CHAPTER 2 OUTLINE
MATTER AND CHANGE

I. Matter
     A. Properties of Matter
          1. Matter -- anything that has mass and takes up space
               a. Mass -- the omount of matter in an object
          2. Substance (Pure Substance) -- matter that has a uniform and difinite composition
          3. Physical Properties -- quality that is observed without changing the substance's composition
               a. Some can be observed with the senses
                    1. Color, odor, hardness, clarity, solubility
               b. Density, melting point, boiling point
     B. States (Phases) of Matter (is a physical property)
          1. Solid -- definite volume and shape
          2. Liquid -- definite volume, takes the shape of the container
               a. Flows
          3. Gas -- takes the volume and shape of the container
               a. Flows
               b. Vapor -- used for substances that are usually liquid or solid at room temperature
     C. Physical Change
          1. Changing a given material without changing its composition
               a. Cutting, grinding, etc.
          2. Change of state (solid to liquid, etc.)
II. Mixtures
     A. Classifying Mixtures
          1. Mixture -- physical blend of two or more substances
          2. Types of mixtures
               a. Heterogeneous -- not a uniform mixture (not evenly mixed)
                    1. Ex. -- Salad dressings (Italian)
               b. Homogeneous -- uniform mixture (evenly mixed) -- Solutions
                    1. Ex. -- Sugar water
          3. Phase -- any part of a system with uniform composition and properties
               a. Heterogeneous -- two or more phases
               b. Homogeneous -- one phase
     B. Separating Mixtures
          1. Heterogeneous -- by physical properties or scientific instruments
          2. Homogeneous -- by using scientific instruments
               a. Distillation -- utilizes difference in boiling points to separate
III. Elements and Compounds
     A. Distinguishing Elements and Compounds
          1. Elements -- Simplest form of matter
               a. BUILDING BLOCKS OF CHEMISTRY!
               b. Periodic Table of Elements
          2. Compounds -- Combinations of elements (can be broken down by chemical means)
               a. Water, table salt, etc.
                                                 MATTER

                   SUBSTANCE                                         MIXTURE

     ELEMENT           COMPOUND       HOMOGENEOUS        HETEROGENEOUS
                                                              (SOLUTION)
     B. Symbols and Formulas
          1. Chemical Symbol -- one or two letter(s) representations of each element
               a. 1st letter is always capitalized
               b. 2nd is always lower case
          2. Chemical Formula -- two or more symbols used for shorthand version of a compound
               a. Subscripts -- # of atoms
IV. Chemical reactions (change)
     A. Changing Reactants to Products
          1. Chemical Property -- ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and form new substances
          2. Chemical Reaction -- substances change into new substances with different properties
               a. Reactants -- starting substance
               b. Products -- final substance
                                              Reactant A + Reactant B -- Product C + Product D
               c. Can involve energy transfer, color change, odor change, etc.
               d. Usually are not reversible
               e. Ex. -- Burning, rusting
     B. Conservation of Mass
          1. Total mass of reactants = total mass of products
          2. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
               A. Mass is neither created or destroyed, it is only changed (conserved)

Outline based upon:
     Matta, M. S., Staley, D. D., Waterman, E. L., & Wilbraham, A. C. (2000). Chemistry, Addison-Wesley. (5th ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Prentice Hall. pp. 29-43.


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