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GUARD: gravitic Ultra-Amplification and Resonance Detection:
The GUARD sensor was developed in the early 2500s. GUARD sensor emplacements are based on the discover of hyperstrings, elementary particles that from the lattice work of space-time. GUARD sensors detect oscillations of the hyperstring particles, and analyze their pattern to determine the size, material composition, range, and bearing. Early GUARD devices allowed scientists and explorers to remotely detect the presence of significant gravitic Distortions at a range up to 5 light years away. The GUARD system was initially very primitive, and was only useful for detecting relatively large planets such as Red Dwarfs and Gas Giants. But the GUARD system was refined continuously for ten years, and was soon able to detect the difference between a barren world and a world with vast expanses of surface water, a sure sign of a NE World. This refined GUARD system was dubbed the GUARD Navigation System. By 2520 the GUARD Navigation System was standard issue aboard the first ISA Deep Explorer Vessels, giant spacecraft developed by the ISA to detect, explore, chart, and colonize NE Worlds. Initially GUARD sensors could only be used in normal space, requiring vessels to "tunnel" through superspace blindly. Today, GUARD sensor systems are highly advanced, and can be used at FTL speeds or in normal space, can measure an objects gravity "imprint" on the space-time continuum from as many as 20 light years away, and can track the creation and bearing of other ships in superspace. High resolution scans are extremely detailed at 5 light-years or closer. In the 2880s SEGIA arrays were developed by the Gallia Nova Republic, which some consider to be far more advanced than GUARD sensors. However, the major military powers still use GUARD sensors because of their reliability, extreme range, and high resolution. See below for more information on SEGIA arrays.
SEGIA: Superspace Energy/gravitic Imaging and Analysis:
The SEGIA Sensor Arrays were developed in the early 2880s by scientists in the Gallia Nova Republic. SEGIA Arrays are actually a 3rd generation technology based on the GUARD Sensor Systems first developed in the early 2500s. SEGIA Arrays take the hyperstring technology a step further than GUARD sensors. GUARD sensors detect and analyze both naturally occurring hyperstring particle oscillations and local patterns, as well as artificial gravitic distortions, such as FTL Vortex events or graviton based engines (GID Rudders). SEGIA arrays do exactly the same thing, but are unidirectional, requiring the sensor array to be aimed at the target or in the direction of analysis. GUARD sensors scan in a spherical pattern, regardless of the sensors pitch or heading. SEGIA arrays are also limited in range, with their maximum detection threshold limited to 15 light years at low resolution, and only 3.5 light years at high resolution. The advantage is that SEGIA arrays are difficult to detect, allowing the parent vessel to move "silently" without being detected. Example: When a GUARD sensor tower moves through an area of space, it is "brushing" against the lattice work of hyperstring particles in a given area. The higher the GUARD sensor's resolution setting and range settings, the greater it impacts the hyperstring lattice. The very effective, any other GUARD sensors in the area can readily detect each other's presence, as they are all "brushing" across the same hyperstring lattice. SEGIA arrays, however, never actually "brush" against the hyperstring lattice, but snap an "image" of the surrounding lattice work for later analysis. Though not as accurate and limited in range, the SEGIA array itself is totally silent. Only the movement of the parent spacecraft can be detected, as it moves across the hyperstring lattice, creating oscillations of its own. The disadvantage is in resolution and range, but, for the Gallia Nova Republic and the Mao Sat Collective, the pay off is worth the sacrifice.
Hyperstring Resonance Arrays:
Hyperstring Resonance Arrays are an offshoot of SEGIA arrays and are currently only equipped aboard Gallia Nova Republic spacecraft and spacestations. Hyperstring Resonance arrays come in two varieties, Ultra High Amplification and Ultra Low Amplification. Similar in theory to GUARD sensors and SEGIA arrays, Hyperstring Resonance Arrays detect high frequency disruptions, or oscillations, in the lattice work of space-time, such as those created by FTL Vortex engines. These arrays are used to track and monitor ships moving through superspace. GUARD sensors can perform the same task, and so can SEGIA arrays, but, Gallia Nova scientists believe the process used by their Hyperstring Resonance Arrays are more accurate, though how they work and why they are better is classified by their government.
RADAR: Radio Detection and Ranging:
RADAR is the most common type of active sensor currently used by both military and civilian vessels. RADAR operates by bouncing radio waves off of distance objects and measuring the time it takes for the radio wave to return. This enables the RADAR operator to tell how far the RADAR target is, how fast it is moving, and how large the object is.
LIDAR: Laser Detection and Ranging:
LIDAR is another form of EM radiation sensor, and is commonly installed aboard spacecraft. LIDAR works on the same principles RADAR does, but bounces highly focused laser beams off a target in order to measure its size, speed, and distance. Unlike RADAR, which is omni-directional, LIDAR requires direct line-of-site to the target, and is used for more precise readings once a RADAR target has been selected.
NEDAR: Nuetrino Detection And Ranging:
NEDAR is the newest form of sensor used by spacecraft. NEDAR tracks the nuetrino emissions of objects, usually ion powered spacecraft. NEDAR are arrays are commonly used for military applications such as guiding nuetrino seeking warheads, detecting incoming vessels or threat weapon systems, and tracking those vessels or weapons.
Optical Tracking and Imaging Sensors:
Optical Sensors rely on sophisticated camera systems for tracking and identifying any many of object stored within the spacecraft's computer system. Optical Tracking and Imaging Sensor Systems use a highly evolved, semi-intelligent computer system that compares a target item against a vast catalogue in its memory. Optical Tracking and Imaging Sensor cameras vary in size to small, man-toted gear to massive ship-mounted telescopes that can identify an object thousands of kilometers away. Optical sensors are commonly used for planetary surveillance, mapping missions, and identifying closing vessels based on their memorized specifications. Optical Sensors are so precise they can differentiate between faces, or, at high enough resolutions, between individual molecules.
Infrared, Microwave, and Thermal Sensors:
Infrared and Microwave sensors record invisible electromagnetic energy. The heat of an object, for example, can be measured by the infrared energy it radiates. Infrared sensors create images that show temperature variations in an area. Thermal Infrared Sensors can be used to survey the temperatures of bodies of water, locate damaged underground pipelines, and map geothermal and geologic structures.