sales have been projected to drop significantly for Proton once AFTA is
implemented. One of the measures taken by Proton is in R & D sector. They
have come up with first Malaysian design car. This is a milestone in Proton,
which was realized using latest technology like Rapid Prototyping and commitment
by the employees. Proton is also doing research and development with Lotus
engineering and Petronas-Sauber Formula 1 team to come up with own engine. This
moves in R &D sector is very important for them. Now they can show their own
identity to the world rather than copying prototype of Mitsubishi cars. They
have changed to a new logo that will give them more precise identity. Perodua
still lack in this field, they still come out with Daihatsu prototype cars to
manufacture in Malaysia.
Local manufacturers have to come with their own identity or brand if they want
to penetrate the ASEAN market. In order to have own identity, they need to come
out with their own model that is not available from other auto manufacturers.
Daihatsu have already manufacturing base in Indonesia. So for Perodua it will be
difficult task to penetrate the ASEAN market. Definitely their sales in Malaysia
will drop in 2005. So to compensate that, they better penetrate other ASEAN
countries car market.
Another main core thing that should be taken action is cost competitiveness.
Cost control is very important. Our local cars cost is very high compare to the
actual price of foreign car without tax and tariffs. Even Datuk Seri Rafidah
Aziz has urged Proton to cut cost of the local production. If they want to be
global distributor than their price should be competitive among car giants. Even
though our capacity is small compare to other car giants, but if they want to
challenge them then they have to cut the cost. Proton has informed that the new
model Proton WAJA parts are 90 percent locally made. This is a good sign for
local part manufacturers. However are the local parts cheap compare to foreign
suppliers. However they should get alternative choice to reduce cost. Maybe they
can buy some parts from other countries that are significantly cheap compare to
local parts.
Another main thing that Proton should consider is quality of the car and its
parts. Currently our car quality is not even par with foreign cars. So how are
they going to go global? Quality is very important because most consumers will
look into the quality of the car before purchasing them. They should improvise
their quality of car. They should be strict in quality control. Even to maintain
the local sales they have to maintain the quality and upgrade them to be higher
than foreign cars. Proton car owners knew the quality of Proton cars before they
buy the car. They didn't consider the quality because the cost was more
important to them. Since Proton and Perodua was the cheapest and economical,
they bought the car.
Finally before penetrating other ASEAN countries, local manufacturers have to
have a well planned marketing strategy to sell the car in the ASEAN region. They
should come up with some partnership in these ASEAN countries to market their
cars. Local distributors in ASEAN countries are more reliable and trustable
since they know their market well. The collaboration should be enhancing the
marketing strategy and method to penetrate this ASEAN region. From my opinion, I
think R&D with own design, cost control, quality control and marketing is
the four main items that local car manufacturers should concentrate. They should
use all four management principles, which is planning, controlling, organizing
and leading to implement these tasks. The principles are very important for them
to implement their plans and run them successfully.
Lastly I would like to say that AFTA is a threat to local manufactures but it is
an opportunity to many new Malaysian companies. They can actually negotiate with
foreign giants to invest in Malaysia and open up a joint venture company. With
joint venture it would be a win-win situation where both local and foreign
companies can benefit from the project. Honda Motor Corporation just formed a
joint venture project with DRB-HICOM and Oriental Industries in July 2000. Both
local companies have 51 percent share while HONDA has 49 percent. DRB-HICOM is
actually a parent company for Proton but they are planning to sell the stakes to
PETRONAS. This is because their debts are very high. Now they have formed an
alliance with HONDA so that they are not out of the car industry. This is
considered a good move because this joint venture project will benefit all
parties involved. I think some other companies can follow this footstep to form
a joint venture company with other auto giants like Toyota, Ford, Volvo and
others. If they don't offer themselves than Thailand will grab these entire
joint venture project and gain most from AFTA.