Grammatique Pacariane

 

par Sander Dieleman

   Grammatique Pacariane, by Sander Dieleman - English version

29th Edition (03/29/2002) – Correction in pronunciation.

 

I.               Parsing – Morfologia

1.Alphabet - alfabete

The Pacarian alphabet is the same as in English, French… but there are some letters which are not or hardly used, or only in strange words. The standard alphabet is:

a b c d e f g h i l m n o p q r s t u v x y z

A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z

as you can see, there is no J, K, or W. These letters are only used in strange words (mostly from English). Q is always followed U. J is replaced by Y. W is replaced by U.

 

2.Pronunciation – pronunciacione

A like in father but short.

B like in English, or like p if before a consonant

C as k or s. Like in most languages. To determine if it is pronounced s or k, look at related words in other languages (mostly Roman languages, but also English!) Sometimes not pronounced according to the rules of fluency (see below)

CH like in chance

D as in English

E as in end (short) or as a in game (long). sometimes as i in in (also short).

F as in English.

G as in great before consonants and a,o,u, as j in Jane before e i and y.  Sometimes not pronounced before consonants according to the rules of fluency (see below)

H slightly aspirated. NOT like in help.

I as e in to be or as y in yellow when before a vowel.

J does not exist.

K doesn’t exist either.

L like in English.

M like in English.

N like in English.

NG like in angle

O like in October (short), or open in American English (long)

P like in English.

QU like in quality. Sometimes pronounced as c in cat according to the rules of fluency (see below)

R like the Spanish R

S like in sea. when surrounded by vowels, s in misery is also allowed.

T like in table, NEVER as s

U Always try to pronounce it like w in why. Sometimes when preceding a consonant this is impossible. Then: like oo food but short. So traduyer =>tradw-yer, cuyer => cw-yer

V like in English.

W does not exist.

X like in English, somethimes like s in misery according to the rules of fluency (see below).

Y as in yellow. Sometimes as j in Jane (if the Y replaces the J in the original word in French.)

Z as in English.

Pacarian vowels are pronounced shortly, without an /i/ at the end, like sometimes in English.

 

In most cases, the vowel in stressed syllable is pronounced long, the others short. The last letter (the vowel) of a word is also long. For example: pàcàriáné,…

 

The Rules of fluency are there to make Pacarian speech more fluent. They are not obliged but preffered.

-         S at the end of a word does not have to be pronounced if the next word starts with a consonant (not h). A vowel at the end of a word (especially E) does not have to be pronounced if this makes the speech more fluent. IT has to remain understandable, of corse.

-         C before a consonant does not have to be pronounced. example: subyecte,…

-         B pronounced as P or P itself before a consonant does not have to be pronounced. For example: subscriver,…

-         G before another consonant does not have to be pronounced. fe. signifyer,…

-         QU may be pronounced as C. fe. que, quel, qualitado,…

-         The articles/pronouns “le”, “me” and “mi” are often attached to the preceding word if it ends in a vowel in pronunciation: Ye trove le difficile => ye trovel difficile. In certain cases, it is also written that way (see prepositions)

 

3.Parts of speech – partes de parler

The 10 parts of speech in Pacarian:

·        substantivo (substantive) fe. teste, balle, livre,…

·        adyectivo (adjective) fe. grande, longue,…

·        adverbe (adverb) fe. grande, rapide,…

·        numbre (number) fe. une, treyame, dodize septe

·        pronome (pronoun) fe. ille, nostre, vos, le,…

·        verbe (verb) fe. aver, ester, construyer, fayer,…

·        preposicione (preposition) fe. sur, en, a,…

·        conyunccione (conjunction) fe. e, o, ma,…

·        Interyeccione (interjection) fe. alor, aste, aixi…

·        article (article) fe. le, les, une

 

Some parts of speech are inconstant:

substantive, adjective, pronoun, verb, article for example: longue, longues; aver, aven

Some are constant:

adverb,number, preposition, conjunction, interjection

 

4.The substantive – le substantivo

for example: balle, masone, substantivo,…

The plural is +s. fe. balles, masones, substantivos,…

When a word derives from another language (mostly English) It is not "adapted". fe.:computer, email,…

It stays like in the foreign language. The plural of these words is also +s. There are no different genders in Pacarian, unlike in French.

 

5.The adjective – Le adyectivo

An adjective in Pacarian is similar to the substantive it defines. Adjectives are placed  behind the substantive. fe. masones grandes,…

 

Degrees of comparison

Comparative: The adjective –vowel +iore

Superlative: The adjective –vowel +issime

fe. grande, grandiore, grandissime;…

 

An adjective can sometimes be used as a substantive, or elliptical.

 

6.The adverb – le adverbe

Adjectives can sometimes be used as adverbs. Adverbs have the same rules for degrees of comparison as adjectives. fe. coryer rapide,…

 

7.The numbers – Les numbres

In Pacarian, there are cardinal and ordinal numbers.

Cardinal numbers are very easy to form. from zero to ten: zero, une, do ,tre, quatre, cinque, size, septe, octe, nove, dize

to form a number: 256

2 => 100 is cente: 200 is docente

5 => 10 is dize: 50 is cinquedize

6 => size

=> docente cinquedize size

  also: 1000 => mille

          10000 => dizemille

          100000 => centemille

          1000000=> millione

          10000000=> dizemillione

           and so on…

The ordinal numbers: number + yame

256yr = docente cinquedize sizeyame

 

8.Pronouns – pronomes

The different sorts:

-personal pronouns (pronomes personales)

fe. il, vos, nos,…

-possessive pronouns (pronomes possessivos)

fe. nostre, ses, mi,…

-demonstrative pronouns (pronomes demonstrativos)

fe. ce, sa, ces,…

-relative pronouns (pronomes relativos)

fe. que, qui,…

-interogative pronouns (pronomes interrogativos)

fe. que?;quel?;qui?;…

-indefinite pronouns (pronomes indefinyes)

fe. quelque une, quelque cose,…

-correlatives (correlativos)

fe. argente bocope com bonnes,…

a table:

FORM

Subject form

Object form

Possessive

Indirect Object form

Form after preposition

1st singular

ye

me

mi(s)

me

mi

2nd singular

te

te

ti(s)

te

ti

3rd singular male

il

le

se(s)

le

il

3rd singular female

el

le

se(s)

le

el

3rd singular neuter

ce / sa

ce / sa

se(s)

ce / sa

ce / sa

3rd singular reflexive

il/el

se

se(s)

se

se

1st plural

nos

nos

nostre(s)

nos

nos

2nd plural

vos

vos

vostre(s)

vos

vos

3rd plural male

illes

les

lore(s)

les

illes

3rd plural female

elles

les

lore(s)

les

elles

3rd singular neuter

ces / sas

ces / sas

lore(s)

ces / sas

ces / sas

3rd plural reflexive

illes/elles

ses

se(s)

ses

ses

 

3rd reflexive : If the third person talks about himself => he washes himself => il se lave

Interrogative and demonstrative pronouns:

       First you have ce and sa, meaning this, that. Though in Pacarian, you almost always use ce, for this and that. Sa is only used in comparison, or to prevent confusion when talking about two different objects/places: Ye ame ce becopiore que sa. => I like this better than that.

 

Interrogativo

Demonstrativo

qui = who

ce, sa

que = what

ce, sa

quel = which

ce, sa

quan = when

pui = then

commente = how

ansi = that way, com = like

combonne = how much

tante = that much

a que, o = where

a sa, la = there ; a ce, ici = here

por que = why

par ce que = because

par ce = therefore

 

Relative pronouns:  qui = por une persone (for a person); que = por une obyecte (for an object)

 

Indefinite pronouns: quelque une (somebody), quelque cose (something),…

 

Correlatives: as much … as …=> … bocope(s) com …

 

The pronoun in a sentence:

As subject : Behaves like every other subject, unless in a question:

ye ave? -> subject - verb BUT ALSO: ave ye? -> verb - subject

As object: is more "flexible" than the other objects:

ye ave les ->subject – verb – object BUT ALSO: ye les ave ->subject – object - verb

As possessive: before the substantive

As indirect object: in the sentence

Ye donne le les OR Ye le les donne -> before object, after verb

As preposition form: After prepositions -> de mi, a mi (dem, am ; see preposition)

 

9.The verb – le verbe

A Pacarian verb always ends in –er.

 

There are 2 forms in Pacarian: Active and Passive.

There are 4 moods: indicative, infinitive, imperative and participle.

There are 8 tenses:

-present tense – presente

-present perfect tense – perfecte

-past tense – imperfecte

-past perfect tense – plus-que-perfecte

-future tense – future simple

-future perfect tense – future exacte

Then there are 2 more tenses, which are expressed with should in English

-I should do – ye feria : condicionale presente

-I should have done – ye averia fe: condicionale perfecte

 

There is only one conjugation, which applies for all verbs. The verb is divided into a stem and an ending. This ending exists of two parts: the first part tells what tense the verb is in, the second part tells what person it is in. for instance:

il fayevas =>        il         FAYE    -    va  -  s

                       pronoun   stem         1st   2nd

 

The stem is always infinitive – r

 

the 1st part of the ending is always –va, -ra, or –ria.

In the present and present perfect tense, there is no first part.

In the past and past perfect tense, the first part is –va.

In the future tenses, the first part is –ra.

In the should-tenses, the first part is –ria.

 

the 2nd part of the ending is always:

nothing for 1st person singular (ye): ye faye

–s for 2nd person singular (te): te fayes

-s for 3rd person singular (il): il fayes

-mos for 1st person plural (nos): nos fayemos

-tes for 2nd person plural (vos): vos fayetes

-n for 3rd person plural (illes): illes fayen

 

The perfect tenses are always formed with auxiliary verb "aver" fe. ye ave faye.In perfect tenses, the participle is not similar to the subject.

The passive is always formed with auxiliary verb "ester" fe. Nos estemos appelles. In passive tenses, the participle is similar to the subject.

 

There is only one passive for present and perfect tense together.

 

TABLE for the verb PRENDER

 

 

presente (present)

perfecte (perfect)

activo

passivo

activo

presente

perfecte

ye

prende

este prende

ave prende

te

prendes

estes prende

aves prende

il

prendes

estes prende

aves prende

nos

prendemos

estemos prende

avemos prende

vos

prendetes

estetes prende

avetes prende

illes

prenden

esten prende

aven prende

 

imperfecte

plus-que-perfecte

ye

prendeva

esteva prende

ave prende

te

prendevas

estevas prende

avevas prende

il

prendevas

estevas prende

avevas prende

nos

prendevamos

estevamos prende

avevamos prende

vos

prendevates

estevates prende

avevates prende

illes

prendevan

estevan prende

avevan prende

 

future simple

future exacte

ye

prendera

estera prende

avera prende

te

prenderas

esteras prende

averas prende

il

prenderas

esteras prende

averas prende

nos

prenderamos

esteramos prende

averamos prende

vos

prenderates

esterates prende

averates prende

illes

prenderan

esteran prende

averan prende

 

conidicionale presente

condicionale perfecte

ye

prenderia

esteria prende

averia prende

te

prenderias

esterias prende

averias prende

il

prenderias

esterias prende

averias prende

nos

prenderiamos

esteriamos prende

averiamos prende

vos

prenderiates

esteriates prende

averiates prende

illes

prenderian

esterian prende

averian prende

 

participio presente: prendante

participio perfecte: prende

fayatore: prendatore

fayatrice: prendatrice

 

imperativo: prendes!

 

10.The preposition – le preposicione

A preposition always stands before the words it is related to.

When combining a preposition ending in a vowel and a definite article or one of the personal pronoun “mi”:

a + le => al, de + le => del,…

a + les => as, de + les => des,…

a + mi => am, de + mi => dem,…

 

11.The conjunction – le conyunccione

A conjunction can connect two substantives, two parts of a sentence, or two sentences.

 

12.The interjection – le interyeccione

Mostly before the sentence, not nessicarily followed by a comma.

fe. Alor que alles te fayer? OR Alor, que alles te fayer?

 

13.The article – le article

The article always stands before the substantive it is related to. The rules of fluency are also valid for the articles.

 

14.Word-formation – formacione des motes

Words in Pacarian always have a root-word, like in most languages. for example: the root of form-e, form-acione, form-ante, form-er,… is form-

 

Words can be formed in different ways:

-By adding a prefix or suffix to it

-By combining 2 or more root-words

 

If you add a prefix or a suffix to a root-word, it can get a different meaning.

 

A prefix is mostly a preposition. Those prefixes are practically the same as in French and in some English words (mostly verbs).

 

Here is a table of some common suffixes:

Suffix

Meaning

examples

-er

verb

former

-ante

present participle

formante

-atore

-atrice

The person acting

formatore

formatrice

-cione

action

formacione

-tado

property

possibilitado

-ble

ability

formable

 

15.Capitals – Direct speech

Use Capitals:

-         In the begin of a sentence

-         In the begin of a sentence in direct speech, fe. Il dyevas “Si, ye le vole ossi.”.

-         Names of countries, organisations, … like in English. fe. Pacaria

NOT:

-         Names of days and months

 

When you use direct speech:

-         Place the sentence that was said between “ ” or ‘ ’. Both sentences are complete (this means all words, punctuation marks, …) fe. Il dyevas “Si, ye le vole ossi.”.

-         If the sentence that was said is before the rest of the sentence, no comma is inserted, and there is no capital. “Si, ye le vole ossi.” dyevas il.

-         If the sentence that was said is interrupted, like this: “Si,” dyevas il, “ye le vole ossi.”. Only a capital in the first sentence. The first part is terminated with a comma, the second part is preceded by a comma. Always terminate the sentence with a final stop.

 

2.   Syntax – Syntaxe

1.simple sentence – sentence simple

The order of words is almost completely the same as in French. The best way to get used to it is to speak Pacarian very often.

The subject and the verb are identically equal to eachother in person.

In a passive tense, the past participle is similar to the subject. Not in a perfect tense.

 

When the subject exists of two parts that are equal, the following rules are used to conjugate the verb:

-         ye + other person(s) => nos

-         te + other person(s) => vos

-         il + other person(s) => Illes

The first rule precedes the second, the second precedes the third.

for example:

 ye e te, nos allemos…?

te e il, vos alletes…?

Il e illes, illes allen…?

 

The nominal predicate is identically equal to the subject. fe. Illes esten fatigues.

 

The apposition is always between two punctuation marks. (two commas, a comma and a point / exclamation mark / question mark)

for example: Le animale, une creature grande,…

 

The adjunct of state is identically equal to the part of the sentence it is related to when it is an adjective.

The indirect object is sometimes preceded by the preposition "a"(to). fe. Te le donnes a mi?

 

An infinitive can sometimes be used as subject.

fe. coryer estes fatiguante.

 

2.Compound sentence – sentence compose

The subordinate clause of condition is introduced by the conjunction si = if,… .

fe. Il alles le fayer si ye le dye.

- The subordinate clause of comparison is introduced by the adverb com = like,… .

 fe. Illes esten tos com les otres.

- The subordinate clause of time is introduced by:

-         apre (que)= after

-         a le tempe que = when

-         yusque a ce que = until

-         avante (que) = before

fe. ye alle le fayer apre que ye ave faye une otre case.

- The subordinate clause of reason is introduced by par le case que = because

fe. ye ave pas le faye par ce que ye penseva que ce estevas tro dangerose.

- The subordinate clause of admission is introduced by portante que = although

fe. ye ave pas le faye portante que ye penseva pas que ce estevas tro dangerose.

- The subordinate clause of objective is introduced by por = to

fe.Ce estes por ce fayer rapidiore.

- The subordinate clause of consequence is introduced by ansi que = so (that)

fe. ye alle le fayer presente ansi que ye deve pas le fayer une otre tempe.

- The indirect question is introduced by an interrogative pronoun

fe. Ye demandeva por que illes aven le faye.

- The relative subordinate clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.

fe. Ce estes le case que ye pove pas resolver.

 

3.Sentence structure – structure de sentence

The mostly used order of words is the following:

subject / verb / object / indirect object / adverbial adjuncts

fe. ye dye ce a ti presente.

 

This structure can change (not necessarily!) if the object and/or indirect object are replaced with a personal pronoun:

subject / ind. obj. / object / verb / adverbial adjuncts

fe. ye te ce dye presente.

 

The structure of sentences is almost completely like in French. The best way to get used to it, is to practice Pacarian a lot.

 

You should understand Pacarian texts when reading them. By doing this, you will be able to form Pacarian sentences yourself after some time.

 

3.Transformation-Transformacione

1.Information – informacione

When you don't know a word in Pacarian, it's almost always possible to transform it from French. This means that you adapt a French word to Pacarian with certain rules. Those rules are quite simple, but you have to know them. All vocabulary is translated from French.

 

2.Rules – regles

1. Different parts of speech have different ways of transforming. Certain rules affect ways of writing, they are appliable for all parts of speech except: prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, pronouns, numbers. These words will be similar to their equivalents, but not all rules are appliable.

 

2. Some irregular changes to the word-formation in French make it difficult sometimes to transform the words to Pacarian.

The “gn” is in Latin: sometimes “ni” Like in “Hispania” (espagne => espania) Sometimes “gn”, “significare” (signifier => signifyer) U in Latin changes to O in French sometimes, but the U comes back in Pacarian: conjonction => conyunccione (coniunctio) , monde => mundo (mundus), and prononciation => pronunciacione (pronunciatio).

Also grammaire => grammatique (based on the Latin form).

 

3. When transforming substantives/adjectives the female form is used (balle, belle, longue, bonne), unless there is a strict male and female form of it (directore, directrice,…). 

 

4. There are some combinations of letters or sounds that don’t exist or change in Pacarian:

 

-         sometimes b or c are abandonned in French (sujet, parfait) but they come back in Pacarian (subyecte, perfecte)

-         ph becomes f (morphologie => morfologia)

-         j => y (sujet => subyecte)

-         ei => i (enseigner => ensigner)

-         w becomes u

-         I before or after E becomes Y.

-         “ill” pronounced as y in yellow becomes y.  fe. volaille => volaye

-         ou, eu, au and eau change in o (ridiculeuse => ridiculose, inaugurer => inogurer, douleureuse => dolorose, eaucoup => bocope). If ou is pronounced w, it becomes u.

-         êt becomes est, ât becomes ast (fenêtre => fenestre; être => ester, plâtre => plastre). The ^ sign in French shows that an s was abandonned in the evolution. Sometimes it is impossible to bring it back, because of pronunciation. Asinus became âne, but you can’t make asne of it, so it stays ane.

-         ç => s

 

5. Verbs in Pacarian always end in “-er”. This means that French verbs on “-ir”, “-dre” and “-voir” (and other irregular endings) have to be adapted. Verbs also have a lot more transformation rules:

 

-         -ir changes to –yer

-         The last e of a verb in French is abandonned because a Pacarian verb has to end in “-er”. That form can then be adapted to Pacarian. (dire –e = dir => dyer, also lire => lyer)

-         The endings “-dre” and “-voir” change too. “–dre”=>“–der” (prendre => prender). “-voir”=>“-ver”. (recevoir => recever)

-         Verbs starting with “e-” often had a form in latin with “ex-” or “es-”. They come back in Pacarian. Compare with other Romance languages to be sure, also with some English words. (ecrire => escriver)

-         When not sure, look at the stem of the present 1st person plural in French. In most cases, this is the stem to use in (and eventually adapt to) Pacarian. (ecrire: 1st.plural = ecriv-ons => escriver)

-         Verbs that were originally composed from a verb and a preposition are sometimes different in French: to advance (English), avancer (French). they get the form closest to Latin: advancer (from advancere)

-         Faire –e = fair => far BUT has to end in er=> faer + separator => fayer. Also voire –e = voir => vor BUT has to end in er => voer + separator => voyer. So for al verbs on –oire and –aire.

-         Verbs with a conjugation like appeler (sometimes “l”, sometimes “ll”) get the double version. so appeller.

 

6. Endings:

Normally, the ending of a substantive is -E. Sometimes there are exceptions on this rule, defined below. Some endings can just be adapted with certain rules, also defined below.

 

-         Endings that are pronounced as vowels but have consonants in them, get a “vowel”-ending in Pacarian (faux => fo). Attention! For certain endings there are other rules!

-         ie changes in ia (democratie => democracia, also, biologie => biologia) and also Espagne => Espania.

-         tion => cione (information => informacione)

-         aison => also acione (conjugaison => conyugacione, raison => racione)      

-         When a word ends in –if in French it becomes –ivo (substantif => substantivo)

-         -ique in Latin –icus stays –ique

-         aire,oire => ario,orio (vocabulaire => vocabulario)

-         el => ale (officiel => officiale)

-         Some small words in French have last letters that are not pronounced. They may be abandonned. (apres, pres de, trop, sans, quand => apre, pre de, tro, san, quan)

-         Verbal forms change to their Pacarian equivalents (maintenant => mantenante)

-         -isme => -ismo (tourisme => torismo)

-         When a French word ends in –1 or more consonants + s: the -s is replaced by –e (corps => corpe)

-         -ais often –ese (Français => Francese)

 

7. If vowels follow eachother but are pronounced as different syllables like oe it gets a “separator”. if you pronounce o - e  (oh – a) you hear “u” ( oh –w- a), so in Pacarian this becomes oue. This not for ia, as I + separator Y becomes I

fe. jouer=> ou becomes o, j becomes y => yoer + separator u is youer.

Rules:

-         These rules are NOT for ia : I + Y = I => ia

-         NOT for ea : E + Y = E => ea

-         NOT for oa : O + U = O => oa

-         NOT for two same vowels if separated :  co-ordinatore

-         For oe : O + U = OU => oue

-         Sometimes, when diphthongs (ending in i or y) in French are followed by another vowel, you here the last i/y. This is the case in “citoyen”. That makes “citoyene”, because the “y” in the French word is pronounced as in “yellow”.