-Allotrophic forms of carbon dioxide include fullerenes, graphite, and diamonds.
-Graphite is frequently used as a lubricant.
-A carbon atom forms four bonds.
-Forms of the same element that have diffrent bonding arrangements and properties are called allotropes.
The number of valence electrons in a neutral carbon atom is four.
-The first organic compound made in the laboratory in 1826 was urea.
-Organic Chemistry is now defined as the study of carbon compounds.
-Hydrocarbons are most widley known for their use as fuels.
-Because hydrogen and carbon have similar electronegativities, hydrocarbon molecules are classified as mostly non-polar.
-Hydrocarbons have low densities, low melting points, and are poor conductors of electricity. They are not very soluble in water.
Natural gases used for heating and generating electricity consists mainly of the hydrocarbon methane.
-A structural formula for a hydrocarbon shows the location of atoms single, double,and triple bonds and the location of individual bonds.
-Alkanes are distinguished from other hydrocarbons because they only have single bonds.
-The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.
-Alkanes are reffered to as saturated hydrocarbons because they are filled to capacity with hydrogen atoms.
-To find the IUPAC name for a branched alkane the first step is to identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
-Alkanes with the same structural formula can have a variety of arrangements because of the possible rotation about the carbon-carbon atoms.
-Structures of the same compostition that differonly by bond rotations are referred to as conformations.
-Molecules with the same molecular formula but whose atoms bond in different orders are called structural isomers.
The general formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.
-Cyclopropane- C(3)H(2)*(3) = C3H6
-Cyclobutane- C(4)H(2)*(4) = C4H8
-Cyclopentane- C(5)H(2)*(5) = C5H10
-Cyclohexane- C(6)H(2)*(6) = C6H12
-In cycloalkanes each carbon atom bonds to two other carbon atoms.
-Cycloalkanes can have shapes that are planar, circular, and 3-Dimensional.
-Unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes.
-The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2.
-Benzene is and important unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon with two resonance structures neither of which accurately describes its bonds.
-Polymers are a class of large organic compounds made of repeating units.
-Proteins are long chains in which repeating units are amino acids.
-Synthetic carbon compounds that decomposes over time are labeled biodegradable.
-A practice that can extend the availibility of natuaral resources for future generations is recycling synthetic compounds.
-Alkenes are unsaturated and straight-chained.
-Condensation polymerization is used to synthesize the polymer