The
First Americans
I. Culture Clash
agency
II. Native American
Cultures
kinship
III. Patterns of Contact
A.
Trade
B.
Culture
ethnocentric
IV. European vs. Native
American Worldviews
A.
Land
B.
Spirituality
C. Individualism and community
V. Ecological Revolution
A.
Plants, Animals, and Diseases
B.
Dietary Changes
VI. Erosion of Native
American independence
VII. African People and
History
A.
Culture, trade, and politics
B.
Slave trade in West Africa
VIII. Background of
European Conquest
A. Vikings
B.
European Renaissance
C.
Prosperity creates incentives for exploration and trade
D.
New monarchies, emergence of nation-states
E.
New technology - maps, printing
IX. Spanish exploration
conquistadors
X. French Exploration
XI. Background of English
Exploration
A.
Occupied with pressing domestic and religious concerns
B.
Protestant Reformation
C.
political instability
D.
Religious unity of Europe is permanently shattered.
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Election
Predestination
E.
British pirates tick off Spanish
F.
1588 - British defeat Spanish Armada
XII. English Exploration
A.
English practice colonization in Ireland
B.
Sir Walter Raleigh establishes Roanoke
in Virginia
C.
“lost” colony
D.
People conclude that the New World is lame
E.
Richard Hakluyt persuades them it isn’t
F. Settlers expect paradise on
earth. Find otherwise.
The Colonies
I. Disunity in the colonies
II. Leaving Home
A.)
Conditions in England
III. Coming to America
A.)
Religious freedom
B.)
Land ownership, social status
C.)
Escape from debts, bad marriages, jail terms, poverty
IV. Political and Social
Discord in England
V. The Chesapeake
A.)
Virginia
I.)
An Unpromising Start
joint-stock company
Jamestown
ii.)
Conceptions of Gender
iii.)
Tobacco
iv.)
Growth and mismanagement
B.)
Maryland
i.)
Catholic haven
VI. New England
A.)
Plymouth
Pilgrims-separatists
Mayflower Compact
B.)
Massachusetts Bay - “A City on a Hill”
Puritans
predestination
grace
Elect
John Winthrop
VII. Puritan society
i.) Congregationalism
ii.)
Dealing with dissent
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
antinomianism
VII. The Middle Colonies
A.)
Pennsylvania
William Penn
Quakers
VII. The South
A.)
The Carolinas
B.)
Georgia
James Oglethorpe
Colonial Society
I. New England
A.
Family Life, Social Structure
B.
Religious Life
declension
Halfway Covenant
C.
Puritan Women
D.
Rank and status
II. Chesapeake Society
A.
Family Life, Social Structure
B.
Rank and Status-creole class
III. African-Americans
A.
Roots of Slavery
B.
English Stereotypes
C.
Indentured Servitude vs. Slavery
D.
Regional Differences among slaves
IV. Colonial Identity
A.
Mercantilism
B.
Navigation Acts
i.
Restrictions on composition of crews
ii.
Enumerated goods
iii.
Import duties
iv.
Vice-admiralty courts
v.
Colonists’ reaction
B.
Unrest
i.
Factions within gentry
Bacon’s Rebellion
ii.
Native American Rebellion
King Philip’s War
iii.
Massachusetts Bay Loses Its Charter
Edmund Andros
iv.
Running with the Devil
Salem Witchcraft Trials
America in the 1700s
I. Becoming English, Becoming American
A.)
Influence of British culture
B.)
Emergence of American national identity
II. Population Explosion
A.)
Reproduction
B.)
Immigration
C.)
Convicted Felons
III. Urban Culture
IV. Economic Expansion
V. Birth of a Consumer Society
A.
Colonial debt grows
B.
Common British goods
C.
Expanding trade between colonies
VI. Changing Character of
American Life
A.
The Enlightenment
i.
reject notion of original sin
ii.
Benevolent God
iii.
Reason
iv.
Perfectibility of Man
v.
Experimentation
B.
The Great Awakening
i.
pervasive religious revivals
ii.
influence of Jonathan Edwards
iii.
George Whitefield
iv.
other itinerant preachers
v.
impact of evangelicalism
VII. Politics: British
Theory and American Practice
A.
American desire to replicate British forms of government
Trenchard and Gordon, Cato’s Letters
B.
Reality of British Politics
VIII. Imperial Wars
A.
American embroilment in European conflicts
B.
Attempts to push the French out of North America
George Washington
Fort Necessity
C.
Emerging need for intercolonial cooperation
Benjamin Franklin
Albany Plan
D.
Impact of Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
i. dramatic expansion of colonial territory
ii.
Disagreements with British government
iii.
Recognition of British vulnerabilities
iv.
Financial costs
The
American Revolution, 1763-1789
I. Overview
George III
A.
British ignorance about America
B.
Incredible lags in communication
C.
Mutual Misunderstandings
parliamentary sovereignty
III. Taxation Without
Representation
A.
Colonial defense of provincial assemblies
B.
“virtual representation”
IV. Politics Of Virtue
A.
Religious influences
B.
John Locke on individual rights
C.
“Commonwealth tradition” - power threatens
liberty unless
countered by VIRTUE
D.
sin and corruption
republicanism
V. Challenge and Resistance
A.
British war debts; fiscal crisis
B.
Colonial response
i.
doubt the value of the army
ii.
intend to settle west of the Appalachian Mts.
Proclamation
of 1763
VI. British retaliation
Revenue Act of 1764 (Sugar Act)
Stamp Act - 1765
VII. Colonies organize
protests
A.
Pamphlets
B.
Boycotts
VIII. Britain Caves - sort
of
A.
Repeal of Stamp Act
B.
Declaratory Act
C. Erosion of colonial respect for imperial
officeholders in America.
IX. Tea and Sovereignty
A. Townshend
Act - imposed duties on paper, glass, paint, lead, tea
B. Quartering
Act - required colonists to house soldiers in barracks, taverns, and vacant
buildings and to provide soldiers with candles, firewood, and beer
C.
More taxation without representation; more protests
X. Boston Massacre
XI. Lull in the Crisis
committees of correspondence
XII. Boston Tea Party
A.
Genesis of the 1773 Tea Act
B.
colonial resistance
C.
Britain retaliates
Coercive
Acts (Intolerable Acts)
i. closed port of Boston until paid for tea
ii. restructured upper house of Massachusetts
assembly from elected to appointed body
iii. allowed Britain to transfer allegedly corrupt
officials to England
XIII. Considering
independence
First Continental Congress
Lexington
and Concord
Second Continental Congress - May 1775
XIV. Recognizing need for
central authority
Prohibitory Act
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
XV. War for Independence
A.
British expectations vs. realities
B. republican unity
C.
American military efforts
D.
French Assistance
XVI. Loyalist Dilemma
XVII. Winning the Peace
XVIII. The Republican
Experiment
A New Nation
I. Revolutionary Society
A.
Attacks on privilege
B.
Contradiction of Slavery
C.
Changes in the family
republican motherhood
II. State Constitutions
III. Articles of Confederation
A.
Weaknesses
i.
no independent executive, no veto over legislative decisions
ii.
denied Congress the power of taxation
iii.
Required assent of ALL 13 states for ratification
B.
Strengths
i.
elaborate system for creating towns and selling land in
the West
Northwest
Ordinance
IV. Why the Articles Were
Lame
A.
Chronic fiscal instability, high inflation
B.
Wimpy Congress
V. Signs of Discontent
A.
Angry Guys with Guns
Newburgh conspiracy
B.
Economic conditions
C.
The [British] Empire Strikes Back
Orders in council
D.
Spain threatens borders
E.
Angry Guys with Pitchforks
Shays’ Rebellion
VI. The Constitution
A.
No more kings
B.
republicanism
VII. Compromises
A.
Representation
B.
Slavery
3/5 compromise
C.
checks and balances
VIII. Battle For
Ratification
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalist Papers
IX. Shaping the New Nation,
1789-1800
A.
America at 1790
B.
Building Bureaucracy
C.
Taxes
Whiskey Rebellion
X. Hamilton’s Financial
Plan
Alexander Hamilton
A.
Funding and assumption
B.
Bank of the United States
implied powers
loose interpretation
C.
Aiding nation’s manufacturers
XI. Rise of Political
Parties
A.
Fundamental disagreements between Federalists
and
Republicans
XII. World Events
A.
French Revolution
B.
Crisis with Britain
Jay Treaty
C. quasi-war with France
D.
Washington’s reaction
executive privilege
Pinckney’s Treaty
Farewell Address
XIII. Adams Presidency,
1796-1800
A.
suppression of political opposition
Alien and Sedition Acts
XIV. Adams vs. Jefferson -
1800
From Republic to Democracy, 1800-1828
I. Republic vs. Democracy -
what’s the difference?
II. Jefferson in Power,
1800-1808
A.
Limited government
i.
Cut budgets
ii.
Slashed military spending
iii. Eliminated taxes on whiskey, slaves, and
homes
B.
Not so limited government
i. Encourages western settlement.
ii. abolished the Alien and Sedition acts
iii. lessened influence of Bank of U.S.
III. Partisan Politics and
the Judiciary
A.
Federalist domination of judgeships, government jobs
Judiciary Act of 1801
B.
Jefferson’s reaction
C.
Supreme Court response
Marbury
v. Madison
judicial review
D.
Emergence of independent judiciary
IV. International Relations
A.
Barbary pirates
B.
Real Estate Bonanza
Louisiana Purchase
C.
Britain and France start ANOTHER war
V. Economic warfare erupts
A.
U.S. neutrality rights violated (again)
B.
impressment
VI. Jefferson’s reaction
A.
Embargo
B.
Economic disaster
VII. Another War with
Britain
A. Congress repeals
embargo
B. Passes Non-Intercourse Act
C.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
D.
France taunts us again
E.
Declaration of war against British
VIII. War of 1812
A.
Not just because of British trade restrictions, impressment
B.
Sectional opinion differences
C.
South and West get greedy
i. want to clear western lands of Indians by
removing the Indians’ biggest ally, Britain
ii.
hope to annex Canada and Florida
D.
America in trouble
IX. Significance of War of
1812
A.
Big ego boost for the United States
B.
destroyed Indians’ ability to resist expansion
C.
U.S. strengthened position in Southwest
D.
Demise of Federalist party
Hartford Convention
X. “Era of Good Feelings”
A.
Republicans adopt Federalist ideas
B.
Spirit of nationalism and unity
C.
establish a second Bank of the U.S., a protective tariff, a standing army, and
internal improvements in transportation
D.
growth in manufacturing
E.
Westward expansion, new states
F.
Economic boom
G.
Legal changes
McCulloch
v. Maryland
Dartmouth
v. Woodward
H.
Growth of cities
XI. Foreign Affairs
A.
Agreements with Britain ending old disputes over boundaries, trading and
fishing rights, and claims in Oregon
B.
declining status of Spain
C.
Florida
D.
Power in the Western Hemisphere
Monroe
Doctrine
XII. Trouble on the way
A. Panic of 1819
B. Rising demands for the democracy
C.
Controversy over slavery
Missouri Compromise
Politics, Society, and Reform, 1820-1850
I. Themes
II. Westward Expansion and
Native Americans
III. Life on the Frontier
A.
Speculation, debt and credit
B.
Family life and community
IV. Rise of Democracy
A.
Rejection of republican ideals of natural aristocracy
B.
popular sovereignty takes hold
C.
Social leveling, decline of deference
V. Political changes
A.
universal suffrage (voting) for white men
B.
more political offices elected rather than appointed
C.
political campaigning
D.
Growing support for two-party system
E.
Increased public interest and participation
VI. Social changes
A.
Overriding belief in equality
B.
Classes share social spaces
C.
Maids cop an attitude
D.
Attack on professions
i. abolish
licensing requirements for physicians
ii.
Lower qualifications for lawyers
iii.
Ministers adopt new styles
E. Cultural changes
in literature and fashion
VII. Appearances of
equality are deceiving
A.
Increasing numbers of people with no property
B.
Increasing numbers of low-paid, unorganized workers
C.
Division between successful commercial farmers and small holders or tenants
D.
enormous inequality between southern planters and their black slaves
E.
widening gap between the propertied middle class and the working class
VIII. Emergence of the Second Party System in America.
A.
Rise of professional politicians; attacks on privileged groups
Anti-Masons
B.
Republican party disintegrates as a stable national organization
C.
Election of 1824
D.
John Quincy Adams
i. Proposes the “American
System”
ii.
Tariff of Abominations peeves Southerners
iii.
John C. Calhoun and nullification
iv.
South Carolina backs down (for now)
v.
Adams’ Indian policies cost him supporters in South and West
E.
Election of 1828
Democratic Party
IX. Andrew Jackson
A.
Symbolizes triumph of democracy
B.
enhances power of the presidency
C.
Personality
D.
spoils system
E.
Eaton Affair
F.
Indian Removal
Cherokee Nation
Trail of Tears
G.
Nullification Crisis
H. Clay persuades Congress to revise the tariff and
South Carolina backs down
I.
Bank War
J.
Ramifications of Bank War
Martin Van Buren
Panic of 1837
X. Rise of Political
Opposition
A.
Emergence of Whig Party
B.
Whigs think Jackson is a big jerk
C.
Whigs lose in 1836, but Van Buren’s victory prompts several southerners and conservative Democrats to join the Whig Party
D.
Van Buren supports 1836 “Gag Rule”
which prohibits discussion of anti-slavery petitions in the House of
Representatives
E.
1840 - Whigs win with William Henry Harrison and John Tyler
F.
Harrison, unable to find the White House stash of Nyquil, drops dead
G.
John Tyler, an ardent defender of slavery and states’ rights, becomes President
H.
Tyler promptly annoys Whigs
XI. The Reform Impulse
A.
Signs of social instability
B.
how to maintain stability and moral order?
C.
religion, education, and reform
XII. Sources of the Reform
Impulse
A.
Quest for order
B. Religious motivations
i. Religious liberalism
ii.
evangelical revivalism
Second Great Awakening
Charles Grandison Finney
XIII. Moral Reform
A.
Push for more godly personal habits
B.
Battle profanity, try to put bibles in every home, religious instruction to the
poor
C.
Curbing the use of hard liquor
XIV. Social Reform
A.
Crime
i. Early jails
ii. reformers view crime as a social problem, not
result of sin
iii.
Emergence of “penitentiaries,”
“reformatories”
iv.
Development of the insanity defense
v.
restricting the death penalty
vi.
Decline of debtors’ prisons
B.
Education
i.
Push for free public education
ii.
Mixed motives of reformers
Horace Mann
iii.
creation of school boards, teaching training, grades, and longer school years
iv.
Discrimination against blacks, women, and certain religions
v.
Growth of colleges; expansion of curricula
vi.
special facilities for mentally ill, deaf, and blind
XV. Radical Reform
A.
Labor Activism
B.
Abolitionism
i. Cotton spurs resurgence of slavery
ii.
Futile efforts for overseas colonization
iii.
Protests against colonization
William Lloyd Garrison
iv.
demand for immediate emancipation of all slaves without compensation for slave
owners
v.
Rapid growth of anti-slavery in North
vi.
Negative public response
C.
Division in the Antislavery Movement
i.
Abolitionists split in 1840
ii.
one faction founds political parties dedicated to ending slavery, including the
Liberty Party and the Free
Soil Party
iii.
Other abolitionists, led by Garrison, take more radical direction - advocate
civil disobedience, women’s rights, world government, and international peace
iv.
Role of African-Americans
Harriet Tubman
Frederick Douglass
XVI. Birth of Feminism
A.
Political, social, and legal discrimination
civil death
B.
Development of market economy and decline in birthrate
C.
New employment opportunities for women -
“mill
girls”, teachers, novelists, church officials,
D.
Women still have less political and economic status than men
E.
separate spheres
F.
Push for women to exact moral influence on society
Catherine Beecher
Sarah J. Hale
G.
debate over the proper role of women in the anti-slavery movement leads to
organized women’s rights movement
H.
Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Declaration of Sentiments
I.
Married Women’s Property Laws, divorce law reforms
J.
End of first wave of reform; long-range impact
The
Divided North, The Divided South
I. Resurgence of slavery
II. A Divided Culture
A.
Commercial North, Agrarian South
III. New Industrial Order
in the North
A.
Growth of middle-class
B.
Immigration
IV. The Old South: Images
and Realities
A.
Not just plantations and cotton
B.
White social structure
C.
Widespread slave ownership
D.
Few Scarlet O’Haras
E.
slavery was NOT unprofitable
F.
Negative impact of slavery on economy
V. Southern Identity
A.
Defiance
B.
Defending slavery as a “positive good”
VI. Anti-slavery sentiment
A.
Attack on abolitionists
B.
Moral doubts about slavery
C.
Converting slaves to Christianity
D.
revised slave codes
VII. Southern Nationalism
VIII. Slavery
A.
Not passive victims
B.
Legal Status of slaves
C.
Slave labor
gang
system
task
system
D.
Penalties and incentives
E.
Material Conditions
IX. Slave Family Life
X. Slave Cultural
Expression
A.
Modification of Christianity
B.
spirituals
C.
folklore
XI. Slave Resistance
A.
failed insurrections
B.
Nat Turner Rebellion
XII. Free Blacks
Surge to the Pacific
I. Overview
II. Spanish and Indian
America
A.
Mission system
B.
Mexico wins independence from Spain
C.
Mexico invites Americans into New Mexico and Arizona, California and Texas
D.
Demise of the mission system in California
E.
rancheros and Indians
III. Western Indians
IV. Life on the Trail
V. Manifest Destiny
VI. Texas
A..
Mexican invites American settlers
B.
Mexico imposes conditions on land ownership
i.)
settlers had to become Mexican citizens
ii.)
convert to Roman Catholicism
C.
Mexico notices Americans being difficult
D.
American settlers hope Santa Anna will save them
E.
Americans disappointed with Santa Anna
F. American colonists adopt a constitution and organize a temporary government, but
vote overwhelmingly against declaring independence
G. Santa Anna responds at the Alamo
H
. Texans “win” independence
VIII. The Texas Annexation
A.
Controversy over slavery erupts once again
B.
Election of James K. Polk, ardent expansionist
C.
Texas granted statehood
IX. Agreements with Britain
A.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles Maine and Great Lakes borders
B.
Oregon
i.)
“54’40’ or fight” slogan
ii.)
Compromise on 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean
X. The Mormon Frontier
A.
Escaping religious persecution
Joseph Smith
The Book of Mormon
B.
Look for sanctuary in NY, MO, IL
C.
Controversy over polygamy
D.
Move to Salt Lake, Utah
Brigham Young
XI. The Mexican War
A.
Causes
i.)
movement of American pioneers into the Far West
ii.)
annexation of Texas in 1845
B.
Mexican government refuses to negotiate
C.
Polk orders Brigadier General Zachary Taylor to march to the Rio Grande across
from Matamoros, a stretch of land claimed by both Mexico and the United States
D.
clash between Zachary’s men and the Mexican cavalry
E.
Polk asks for a declaration of war
F.
Domestic controversy
G.
The War
H.
War fever and anti-war protests
I.
Peace - Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo
J.
Significance
XII. Political Crises of
the 1840s
A.
Slavery replaces questions of tariffs, banking, internal improvements, and land
as most political divisive issue
B.
party cohesion begins to break down as factional and sectional divisions
intensify
C.
Wilmot Proviso introduced - forbids slavery in any territory acquired from
Mexico
D.
Wilmot Proviso rejected
E.
founding of the Free Soil party in 1848
XIII. Gold Mania
A.
Drop Everything!
B.
California population explodes
C.
Negative aspects of the 49ers
D.
End of gold rush
A House Divided
I. Overview
II. The Crisis of 1850
A. California and
the question of slavery
B. Importance of the issue of slave expansion
C.
California’s application for statehood
i.
Southern fears
ii.
Growing opposition to Westward
expansion in the North and Midwest
III. The South’s Dilemma
IV. The Compromise of 1850
A.
Proposal to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean, excluding
slavery north of 36’30
B.
Proposal for “squatter sovereignty” or
“popular sovereignty” - people
actually living in a territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery
C.
Henry Clay’s appeal - addresses all of the issues dividing the two regions - omnibus bill
D.
Provisions of Clay’s bill
i. California admitted as a free state
ii.
That territorial governments be established in New Mexico
and Utah without any restrictions on slavery
iii. that Texas relinquish its claim to land in New Mexico
in exchange for federal assumption of Texas’s unpaid debts
iv.
that Congress enact a stringent and enforceable fugitive slave law
v.
Abolish slave trade - but not slavery - in D.C.
E.
Fierce opposition
F.
Taylor dies
G.
Millard Fillmore becomes president
H.
Congress leadership in the fight for compromise passes to Stephen Douglas (D-IL)
I. Douglas abandons Clay’s “omnibus” bill and
introduces Clay’s proposals one at a time; gathers support
J.
compromise finally passes
V. The Fugitive Slave Law (part of the Compromise of 1850)
B. Danger posed to
free blacks
C.
Northern reaction
“personal
liberty” laws
D.
Southern response
E.
African-American defiance
F.
Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin
VI. Disintegration of
Second Party System
A.
Know-Nothing or American Party
i. hostility toward immigrants and Catholics
ii. rapid decline - Know-Nothings supplanted in the
North by a new and explosive sectional party, the Republicans
VII. The Kansas-Nebraska
Act
A.
Sectional peace ends; revival of the issue of slavery expansion
B.
Douglas proposal
i.
opened area west of Iowa and Missouri to whites
ii.
ignored the Missouri Compromise and the status of slavery in the Nebraska territory
iii.
Southern senators demand repeal of Missouri Compromise and popular sovereignty
C.
Final legislation creates Kansas and Nebraska; voids Missouri Compromise
D.
Pierce signs
E.
Douglas’s motives
i.
greed? political ambitions?
ii.
favoring popular sovereignty?
iii.
popular demand
F.
Sweeping political consequences
VIII. Republican Party
A.
Want slavery banned from the western territories
B.
diverse coalition
C.
Quick growth
D.
“Free labor, free soil, free men”
IX. “Bleeding Kansas” and “Bleeding Sumner”
A.
Free-Soilers vs. Slaveholders
B.
Two governments in Kansas
C.
Violence erupts
D. Charles Sumner and “The Crime Against Kansas”
E.
John Brown and chaos in Kansas
X. The Election of 1856
A.
Democrats nominate James Buchanan
B.
Whigs nominate former president Millard Fillmore
C.
Republicans nominate John C. Fremont
D.
Buchanan wins narrow victory
XI. The Dred Scott Decision
A.
Background of suit
B.
Supreme Court rules
i.
that Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court because neither free
blacks nor slaves were citizens of the United States - blacks were inferior
ii.
Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional
iii.
Claim Congress has no right to exclude slavery from the territories
C.
Northern outrage
XII. “A Swindle and a
Fraud”
A.
Proslavery forces in Kansas adopt Lecompton
Constitution
B.
Buchanan supports proslavery constitution
C.
House of Representatives rejects the proslavery document; allows Kansans to
have another vote
D.
Free-Soil prevails in Kansas
XIII. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
XIV. Harper’s Ferry
A.
John Brown’s raid - October 1859
B.
Sectional reactions
The Civil War, 1861-1865
I. The Election of 1860
A.
Democratic Convention
i.
Northern delegates nominate Stephen A. Douglas
ii.
Southerners name John C. Breckenridge
B.
Constitutional Party nominates John Bell
C.
Republican platform
i.
High tariffs
ii.
Homestead law
iii.
opposed slave expansion but did not
call for an end to slavery in places where it already existed
D.
Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln
II. Secession
A. December 1860, South Carolina leaves Union
B.
By early February 1861, the Deep South states of Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas also secede
(not succeed)
C.
Proclamation of the Confederate States
of America
i.
elect Jefferson Davis provisional
president
D.
Plan of government which, except for emphasizing states’ rights, was modeled on the Constitution
i. Limits president to a single six-year term
ii. required a two-thirds vote of Congress to admit
new states or enact appropriations
iii. forbade protective tariffs and government
funding of internal improvements
iv. guaranteed protection of slavery
E.
Northern reaction
III. Lincoln Takes Command
A. Fort
Sumter
B. Civil War begins
C.
Expectation of quick war
IV. Upper South secedes
A.
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas secede
B. Border states - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and
Missouri, remain in the Union
V. North vs. South
VI. “Forward to Richmond”
and “On to Washington”
A.
First Bull Run (Manassas)
VII. Planning the Union
Offensive
A.
Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda plan”
i.
full naval blockade of the South’s coastline to cut off shipments of war
goods and other supplies
ii.
gain control of the Mississippi River, thereby splitting
the South into two parts
iii.
placing troops at certain key posts surrounding the South
B.
Lincoln’s modifications
i. Implements blockade
ii.
concludes that splitting the South is crucial
iii.
but rejects Scott’s plan to station troops around the South; believed that
armies shouldn’t just sit on the sidelines
C.
Search for Union military leadership
George B. McClellan
VIII. Southern Victories
A.
McClellan delays
B.
Rebels win at Second Bull Run (Manassas)
C.
Union victory at Antietam in September 1862
IX. Federal Breakthrough in
the West
A.
Ulysses S. Grant plans to cut
through the rebel defensive line and begins winning a series of battles in
Tennessee
B.
Defeat at Shiloh
X. The Home Front
A.
The South
i.
Shortages
ii.
Limited need for cotton
iii.
European reaction to the Confederacy
iv.
Riots and inflation
v.
The draft
B.
The North
i.
foreign policy was designed to keep European nations from recognizing the
Confederacy
ii.
maintaining high levels of popular support
iii.
Lincoln’s risky strategies
iv. Homestead Act - guaranteed 160 free acres to individuals who
agreed to farm the land for at least five years
v.
Morrill Land Grant Act -offered
public land to states that established agricultural colleges
vi.
Pacific Railway Act
vii.
Higher tariffs to protect Northern manufacturers
viii. financing the war
C.
Attacks on Lincoln
i.
Suspension of habeus corpus
ii.
Arresting dissenters
iii.
Lincoln ignores Ex Parte Merryman
XII. Emancipation Proclamation
A.
Motivations
B.
Popular response
C.
Blacks enlist in Union army
XIII. Confederate
Resistance, 1863-1865
A.
Northern draft law
XIV. Gettysburg and
Vicksburg
XV. Southern desperation
A.
Manpower exhausted
B.
Decision to draft the slaves
XVI. Election of 1864
XVII. Sherman’s march -
total war
XVIII. South Surrenders
IXX. Casualties
XX. Booth assassinates Lincoln
The Nation Reconstructed, 1865-1877
I. Impact of the War -
North vs. South
II. Freedom for African
Americans
A.
Thirteenth Amendment ends slavery
B.
Ex-slaves respond cautiously to freedom
C. Freedmen’s Bureau
D.
Limits of land reform
III. Conflicts over
Reconstruction policies
IV. Presidential Reconstruction
A.
Lincoln’s 10% plan, incredibly
lenient
i.
rebels could receive presidential pardon by merely swearing their future
allegiance to the Union and their acceptance of the end of slavery
ii.
after only 10% of the number who had voted in 1860 had taken the oath of allegiance,
a state could form a civilian government
iii.
when such states produced a constitution outlawing slavery, Lincoln promised to
recognize them as reconstructed
iv.
did not demand any provisions for protecting black rights or allowing black
suffrage
B.
President’s generosity outrages Radical
Republicans, who want to punish Confederate treason, restructure Southern
society, protect the rights of African Americans, and build Republican party in
South
C.
Lincoln assassinated on April 14, 1865
D.
Andrew Johnson does not reverse
Lincoln’s lenient policy
i. issues about 13,000 pardons which restore all
rights, including property rights
ii.
Johnson creates provisional governments
iv.
omitting Lincoln’s 10% provision, Johnson requires ratification of the Thirteenth
Amendment, repudiation of the Confederate debts, and state constitutional
provisions abolishing slavery and renouncing secession
v.
also recommends limited suffrage for African Americans, primarily to stave off
congressional attempts to give the vote to all black males
V. South still resists
Black Codes
VI. Congressional Reconstruction begins
A.
Refuse to seat representatives from former Confederate states when reconvened
in December 1865
B.
inquiries into white brutality toward African Americans
C.
Radicals and moderates join
D.
Overriding Johnson’s vetoes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, granting citizenship to all persons born in the
United States and extended life of Freedmen’s Bureau
E.
Johnson insists that Reconstruction is over
F.
Congress is determined to establish an alternate program of reconstruction
G.
Drafts Fourteenth Amendment
i.
defined citizenship and its basic rights
ii.
forbade any state from abridging the rights of citizenship or from depriving
any person of “due process of law”
iii.
Did not require black suffrage but reduced the “basis of representation”
proportionately for those states not allowing it
VII. Showdown between President Johnson and Radical
Republicans
VIII. Republicans win
IX. Congressional Reconstruction escalates
A.
in 1867 Congress passed the Military
Reconstruction Act - raises price of readmission to the Union
i.
Declared all existing “Johnson governments” except Tennessee’s void
ii.
divided the South into five military districts
iii.
required black suffrage and ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in order
for Southern states to regain representation in Congress
B.
Johnson reluctantly appointed military governors
C.
South comes under the control of the Republicans supported by federal troops
D.
Congress tries to check Johnson’s power with the Tenure of Office Act -
required Senate consent for the removal of any official confirmed by Senate
E.
Senate attempts - and fails - to impeach Johnson
X. Ulysses S. Grant elected president
XI. Limits of Black
Suffrage
A.
Little popular support for black voting
B.
Republicans hope to capitalize on black votes
C.
question of whether Congress could legislate suffrage
D.
Issue of black suffrage splits women’s movement
E.
Limited power of Fifteenth Amendment
i.
Did not grant the vote to anyone
ii.
merely stated that the vote could not be denied “on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude”
iii.
suffrage still essentially controlled by the states
iv.
South eventually exploits loopholes
XII. Cautious nature of
congressional reconstruction
XIII. Reconstruction in the
South
A.
Southern resistance
B.
carpetbaggers
C.
scalawags
D.
Black Republicans
E.
Reality - and limits - of black political power
F. carpetbagger dominance of most Republican governments
G.
Whites cooperate with carpetbaggers and blacks
H. White scalawags move toward Democratic Party of
white supremacy in the 1870s.
XIV. Character of
Republican Rule of the South
XV. Black and White
Adaptation
A.
Taxes
B.
corruption
C.
Economic changes
sharecropping
D.
African Americans and freedom
E.
Declining economic status of poor whites
F.
Shared cultural heritage of blacks and whites
G.
Decline of planter class
XVI. Violent White
Resistance
A. Ku Klux
Klan
B.
Enforcement Acts of 1871 break up
the Klan
C.
Southern violence continues
D.
Limits of black suffrage
XVII. Democratic Redeemer governments win back the South
XVIII. Reconstruction in
the North and West
A.
Corruption of Grant administration
Credit Mobiler scandal
B.
Panic of 1873
C.
currency reform and tariffs become more important than Reconstruction or
political equality for blacks
D. by the
late 1870s, Republican party forsakes reformist past to become a protector of
railroad and business interests
IXX. Racism and American
Indians
A.
Westward expansion and the Plains Indians
B.
Coexistence fails
C. pre-1865 treaties
D.
restriction of tribes to reservations in Oklahoma and the Black Hills of
the Dakotas in return for supplies and assistance from the government
E.
Destruction of the buffalo herds
F.
Submission and resistance
XX. Final Retreat from
Reconstruction
A.
Presidential election of 1876
Samuel B. Tilden
Rutherford B. Hayes
B.
Corrupt election; commission declares Hayes the winner
C.
Compromise of 1877
i. Hayes supports federal aid for
Southern internal improvements; promises to appoint Southern Democrat to his
Cabinet
ii.
Hayes pledges to remove the remaining federal troops from the South
iii.
in return, Southern Democrats promised to protect black rights and to support Hayes’s
election
D.
Hayes takes office, federal troops leave South
E.
Black civil rights and political power stripped away
Rich Man, Poor Man, 1877-1896
I. Overview of Economic
Changes
II. Industrialization,
Urbanization, Immigration
III. Railroads
IV. Justification for Greed
A.
Social Darwinism
B.
Gospel of Wealth
C.
Popular culture
V. Economic Theory of Laissez-Faire
VI. Rise of Big Business
A.
Government assistance
B.
limited liability laws
C.
Impact on workers
V. Controlling Competition
A.
rebates
B.
pools
C.
mergers
D.
John D. Rockefeller
trust
E. Andrew
Carnegie
vertical integration
F.
middle managers
G.
Expansion of the middle-class
H.
Impact of economic consolidation
VI. Changes in the West
A.
mining, ranching, and the lumber industry
B.
farming
VII. The South
A.
Inefficiency of sharecropping
B.
Mechanical innovations
C.
The New South
Booker T. Washington
C.
Textile mills
D.
Too much cotton, not enough food
E.
Segregation
Plessy
v. Ferguson
Old Americans, New Americans
I. Building the
Transcontinental Railroad
II. Chinese Immigrants
Chinese Exclusion Act
III. Immigration trends
A.
American response
B.
The promise of America
C. Destinations
other than the United States
D.
Problems in Europe increase emigration
IV. “Old” vs. “New”
immigrants
V. Permanent vs. Migrant
immigrants
VI. Nativism- anti-immigrant backlash
A.
Political fears
B.
Religious fears
C.
Racism
D.
Economic resentment
E.
Blaming the immigrants for urban problems
F.
Federal restrictions on immigration
Emergency Quota Act
V. Nativism and Native
Americans
A.
Ghost Dance
B. Battle of Wounded Knee
C.
Destruction of the reservation system
Dawes Severalty Act
D.
Attempts to assimilate Indians into mainstream white American culture
E.
Indian boarding schools
F.
Persistence of tribal loyalties and Native American culture
G.
Congress continues efforts to break up the reservations
i. Curtis Act - ended tribal sovereignty
in Indian territory, voiding tribal control of mineral rights, abolishing
tribal laws and courts, and imposed U.S. laws and courts on the Indians
ii.
Snyder Act grants all Indians born in the United States full citizenship
H.
Failure of reform
Protesters, Politicians, and Imperialists, 1870-1900
I. Beginning of labor
movement
A.
Chronic absenteeism
B.
Incredibly high job turnover
C.
Collective action
i.
Strikes
D.
Limited power of workers vs. industry
Haymarket Square riot
E.
Unions
Knights of Labor
Terence Powderly
F.
Popular hostility toward unions
G.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
II. National political
scene
A.
Patronage more important than issues
B.
close elections
C.
limited government
D.
Similarities between Democrats and Republicans
E.
Reliance on courts to protect the economy and business
F.
Parties do little; focus on getting votes
G.
corruption
III. People get teed
A.
Farmers raise hell
i.
Falling prices, overproduction
ii.
grievances
B.
Farmers organize
Grange
Farmers’ Alliances
C.
The agrarian demands: government ownership of the railroads, the telegraph, and
the telephone lines, more flexible currency, and the sub-treasury plan (federal
warehouses where farmers could store their crops until prices rose)
D.
Also called for political reforms like the direct election of senators,
initiatives, and referenda
IV. Populism
A.
Relied on a single cash-crop; many were tenants and sharecroppers
B.
Not appealing to prosperous, diversified, large-scale farmers
C.
realize need to broaden their constituency
D.
To appeal to urban workers, advocate an eight-hour day, immigration restriction,
oppose strikebreaking, and favor veterans pensions
E.
Try to gain black voters
F.
Election of 1892
V. Panic of 1893,
Depression
A.
Government does little to help
B.
Employers cut wages to preserve profits
C.
Workers go ballistic
Pullman strike
Eugene V. Debs
Socialist Party
VI. Disfranchisement (taking away the vote)
VII. Election of 1896
William Jennings
Bryan
William McKinley
VIII. End of Populism
IX. Demands for Expansion
A.
Reasons for forceful foreign policy
i.
good for American business
ii. duty to spread U.S. way of life to less
fortunate countries
iii.
economic and strategic security
B.
American exceptionalism
C.
Social Darwinism
D.
Missionaries
E.
Hopes for markets in Latin American and Asia
X. Toward Imperialism
A.
Economic situation in the United States is deteriorating
B.
Congress reevaluates its isolationist policies
C.
upgrade the U.S. navy and merchant marine
D.
Expansionists
XI. War Fever
XII. Cuba
A.
General Weyler and the Cuban rebellion
B.
Yellow journalism
William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
C.
America turns against Spain
D.
Presidents Cleveland and McKinley try to keep peace
E.
Popular pressure for war intensifies
F.
Maine explodes
XIII. Spanish-American War
A.
Lack of preparation
B.
Naval victory in the Philippines
C.
Cuba
D.
Spain surrenders - cedes Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States
E.
The “splendid little war”
XIV. U.S. Imperialism Grows
A.
Reject idea of annexing Cuba, but Congress passes the Platt Amendment of 1902
authorized the U.S to intervene in Cuban affairs
B.
Philippines
C.
imperialist versus anti-imperialists
D.
Filipinos fight back
E.
U.S. does some really slimy things and wins
F.
China
Open Door Policy
The Progressives, 1900-1917
II. Progressives call for
changes
A.
Challenge Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics
B.
higher education becomes less elitist, white, religious and male
C.
Scholars and experts focus on facts
D.
“Reform Darwinists” argue that intelligent people can control and change their
environment
E. the “Social
Gospel”
F.
Popular journalism and muckrakers
III. Reforms
A.
Search for order and harmony
B.
Organizing
C.
Professional organizations
D.
The babes strike back
i.
Resurgence of temperance
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
ii.
Helping the poor
Jane Addams
iii.
Campaign for women’s suffrage
Carrie Chapman Catt vs. Alice
Paul
E.
African Americans
W.E.B. Du Bois
Niagara Movement
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
IV. Diversity of
progressive movement
V. Reforms in the cities
VI. State-level reforms
A.
initiative allowed voters to propose
legislative changes, usually by petition
B.
referendum gave the public a
mechanism for voting directly on controversial legislation
C.
recall provided a way to remove
elected officials
D.
17th amendment to the Constitution establishes popular election of senators
E. workmen’s
compensation
F.
prohibition
V. National reforms
A. Theodore Roosevelt
B.
TR’s reform sentiments
C. “trust-busting”
D.
conservation
E.
Regulation of food and drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act
F.
William Howard Taft continues reform
Progressive or Bull Moose party
H.
Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins in 1912
I.
Still more reform
VI. Foreign Policy
A.
Teddy Roosevelt
Roosevelt Corollary
B.
Taft and “dollar diplomacy”
C.
Wilson
D.
World War I slows progressivism
World War I, 1914-1920
Triple Entente (the Allies)- France, Russia, and Great Britain
Central Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Turkey
II. U.S. Adopts Neutrality
A.
Wilson thinks all of the European powers were equally responsible for the war
B.
Insists that warring factions respect the rights of the United States and
permit Americans to trade with all the fighting nations.
III. Divided American
Public
IV. British Blockade
V. War Helps U.S. economy
A.
Wilson permits loans to the warring nations
B.
United States becomes a creditor nation
VI. German submarine
warfare
A.
Threats to international law
B.
Wilson’s approach to foreign affairs
C.
Germany sinks Lusitania
D.
Wilson demands that Germany reject submarine warfare
E. Germany issues Sussex Pledge - promises to stop sinking all merchant and passenger
ships without warning
V. Domestic Opposition
VI. Election of 1916
VII. U.S. Moves toward War
A.
German resumes unrestricted sub warfare
B. Zimmermann telegram
C.
U.S. declares war on Germany
D.
Wilson insists U.S. fought for nobler aims
VIII. The War at Home
A.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
B.
Crusade to purge German influences from American life
C.
Espionage Act - censors the mail and
newspapers and made it a crime to oppose the draft
D.
Sedition Act making it a crime to
criticize the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag
E.
Repressive political climate
F.
Paying for the War
War Industries Board (WIB)
G.
prohibitionists and women’s suffrage advocates benefit
Volstead Act - bans manufacture, transportation, and sale of
alcoholic beverages
Nineteenth Amendment - gives women vote
H.
African Americans
“Great Migration”
IX. The draft
X. Revolution in Russia
XI. Fourteen Points
A.
no more secret treaties
B.
Principle of self-determination of nations
C.
free trade, arms reduction
D.
more independence for minorities
E.
general international organization - League
of Nations
collective security
X. War Ends
XI. Instability at home
A.
Republicans controlled both houses of Congress
B.
profiteering
C.
Race riots
D.
Strikes
E. Red
Scare
Palmer raids
XII. Wilson and the Paris
Peace Conference
A.
“peace without victory”
B.
European skepticism
C.
Vengeance against Germany
Versailles Treaty
XIII. The Treaty Comes Home
A.
initial support
B.
Henry Cabot Lodge leads opposition to League of Nations
C.
Wilson has stroke
D.
Congress rejects ENTIRE treaty
XIV. Election of 1920
The Twenties
I.
Old controversies continue
II.
African American protests
A. Challenging restrictive zoning laws
B. Urban
League
C. NAACP continues pressing for a federal anti-lynching
law
D. A. Philip
Randolph calls for a “New Negro” who would meet violence with violence to
end discrimination; urges blacks to join unions
E. Marcus
Garvey rejects integration and preaches black separatism
Universal
Negro Improvement Association
F. Harlem
Renaissance
III.
Moral changes
A. Sex and the cities
B. Sigmund Freud
C. The flapper
D. The “new woman” embraces traditional duties of
wife and mother
IV.
Limits of women’s political power
A. Suffrage produces few changes
B. Women remain in low-paying jobs
V.
White Protestants strike back
A. Prohibition
B. Evolution
Scopes
Monkey Trial
Clarence
Darrow
William
Jennings Bryan
C. Nativism
i. Attacks on immigrants and radicals continue
Sacco and
Vanzetti case
ii. Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan
VI.
Consumer Culture
V.
Republican Restoration
A. Partnership between government and industry
B. Rolling back labor and progressive gains
C. President Harding is lame
Teapot
Dome oil scandal
D. Harding, unable to decide whether Advil, Tylenol,
or
Alleve is the better pain reliever, drops dead
E. Calvin Coolidge becomes another lame president
VI. Herbert Hoover wins in 1928
VII.
Hoover predicts prosperity and progress (whoops)
VIII.
Flirting with Financial Disaster
A. Appearances are deceiving
B. Rampant speculation in real estate and the stock
market
C. Federal Reserve Board pursues contradictory
policies
IX.
The Crash of 1929
XI.
What caused the Great Depression?
A. Depressed farm prices
B. Larger surpluses and lower prices
C. banks fail
D. small businesses go bankrupt
E. Workers lack purchasing power
F. Too much credit
G. high Republican tariffs damage foreign trade
The Great Depression, The New Deal
I. Hoover and the
Depression
A.
Tries to get business and labor to cooperate
C.
“Hoovervilles”
D.
Hoover resists large-scale federal public works program
i. believed recovery depended on the private sector
ii.
wanted to maintain a balanced budget
iii.
feared federal relief programs would undermine individual character
E.
Hoover reluctantly adopted other measures
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC)
F.
Real problem was not with credit but with low demand for goods
G.
Cycle of low wages and massive layoffs
H.
banks go bankrupt, unemployment rate climbed to 25%
II. Impact of Great
Depression
III. Franklin Roosevelt
A.
FDR’s background
B.
Nominated for President in 1932
IV. Hoover and the Bonus Army
V. Democrats win big
VI. The New Deal begins
A.
Phases of reform
B.
Roosevelt’s personality
VII. Attack on the banking
crisis
A.
Roosevelt declares national bank holiday
B. Congress approves Emergency Banking Relief Bill
C. FDR appeals directly to the people
D. People trust FDR
E.
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
i.
To protect depositors from risky projects, the law separated investment banking
from commercial banking
ii.
established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which guaranteed
all deposits up to $2,500
VIII. The “100 days”
A.
Roosevelt provides relief to debtors and exporters by devaluing the dollar, abandoning
the gold standard, and ordering the Federal Reserve System to ease credit
B.
FDR’s reliance on the “brain trust”
C.
advisors believed that the government should encourage big business NOT attack
trusts
D.
National Recovery Administration
Section 7a guaranteed
maximum hours, minimum wages, and collective bargaining
E. Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA)
F.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
G.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
IX. Depression continues
A.
FDR adopts bolder measures
B.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
X. Roosevelt’s opponents
A.
Huey Long and the “Share Our Wealth” program
B.
Father Charles Coughlin
C.
Dr. Francis Townsend
XII. The Second New Deal
A.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner
Act) - guaranteed labor’s right to organize
B.
Union membership swells
John L. Lewis
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
C.
Social Security Act
D.
Limits of reforms
XIII. The New Deal and
Minorities
A.
African Americans abandon Republican Party
B.
Roosevelt and civil rights
C.
New Deal discrimination against blacks
D.
Native Americans and the Indian Reorganization Act
E.
Women
XIV. The New Deal in
Decline
A.
Supreme Court strikes down NRA and AAA
B.
Roosevelt’s court-packing scheme
C.
Court softens attacks on the New Deal
D.
Roosevelt screws up again; cuts government spending; budget cuts send the economy into a
tailspin
E.
Congress refuses to resume welfare spending
XV. Impact of the New Deal
Facing the World, 1920-1941
I. Disillusionment
following World War I
II. Republicans in the
1920s try to avoid foreign entanglements
III. Good Neighbor Policy - rejects use of force against Latin America
IV. Recognition of the
Soviet Union
V. Roosevelt is focused on
the Depression
VI. Crisis in Manchuria
A.
Japan seeks markets and raw materials in Asia
B.
Attacks Manchuria in 1931
C.
Western powers can’t afford to help
D.
United States refuses to recognize Japanese domination of Manchuria
E.
Japan correctly concludes that no nation will stop them from taking the rest of
China
F.
The Panay incident
G.
United States accepts Japan’s apology; tries to keep peace
V. Rise of Hitler
A.
German economy disintegrates during 1920s
B.
Hitler takes advantage of situation; assumes power in 1933
C.
Hitler pledges to reclaim Germany’s position as a world leader
D.
pulls Germany out of the League of Nations
E.
rearms; starts peacetime draft
F.
In 1936, establishes military bases in the Rhineland
G.
neither Britain or France opposes these measures
H.
March 1938 Hitler annexes Austria
I.
Hitler denounces Western democracies, Communists, and Jews
VI. Appeasement at Munich -
1938
A.
British and French leaders gave Hitler one-third of Czechoslovakia to Germany
in return for a promise not to take the rest
B.
In March 1939, less than six months later, Germany annexes the rest of
Czechoslovakia
VII. American Neutrality
A.
U.S. Economy still in bad shape
B.
Nye Committee drafts laws banning
travel by Americans in war zones; banning loans by Americans to belligerents,
and establishing an impartial embargo on arms to belligerents
C.
Roosevelt signs the Neutrality Law
D.
cash-and-carry
E.
Roosevelt likes the idea because it favors Great Britain
F.
1 May 1937, FDR signed a permanent Neutrality Act
three
major restrictions on Americans
i.
No arms sales
ii.
No loans to warring nations
iii.
No travel on belligerent ships
VIII. America and the Jews
IX. War in Europe
A.
Nazi-Soviet pact
B.
in exchange for territory in Eastern Europe, Joseph Stalin approves Hitler’s
plans to invade Poland
C.
Hitler invades Poland on September 1, 1939
D.
two days later, France and Great Britain honor their treaty obligations to
defend Poland and declare war on Germany
E.
World War II begins
F.
By June 1940, Nazis controlled Poland, Denmark, Norway, and France
X. United States Stays Neutral
A.
Roosevelt decides to save Britain
B.
Roosevelt persuades Congress to pass the first peacetime draft in history - Selective Service Act
C.
transfers 50 destroyers in exchange for a 99-year lease on eight British bases
- destroyers-for-bases
D.
Domestic support, domestic opposition
America First Committee
E.
Roosevelt wins third term in election of 1940
XI. United States moves
toward war
A. “arsenal
of democracy”
B. Four Freedoms - freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom for
want, and freedom from fear
C.
lend-lease law
D.
American naval escorts British ships
E.
U.S. navy tracks German submarines
F.
Roosevelt meets Prime Minister Winston
Churchill
G.
Announce Atlantic Charter
H.
FDR waits for an incident to justify entering war
XII. America’s Asian War
A.
U.S. pressures Japan to withdraw from China
B. September 1940
Japan joined Tripartite Pact with
Italy and Germany
C.
Japanese government, led by Prime Minister Hideki
Tojo takes French Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam) in July 1941
D.
U.S. blocks trade with Japan, freezes its assets in American banks; also bars
access to American petroleum and scrap iron
E.
Japan stands firm; plans secret attack
F.
December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
G.
Congress declares war on Japan
H.
Hitler, invokes his alliance with Japan and declares war on the United States
World War Two, 1941-1945
I. Mobilizing for War
A.
Controlling Inflation
War Production Board
B.
Government entices business
C.
Government-supported research
Manhattan Project
D.
Boom for farmers
II. Wartime Regulation and
Prosperity
A.
Office of Price Administration
institutes wage and price controls as well as rationing programs on such items
as food, gasoline, and clothing
B.
First income taxes on middle and working-class people
C.
Complaints
D.
War created 17 million new civilian jobs
E.
Labor unrest
F.
Congress takes hostile stand toward labor
Smith-Connally Act - banned strikes in war industries, authorized the
president to seize plants useful to the war effort, and limited political
activity by unions
G.
Resurgence of conservatism
III. Election of 1944
A.
Thomas Dewey
B.
G.I. Bill of rights passes Congress
C.
FDR wins
IV. Portraying the enemies
V. Social Impact
A.
Mobility
B.
Urban growth
C.
Women
D.
Marriage and birth rates rebound from Depression
E.
wartime separations
F.
Divorce rate climbs
G.
African Americans
A. Philip Randolph
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
sit-ins
H.
Mexican-Americans
I.
Development of gay community
VI. America and the
Holocaust
VII. Japanese Relocation
Camps
VIII. Political dissenters
IX. The Grand Alliance
A.
An uneasy coalition
B.
Agree to defeat Germany first
C.
When and Where to open Second Front
D.
Roosevelt and Churchill’s different political goals
X. War in the Pacific
XI. Tide turns in Europe
XII. Planning for the
Postwar World
A.
Policy of unconditional surrender
B.
Alienating the Soviets
C.
Roosevelt’s confidence
D.
Plans for Germany
E.
The future of Asia
F.
FDR’s hostility toward European colonialism
G.
D-Day, June 6, 1944
XIII. Yalta Conference
A.
Decide to create United Nations and the UN Security Council
B.
Seem to agree to grant Soviets buffer zone in Eastern Europe
C.
Soviets promise to permit free elections in Poland
D.
Soviets pledge to enter the war against Japan
E.
Roosevelt dies
XIV. Harry S. Truman gets tough
XV. Germany surrenders
XVI. Potsdam Conference
A.
Planning to attack Japan
B.
The atomic bomb works
C.
“Atomic diplomacy” against Soviets?
D.
Unresolved issues
XV. Dropping the Bomb
XVI. Effects of the War
The Early Cold War, 1945-1952
I. Motivations using the
Bomb
A. High casualty estimates for planned invasion
of Japan
B.
Rejection of non-combat demonstration
C.
only had TWO bombs
D.
Rejection of Japanese peace overtures
E.
Americans numbed to mass killing of the enemy.
F.
Racism and cultural differences
G.
Desire for revenge.
H.
few objections from U.S. leaders
II. Popular Response to the
Bomb
A.
Justification
B.
Focusing on potential of atomic energy
C.
Cultural reaction
D.
Government effort to soothe fears about the Atomic bomb and its hazards,
especially radiation.
E.
Atomic “secrets”
F.
Inflated claims about how many lives bomb had saved
III. The Bikini Tests
IV. John Hersey’s Hiroshima
V. Moving toward the Cold
War
A.
Changing portrayals of Joseph Stalin
B.
Soviets demands for security
C.
U.S. determination to protect role as most powerful country in the world
D.
Poland
E.
Soviet vs. American goals
F.
Stalin stresses incapability of communism & capitalism
G.
Winston Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
H.
A divided Germany
VI. Containment
A.
British decline
B.
U.S. policymakers hope to prevent Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean and
the Middle East
C.
Republicans in Congress
D.
“Scaring the hell out of the American people”
E.
Truman ask for $400 million aid package to Greece and Turkey to equip their
armed forces for killing Communist guerrillas
F.
Truman Doctrine commits America to
“support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities”
G.
Domestic reaction
H. George F. Kennan outlines containment policy - restricting
communism to areas in Eastern Europe already under its control
I.
Marshall Plan
J.
Desperate situation in Europe
K.
Fears of French, Italian, and German Communists
L.
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe refuse aid
V. Life at home
A.
Consumerism
B.
Strikes
C. Truman asks Congress to continue price controls,
nationalization of the housing industry, and stronger fair employment laws
D.
Congress tells Truman to get lost
E.
Congress tells unions something unsuitable for this family audience
Taft-Hartley
Act
VI. Election in 1948
A.
Progressive Party nominates Henry Wallace
B.
“Dixiecrats” nominate Strom Thurmond
C.
Truman wins
D.
Announces Fair Deal - a legislative
plan which included an expansion of Social Security, federal aid to education
and public housing, national health insurance, and civil rights legislation
E.
Congress refuses to enact most of Truman’s plan
V. Reds, Pinks, Spies, and
Lies
A.
Federal loyalty program
B. House Committee on Un-American Activities
(HUAC) investigates Hollywood
C.
Hollywood Ten
D.
Blacklists
E.
Anti-communist movies
VI. Social and Cultural
impact of anti-communism
A.
“Experts” focus on nuclear families
B.
Communism described as an epidemic
C. Republican conservatives attacked the Truman
administration for lacking manhood
D.
Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers
E.
Richard M. Nixon helps Chambers
publicize charge that Hiss is a spy
F.
The “pumpkin papers”
G.
Hiss convicted of perjury; serves five years
V. McCarthyism and the second Red Scare
A.
Conformity
B. lavender scare
VI. A dangerous world
A.
Soviets get Bomb
B.
arrest of Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg
C.
NSC-68 - called for an extraordinary
increase in the defense budget to maintain American superiority
D.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) establishes collective security for Western nations
E.
Communists gain China
F.
U.S. starts revitalizing Japan
G.
Truman administration contributes to French war against the Vietminh in
Indochina
H.
Korean War
I.
Chinese intervene in Korea
J.
Truman and MacArthur
VII. Election of 1952
The 1950s
I. “Happy Days” (?)
II. Downfall of McCarthy
Army-McCarthy hearings
III. Eisenhower’s
leadership
National Highways Act
IV. Affluence and
conformity
A.
Consumerism
B.
glorification of marriage and the family
C.
Baby boom
D.
Religion
E.
Critics of conformity
i.
Hugh Hefner and Playboy
ii.
The Beats
iii. rock and roll music
V. More containment
A.
More reliance on covert operations
B.
“The New Look” - dramatically increased
the U.S. nuclear arsenal as a less expensive means of ensuring national
security
VI. Civil defense programs
VII. Atomic testing
VIII. Missed opportunities
to improve relations with the USSR
A.
Death of Stalin
B.
Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev
meet in Geneva
C.
hopes for conciliation don’t materialize
D.
Khrushchev’s “secret” speech
E.
Protests in Poland
F.
Protests in Hungary
G.
Soviets crush Hungarian uprising; U.S. does nothing
H.
Suez canal crisis strains U.S. relations with Western Europe
I.
anti-Americanism grows in developing world
IX. Sputnik
A.
National Defense Education Act
B.
U-2 Incident
X. Signs of unrest at home
A.
Segregation
B.
NAACP challenges “separate but equal” doctrine
Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka
C.
In 1954, Supreme Court unanimously decides that “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
D.
In 1955, Supreme Court ordered schools to desegregate “with all deliberate
speed” - puts burden of desegregation in the hands of local and state school
boards
E.
Eisenhower refuses to champion racial equality
F.
Little Rock
G.
Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Limits of Power, 1950-1975
I. John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon - 1960
II. The Kennedy presidency
A.
“Camelot”
B.
lacked political support in Congress
C.
unable to pass many domestic programs
D.
African Americans disappointed
E.
More focused on foreign affairs
III. Cuba
A.
Fidel Castro, a leftist, gained
control of Cuba in 1959
B.
Kennedy approves CIA plot to overthrow Castro
C.
Bay of Pigs invasion is a disaster
D.
Cuban Missile Crisis
IV. Kennedy assassination
Lee Harvey Oswald
V. Vietnam - before 1960
A.
Cultural differences between Vietnam and the West
B.
1945, Vietnam declares independence, but French return
C.
French embroiled in a civil war against the Communists led by Ho Chi Minh
D. U.S. in difficult position
E.
Truman supports France’s ambitions in Vietnam
F.
U.S. has monolithic view of communism
G. 1954 - Dien
Bien Phu, France surrenders
H.
at Geneva, the countries, temporarily divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel -
also split off Cambodia and Laos
I.
also agreed to hold elections in summer of 1956 to reunify Vietnam
J.
Eisenhower supports independent government established in South Vietnam under the
leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem, a
staunch anti-Communist
K. Vietnamese hate Diem
L.
Corrupt officials squander U.S. aid money
M.
Diem alienates peasants
VI. Vietnam and Kennedy
A.
JFK reaffirms U.S. commitment to Diem and South Vietnam
B.
creates counterinsurgency forces -
green berets
C.
sends “advisors” to South Vietnam
1961
- 3,205
1963
- 16,300
D.
Diem’s control of Vietnam declines
E.
Buddhist protests
F.
U.S. encourages Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem
G.
Diem and his brother murdered
H.
JFK dies
VII. Vietnam - “Lyndon
Johnson’s War”
A.
Lyndon Johnson inherited a big mess
B.
like his predecessors, accepts the domino
theory
C. presidential
election of 1964
Barry Goldwater
D.
Johnson wins; prepares for more aggressive actions in Vietnam
E.
Espionage along the coast of North Vietnam
F.
Johnson asks Congress for resolution authorizing him to “take all necessary
measures” to protect American security
G.
Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin
resolution
H.
Johnson and his advisors debate strategy
I.
Rolling Thunder bombing
J.
U.S. ground troops arrive in Vietnam
1965
- 184,000, 636 killed
1968
- 536,000, 30,610 killed
K.
Combat - “search and destroy”
General William C. Westmoreland
L.
Body counts and other lies
Robert McNamara
M.
Johnson’s convictions
N.
Domestic criticism
O.
Tet Offensive on January 30, 1968
P. My
Lai Massacre
Q.
Johnson decides not to run again
R.
Hell breaks loose at home
S.
Democratic convention in Chicago - 1968
T. Nixon
VIII. Vietnam - Nixon’s “Peace with
honor” (?)
A.
Nixon and Henry Kissinger
B.
in May 1969, Nixon meets with South Vietnamese president Nguyen Thieu to discuss war
C.
Vietnamization
D.
United States gradually reduces troop level from 535,000 to 400,000 over the
next year
E.
air war increases
F.
secret bombing of Cambodia
G.
revitalizes anti-war movement
H.
Nixon calls upon the “great silent majority”
I.
May 1970, invasion of Cambodia
J.
Kent State, Jackson State
K.
Congress repeals Gulf of Tonkin resolution
L.
Horrors in Cambodia - Khmer Rouge win
M.
U.S. military morale drops
N.
Vietnamization works poorly
O.
U.S. economy in trouble
P.
Nixon announces wage and price controls, takes U.S. off gold standard; devalues
the dollar by 10%
Q.
New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers
R.
John D. Ehrlichman, creates White
House “plumbers”
S.
Break-in at the Watergate Hotel
T.
late 1972, more bombing
U.
North Vietnam and U.S. sign peace - January 1973
IX. Legacy of Vietnam
A.
Decline of presidential power
War Powers Act
B.
Nixon resigns in August 1974
C.
late April 1975, Saigon falls
D.
Communists win in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
The Struggle for a Just Society
I. African Americans and
direct-action strategy
A.
Sit-ins
B.
freedom rides
C.
Kennedy administration pressures the Interstate Commerce Commission to
desegregate air, bus, and train terminals
D.
state universities
James Meredith
E.
Massive white resistance
George Wallace
F.
Birmingham
Eugene “Bull” Connor
G.
Violence
H.
March on Washington
I.
Congress passes Civil Rights Bill of
1964 - prohibits discrimination in voting, employment, and public
facilities; establishes Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
J.
Black voting still limited
K.
Selma
L.
24th Amendment bars poll taxes in federal elections
M.
Voting Rights Act
II. Black Nationalism
A.
Black Muslims
Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammed
Malcolm X
B.
More white violence
C.
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) and
SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee) reject nonviolence and integration
D.
black power
Black Panther Party
E.
Impact of black nationalism
III. Urban Black outrage
A.
Watts and other race riots
B.
assassination of MLK in Memphis, TN on 4 April 1968
C.
1968 commission examines causes of the race riots
D.
Busing
IV. The Great Society
A.
War on Poverty
Medicaid
Medicare
B.
Civil rights laws
V. White backlash
A.
Richard Nixon attacks “wasteful”
federal antipoverty programs
B.
ends liberal activist era of the Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren
C.
Nixon selects Warren Burger, a
moderate conservative to replace Earl Warren as chief justice
D.
Supreme Court limits remedies used to rectify past discrimination
Bakke case
VI. The New Left
A.
Generation gap
B.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Port Huron Statement
C.
criticize universities
D.
involvement in the civil rights movement in the South
E.
Social criticism
F.
Protests against the Vietnam War
G.
SDS disintegrates
H.
Legacy
VII. Counterculture
VIII. Women’s Movement
A. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
B.
Sex discrimination
C.
1961 Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
D.
Equal Pay Act requires equal pay for
men and women who perform same jobs under equal conditions
E.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
makes it illegal for employers to discriminate against women in hiring and
promotion
F.
Friedan and 300 others form National
Organization of Women (NOW) in 1966
G.
Equal Rights Amendment
H.
demand repeal of laws limiting access to contraceptive services and abortion
I.
NOW grows
J.
Radical feminist groups
K.
1973 Roe v. Wade legalizes abortions
L. right-to-life
movement
M.
ERA fails
Phyllis Schlafly
IX. Mexican Americans
Cesar Chavez
X. Gay Liberation
XI. Native Americans
AIM - American Indian Movement
America since 1970
I. Watergate
A. break-in
B. Burglars linked to Nixon re-election committee,
White House, and CIA
C. Nixon’s obsession with secrecy
Committee
for the Reelection of the President (CREEP)
plumbers
enemies
list
Dirty
tricks
D. The cover-up
E. Nixon reelected
F. Washington
Post investigation
Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein
G. burglars began to implicate the White House
H. Senate appoints special committee to investigate
the Watergate scandal
I. John Dean says
Nixon deeply involved in the cover-up
J. White House taping system revealed
K. Nixon tries to keep the tapes from the committee
by invoking executive privilege
L. Saturday
Night Massacre
Archibald
Cox
Elliot
Richardson
M. Congress forces Nixon to name a new special
prosecutor, Leon Jaworski
N. Vice-President Spiro Agnew accused of extortion. makes
a deal, and resigns
P. Gerald Ford succeeds Agnew
Q. House Judiciary Committee recommends that Nixon
be impeached for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and refusal to
relinquish the tapes
R. Nixon obeys Supreme Court order to release the
tapes, which confirmed Dean’s detailed testimony
S. Nixon resigns
T. Implications
II. After Watergate
A. Congress passes series of political reforms
B. More openness
Freedom of
Information Act
C. Mixed effectiveness
D. reigning in the CIA and the FBI
III. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter
IV. Wrenching Economic Transformations
A. Inflation
B.
Flat wages
C.
Fewer Americans can afford health insurance
and housing
V. The “Me Generation”
VI. Oil Embargo
A. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
B.
gas shortages
C.
Call for conservation
VII. The Changing Left
VIII. The Environmental Movement
A.
Concerns about insecticides
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
B.
Environmental catastrophes
C.
Activism
IX. Foreign Competition
A.
loss of American jobs in basic industry.
B. stagflation
C. confusion and contradiction.
X. A New American Role in the World
A. Lessons of Vietnam War
B. Detente with
China and the Soviet Union
C. Failure of detente
D.
peace between Egypt and Israel.
E. Camp David accords
F. Panama Canal Treaty
G.
People’s Republic of China formally recognized
H.
Call for international human rights
XI. Iran
Hostage Crisis
B. Background of U.S. support for Iran and the Shah,
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
C. fundamentalist Islamic clergy and
masses of Iranians turned against the shah and his westernization policies
D. Shah and Carter vacillate
E. In January 1979, the shah flees to Egypt.
F. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini returns to Iran
G. Carter permits the shah to enter the United States
for treatment of lymphoma
H. Iranian supporters of Khomeini invade the American
embassy in Teheran
I. 53 hostages held for 444 days
J.
Difficulty of negotiations
K. Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
L. Carter embargoes grain and high-technology exports
to the Soviet Union and boycotts the 1980 Olympics in Moscow
M.
Failed rescue attempt
N. Hostages freed as Reagan takes office
A. Rise of The Sunbelt
B. Sagebrush
Rebellion
C. Religious Revivalism
Jerry
Falwell
The Moral
Majority
D. The New
Right
E. The tax revolt
Proposition
13
XIII. The Reagan Revolution
A. Reagan wins in 1980
B. Reagan’s style
C. Reaganomics
D.
Fires 15,000 striking air-traffic controllers.
E. Expanding the defense budget
F. deregulation expands
G.
Mixed effects of deregulation
H.
Curtailing federal programs
I.
Economic expansion
J. Economic problems
XIV. The Celebration of Wealth
A.
Glorification of greed
B. October 19, 1987- 22.6% plunge in stock values
C. Insider trading
XV. Reagan and the World
A. Relations with the Soviets deteriorate
B. Strategic
Defense Initiative – “Star Wars”
C. The Reagan
Doctrine
D. Grenada
E. El Salvador
F. Nicaragua
the
contras
G. Lebanon
XVI. Election of 1984
XVII. The End of the Cold War
A. The Fall of the Soviet Empire
Mikhail
Gorbachev
perestroika
glasnost
B. China
C. South Africa
D. Collapse of the USSR
XVIII. Reagan and Gorbachev
A. Reykjavik meeting
B. INF Treaty
IXX. The Fading of the Reagan Revolution
A. Corruption and scandals
B. Savings and loan crisis
C. Iran
Contra Scandal
Ollie
North
XXII. The Bush Presidency
A. Focus on foreign policy
B. Relations with the Soviets
C. Trouble with Congress
D. Savings and loan bailout
E. Tax increase
F. Americans with Disabilities Act
G. Abortion
Webster
v. Reproductive Health Services
H. Sexual Harassment
Hill-Thomas hearings
XXIII. Economic recession
XXIV. The Gulf War
XXV. The Election of 1992
XXVI. The Clinton
Presidency
A.
Gays in the military debate
B.
Controversial appointments
C.
Scandals and investigations
D.
Failed attempt at impeachment
E.
Achievements
F. Failures
G.
Foreign Policy
XXVII. Republican
Resurgence
A.
“Contract with America”
B.
Clinton moves to the center
C.
Partisanship
XXVIII. Alienation
IXXX. Economic changes
Globalization
XXX. Social Changes
A.
More older Americans
B.
Immigration
Immigration
Reform Act of 1965
Immigration
Reform and Control Act of 1987
C.
Hispanic and Asian Americans
D.
African Americans
E.
Backlash against affirmative action
F.
Decline of unskilled jobs and public education
G.
Inner-city despair
H. Los Angeles riot
I.
Racial tensions
J.
O.J. Simpson trial
XXXI. Election 2000
XXXII. The Future