DEP3103-3

DEP3103

TEST 3

Chapter 10

Language

· What is language? A system of communication where words and symbols are combined so that a speaker can produce an infinite number of messages

o Rule systems:

§ Phonology- a language’s sound system

· Phonemes- the basic units of sound, the smallest sound units that affect meaning

o Ex. How many phonemes in the word cat? 3, because C A and T can all be replaced with a different letter to make a word

§ Morphology- units of meaning

· Morphemes- a word or part of a word that cannot be broken down into smaller units

o Ex. how many morphemes in the word farmer? 2, farm and er

o Ex. Pre, tion, ing, s, y, ed, er

§ Syntax- the rules by which words are arranged in sentences

· Adjectives go before nouns.

· Ex. “The pretty girl walked to class.” (correct) “The girl pretty walked to class.” (incorrect)

§ Semantics- the meaning of words and sentences and how the words are combined to get meaning

· Ex. The bicycle talked to boy into buying a candy bar. Bicycles don’t talk though.

§ Pragmatics- the appropriate use of language in different contexts

· Ex. When we are young we learn to take turns when talking. We also learn that we need to speak differently in a classroom than outside.

· How Language Develops:

o Infancy

§ Cooing- vowel noises the child makes, typically oo, occurs around 1 to 2 months

§ Babbling- occurs at 4 months

· add a consonant to the vowel sounds they have been making

· deaf babies can babble

· if you don’t hear human speech you won’t move out of this stage

§ Gestures- occur from 6-12 months

· Use pointing and showing to help communicate

· Iverson and Goldin-Meadow (2005) did a study on the importance of gestures. They took 10 children, ages 10-24 months, and observed them 8 times through play and meal time. They were looking for any attempt by the child to direct the adult’s attention through gestures. They considered vocalization or eye gaze as this, but didn’t consider a ritual act, such as blowing kisses or patty cake. Diectic gestures were considered, where they held up an object where the adult could see or pointing at it. Conventional gestures were also looked at, such as nodding, thumbs up, okay. Ritualized gestures were when the child extended their arm towards something, and then repeatedly opened and closed their hand.

§ Baby Sign Language- It allows the child to communicate earlier than they can speak, because the fine motor skills develop before speech does.

· Parents want to know what their child wants.

· You can start teaching the child at 6 months, and it can take weeks or even months before your baby starts signing.

· Babies cry less and are less frustrated, because they don’t have to have a fit because no one knows what they want.

· It doesn’t prevent language, but they can hit their language milestones earlier. These children typically have higher IQ’s also.

§ First Words- occurs around 10-15 months, choose the easiest sounds for the child to make and the words most important to them, Ex. mama, dada, bye-bye, nigh night

· By age 2, they can say about 200 words. By age 6, they are up to 10,000 words.

· Practice pronouncing sounds in words, Ex. Juice- du, ju, dus, jus, sus, jusi

· Ex. Timemba = remember, Pagetti = spaghetti

§ Overextension- the child’s tendency to apply a word to many things, overuse a word

· Ex. Anything with 4 legs is a dog, calling any type of drink apple juice

§ Underextension- the child’s tendency to apply a word too narrowly

· Ex. They see a bear at the zoo and don’t call it a bear, because a bear can only be their teddy bear. They don’t give the proper name to the proper object.

§ Telegraphic speech- common around 18-24 months, using 2 to 3 words and leaving out small articles or insignificant words

o 3 years of age- 3, 4, & 5 word combinations

§ Displacement- occurs around 3 years old, when children are able to talk about things that aren’t physically present. They can pretend.



	DEP3103 DEP3103 TEST 3 Chapter 10 Language · What is language? A system of communication where words and symbols are combined so that a speaker can produce an infinite number of messages o Rule systems: § Phonology- a language’s sound system · Phonemes- the basic units of sound, the smallest sound units that affect meaning o Ex. How many phonemes in the word cat? 3, because C A and T can all be replaced with a different letter to make a word § Morphology- units of meaning · Morphemes- a word or part of a word that cannot be broken down into smaller units o Ex. how many morphemes in the word farmer? 2, farm and er o Ex. Pre, tion, ing, s, y, ed, er § Syntax- the rules by which words are arranged in sentences · Adjectives go before nouns. · Ex. “The pretty girl walked to class.” (correct) “The girl pretty walked to class.” (incorrect) § Semantics- the meaning of words and sentences and how the words are combined to get meaning · Ex. The bicycle talked to boy into buying a candy bar. Bicycles don’t talk though. § Pragmatics- the appropriate use of language in different contexts · Ex. When we are young we learn to take turns when talking. We also learn that we need to speak differently in a classroom than outside. · How Language Develops: o Infancy § Cooing- vowel noises the child makes, typically oo, occurs around 1 to 2 months § Babbling- occurs at 4 months · add a consonant to the vowel sounds they have been making · deaf babies can babble · if you don’t hear human speech you won’t move out of this stage § Gestures- occur from 6-12 months · Use pointing and showing to help communicate · Iverson and Goldin-Meadow (2005) did a study on the importance of gestures. They took 10 children, ages 10-24 months, and observed them 8 times through play and meal time. They were looking for any attempt by the child to direct the adult’s attention through gestures. They considered vocalization or eye gaze as this, but didn’t consider a ritual act, such as blowing kisses or patty cake. Diectic gestures were considered, where they held up an object where the adult could see or pointing at it. Conventional gestures were also looked at, such as nodding, thumbs up, okay. Ritualized gestures were when the child extended their arm towards something, and then repeatedly opened and closed their hand. § Baby Sign Language- It allows the child to communicate earlier than they can speak, because the fine motor skills develop before speech does. · Parents want to know what their child wants. · You can start teaching the child at 6 months, and it can take weeks or even months before your baby starts signing. · Babies cry less and are less frustrated, because they don’t have to have a fit because no one knows what they want. · It doesn’t prevent language, but they can hit their language milestones earlier. These children typically have higher IQ’s also. § First Words- occurs around 10-15 months, choose the easiest sounds for the child to make and the words most important to them, Ex. mama, dada, bye-bye, nigh night · By age 2, they can say about 200 words. By age 6, they are up to 10,000 words. · Practice pronouncing sounds in words, Ex. Juice- du, ju, dus, jus, sus, jusi · Ex. Timemba = remember, Pagetti = spaghetti § Overextension- the child’s tendency to apply a word to many things, overuse a word · Ex. Anything with 4 legs is a dog, calling any type of drink apple juice § Underextension- the child’s tendency to apply a word too narrowly · Ex. They see a bear at the zoo and don’t call it a bear, because a bear can only be their teddy bear. They don’t give the proper name to the proper object. § Telegraphic speech- common around 18-24 months, using 2 to 3 words and leaving out small articles or insignificant words o 3 years of age- 3, 4, & 5 word combinations § Displacement- occurs around 3 years old, when children are able to talk about things that aren’t physically present. They can pretend.