DEP3103

DEP3103

Test 1

Chapter 1

Child Development

What is child development?:

-Its a sub-area of developmental psychology (which looks at conception to death) that covers conception- adolescence.

-It also covers what changes as children get older and what influences that change.

Why study it?:

1.) What happens during childhood can impact you later in adulthood.

2.) If you want to be an effective teacher, parent, therapist, or doctor you need to understand children to have better interactions with them.

3.) To better understand ourselves

How has the perception of children changed over time?:

1.) Original sin view- comes from the 16th century and was the view of the Puritans.

-They believed children were born evil and it was the parent’s job to civilize them and remove sin to bring salvation.

-They were treated like miniature adults who wore adult-type clothing and were expected to sit and be still or they would be beaten.

2.) Tabula rasa view- came about at the end of the 17th century.

-English philosopher John Locke expresses the view, and he initially believed children were a blank slate or tablate. As they get older, their life experiences shape who they are.

-The parent’s job is to mold them, and they should give them a good example to follow and reward them for following that example.

This view is a good foundation for behaviorism (developed by Watson and Skinner, it is shaping behavior by the environment)

3.) Innate goodness view- from the 18th century.

-People believed children were born good and with a sense of right and wrong instilled in them from birth. -Parents don't need to monitor them, because children know what they need to do.

-It wasn't until the 19th century that child labor laws were put into effect.

How do we view children today?:

-We view childhood as a unique period of life and believe what happens during this time lays a foundation for what you will be as an adult.

-Childhood is separate and distinct from adulthood.

Who are the important pioneers of childhood?:

1.) Charles Darwin- believed there was a link between the growth of a child and the evolution of humans. He did the first scientific research with children by systematically observing them.

2.) Alfred Binet- developed intelligence testing

3.) G. Stanley Hall- He was the first child psychologist in the U.S.

4.) Eric Erikson and Freud- were influential with stage models. They believed children developed through distinct stages and to make it to the next they had to successfully resolve the previous stage. The stage models were psychosexual and psychosocial models.

5.) John Watson- a behaviorist who was most known for his work with little Albert and believed children could be shaped through reward and punishment. Little Albert was a toddler who he shaped to fear a white rat, which led to him eventually fearing anything that was white and furry. He was able to reverse this though.

Terminology:

-development- pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through death

-biological processes- changes in the individuals body (example- puberty, menopause, height- growth in general)

-cognitive processes- changes in an individuals thoughts, intelligence, and language; examples- difference between right and wrong, learning to talk, developing schemas, and recognition of self

-socio-emotional processes- changes in an individuals relationship with other people and changes in emotions and personality, examples- dating, friendship and peer relationships in school, self-esteem, and attachments

-prenatal period- period from conception to birth, 9 months long

-infancy- period from birth to about 2 years of age

-early childhood- period from 2 years to 5 or 6 years of age, or preschool age

-middle childhood- period from about 6 years to 11 years of age, or the elementary school years. It is sometimes



	DEP3103 DEP3103 Test 1 Chapter 1 Child Development What is child development?: -Its a sub-area of developmental psychology (which looks at conception to death) that covers conception- adolescence. -It also covers what changes as children get older and what influences that change. Why study it?: 1.) What happens during childhood can impact you later in adulthood. 2.) If you want to be an effective teacher, parent, therapist, or doctor you need to understand children to have better interactions with them. 3.) To better understand ourselves How has the perception of children changed over time?: 1.) Original sin view- comes from the 16th century and was the view of the Puritans. -They believed children were born evil and it was the parent’s job to civilize them and remove sin to bring salvation. -They were treated like miniature adults who wore adult-type clothing and were expected to sit and be still or they would be beaten. 2.) Tabula rasa view- came about at the end of the 17th century. -English philosopher John Locke expresses the view, and he initially believed children were a blank slate or tablate. As they get older, their life experiences shape who they are. -The parent’s job is to mold them, and they should give them a good example to follow and reward them for following that example. This view is a good foundation for behaviorism (developed by Watson and Skinner, it is shaping behavior by the environment) 3.) Innate goodness view- from the 18th century. -People believed children were born good and with a sense of right and wrong instilled in them from birth. -Parents don't need to monitor them, because children know what they need to do. -It wasn't until the 19th century that child labor laws were put into effect. How do we view children today?: -We view childhood as a unique period of life and believe what happens during this time lays a foundation for what you will be as an adult. -Childhood is separate and distinct from adulthood. Who are the important pioneers of childhood?: 1.) Charles Darwin- believed there was a link between the growth of a child and the evolution of humans. He did the first scientific research with children by systematically observing them. 2.) Alfred Binet- developed intelligence testing 3.) G. Stanley Hall- He was the first child psychologist in the U.S. 4.) Eric Erikson and Freud- were influential with stage models. They believed children developed through distinct stages and to make it to the next they had to successfully resolve the previous stage. The stage models were psychosexual and psychosocial models. 5.) John Watson- a behaviorist who was most known for his work with little Albert and believed children could be shaped through reward and punishment. Little Albert was a toddler who he shaped to fear a white rat, which led to him eventually fearing anything that was white and furry. He was able to reverse this though. Terminology: -development- pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through death -biological processes- changes in the individuals body (example- puberty, menopause, height- growth in general) -cognitive processes- changes in an individuals thoughts, intelligence, and language; examples- difference between right and wrong, learning to talk, developing schemas, and recognition of self -socio-emotional processes- changes in an individuals relationship with other people and changes in emotions and personality, examples- dating, friendship and peer relationships in school, self-esteem, and attachments -prenatal period- period from conception to birth, 9 months long -infancy- period from birth to about 2 years of age -early childhood- period from 2 years to 5 or 6 years of age, or preschool age -middle childhood- period from about 6 years to 11 years of age, or the elementary school years. It is sometimes