1. Light has the properties of both particles & waves- Transverse wave, Photon
2. Sound waves are not a form of electromagnetic radiation.
3. In an electromagnetic waves electric & magnetic fields oscillate (up, down)
4. The brightness or intensity of light depends on its amplitude.
5. Frequency is a wave property that expresses how often the wave oscillates up and down..
6. 3.00 X 10^8 m/s speed of light C= speed of light
7. Wavelength= distance between crests of waves
8. Frequency is measured in hertz or waves/second or s^-1.
9. The photoelectric effect was explained by Einstein.
10. Violet is the most dangerous color because of its short wavelength and high frequency
11. Infrared is less dangerous therefore it has a longer wavelength
12. Quanta "pieces" of light energy; photon
13. Planck first proposed the idea of quanta.
14. Photoelectric effect E=MC^2
15. E=hv energy= h X frequency relationship between wavelength & radiation
16. When a sample of an element is vaporized in a flame it releases energy in the form of light only of certain wavelengths
17. Bohr explained how quantization could be used to account for the line spectra of elements
18. De Broglie- first proposed the idea of matter waves
19. The quantum mechanical model explains the atom as a wave of quantized energy
20. The probability of finding electrons in certain areas are orbitals
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14
5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18
6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 6g18 6h22
7s2 7p6 7d10 7f14 7g18 7h22 7i26
21. An electron's principle quantum number = n
22. The number of sublevels must = the principles quantum number
23. Two electrons can occupy the same orbital if they have opposite spins.
24. The distribution of electrons among orbitals is given by an electron configuration.
25. The principle that states that electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available in an atom until all electrons have been accounted for is the Aufbau Principle.
26. When electrons are in the lowest energy orbital, it is called the ground state
27. Any electron can be described by four quantum numbers.
Hund's rule- electrons will occupy equal energy levels so that the maximum number of unpaired electrons result
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 potassium- K-19
1 electron in outer level
1 unpaired
0 vacant
28. Copper Cu29- 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d9
exception- 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10
29. Copper is an exception to Aufbau's principle
1 angstrom = 10^-8cm