| Home Previous Chapter Free Copy The Nasty Side of Organ Transplanting - Third Edition 2007 Norm Barber Copyright and Acknowledgments End Notes 1 The Weekend Australian newspaper. Gentle Persuader by Roy Eccleston. 9 August, 1997 2 See Hoffenberg R. Christiaan Barnard : his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death. British Medical Journal 2001;323:1478-80). http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7327/1478#References Accessed 8 May 2007 3 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 4 Taylor R. Re-examining the definition and criteria of death. Seminars in Neurology 17(3) 265-270. (1997) 5 The file containing "brain death" testing procedures is at: www.anzics.com.au/files/brain_death_organ_donation.pdf at www.anzics.com.au/contact.htm Accessed 8 May, 2007 6 Salerno, Steve. The Heart-Stopping Truth about Organ Donation. Playboy Magazine, October 2002. Chicago Illinois, USA. http://www.oocities.org/organtransplanting/SalernoHeartArticle.html Accessed 8 May 2007 7 Woodcock, Tom. Evidence-based versus "established" medical practice. British Medical Journal, 2002 BMJ 2002;324:1099 ( 4 May ) 2002 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7345/1099?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=woodcock%25252C+tom&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1074826141219_18798&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1/1/2002&tdate=12/31/2002&resourcetype=1,2,3,4 Accessed 8 May, 2007 7a David J Hill, retired anaesthetist from the United Kingdom, agrees with Tom Woodcock. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/325/7368/836 Accessed 8 May, 2007 8 Morioka, Masahiro. Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson from Japan’s Fifteen Years of Experience. Hastings Center Report 31, no.4 (2001): 41-46 http://www.lifestudies.org/reconsidering.html Accessed 8 May, 2007 9 Guardian Newspaper, United Kingdom. Sarah Boseley, Health Correspondent. 19 August 2000 www.guardianunlimited.co.uk 10 Guardian Newspaper, United Kingdom. Sarah Boseley, Health Correspondent. 19 August 2000 www.guardianunlimited.co.uk 11 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 12 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 13 Machado, Nora, Using the Bodies of the Dead, Dartmouth Publishers, England, 1997. Dr Machado is quoting from Veatch:1993:18. Veatch, R. The Impending Collapse of the Whole Brain Definition of Death. Hastings Centre Report 1993a p 18-24. 14 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 15 Professor Shewmon spoke on All In the Mind, Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s746719.htm Accessed 8 May 2007 16 David Wainwright Evans, former cardiologist at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. 17 David Hill, Dr David J. Hill MA FRCA (Emeritus consultant anaesthetist) of Cambridgeshire,United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. 18 Watanabe, Yoshio. "Why do I stand against the movement for cardiac transplantation in Japan". from the Cardiovascular Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine. Toyoake, Japan July 21, 1994 Dr Watanabe recommends the following for further reference; Dowie, M. We Have A Donor: A Bold New World of Organ Transplanting, Japanese translation by M. Hirasawa, Heibon-sha, Tokyo 1990 Kimbrel, S. The Human Body Shop: The Engineering and Marketing of Life, Japanese translation by S. Fukuoka Tokyo, Kagaku Dojin-sha 1995 19 Young & Matta Editorial. Anaesthesia 2000;55;105-6 Correspondence Anaesthesia 2000 55;695-6 20 Coimbra CG (1999) Implications of ischaemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. Brazilian J Med Biol Res; 32:1538-1545 Study available at http://www.unifesp.br/dneuro/brdeath.html Accessed 8 May 2007 21 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 http://www.springer.com/east/home?SGWID=5-102-0-0-0&referer=www.wkap.nl Accessed 8 May 2007 22 The author thanks Dr David J. Hill MA FRCA (Emeritus consultant anaesthetist) of Cambridgeshire, England, U.K. for help in interpretation. 23 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 24 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 25 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 26 Dr David Wainwright Evans, former cardiologist at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. 27 Schaller, C and Kessler, M. On the difficulty of neurosurgical end of life decisions. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany. (J Med Ethics 2006;32:65-69) http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstrac/32/2/65 Accessed 8 May 2007 28 Dr David Wainwright Evans, former cardiologist at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. 29 Dr David Wainwright Evans, former cardiologist at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. 30 Coimbra, Cicero G. British Medical Journal BMJ 2002;325:836 http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/325/7368/836#26574 Accessed 29 April 2007 31 Watanabe, Yoshio. "Why do I stand against the movement for cardiac transplantation in Japan". from the Cardiovascular Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine. Toyoake, Japan. July 21, 1994 32 Finn, Robert. Organ Transplants. O’Reilly and Associates Publishers, Sebastopol, California USA 2000 33 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p 108 34 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 35 Barnard, Christiaan and Curtis Bill Pepper. One Life. Australasian Publishing Company, Sydney, Australia 1972 36 Clendinnen, Inga; Tiger’s Eye – A Memoir, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia, 2000 p281 37 Clendinnen, Inga; Tiger’s Eye – A Memoir, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia, 2000 p286 38 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 page 178 39 Black, Sir Douglas et al. A Code of Practice for the Diagnosis of Brain Stem Death – including guidelines for the identification and management of potential organ and tissue donors. Department of Health, United Kingdom. March 1998 http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/how_to_become_a_donor/questions/answers/further_info/brain_stem/code_of_practice.jsp?campaign=860 Accessed 29 April 2007 40 Black, Sir Douglas et al. A Code of Practice for the Diagnosis of Brain Stem Death – including guidelines for the identification and management of potential organ and tissue donors. Department of Health, United Kingdom. March 1998 http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/how_to_become_a_donor/questions/answers/further_info/brain_stem/code_of_practice.jsp?campaign=860 Accessed 29 April 2007 41 Sanchez-Fructuoso A I, Marques M, Prats D, et al. Victims of cardiac arrest occurring outside the hospital : a source of transplantable kidneys (Ann Int Med 2006;145:157-164). http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/145/3/157 Accessed 29 April 2007 42 Dr David Filby. Executive Director, Policy and Intergovernment Relations, Department of Health, South Australian Government. Personal correspondence with the author. 1 November 2006 43 Donation after Cardiocirculatory Death: A Canadian Forum. Report and Recommendations. The Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation. Sam D Shemie, Chair. Vancouver, Canada. 2005 http://www.ccdt.ca/ http://www.ccdt.ca/english/publications/final.html#dcd Accessed 30 April 2007 44 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 45 Australia New Zealand Organ Donor Registry (ANZOD) Annual Report, editors Karen Herbertt and Graham Russ, ANZDATA Registry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia http://www.anzdata.org.au Accessed 30 April 2007 46 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 47 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 48 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 49 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 50 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 51 Adelaide Advertiser Newspaper, Adelaide, Australia. 29-30 March 2001 52 Australia and New Zealand Cardiothoracic Organ Transplant Registry 2005 REPORT. Professor Anne Keogh and Ross Pettersson, Editors. ANZCOTR, C/- Level 5 DeLacy Building, ST Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010. p 19, 46 http://www.anzcotr.org.au/ Accessed 30 April 2007 53 Cheney, Annie. Body Brokers: inside the underground trade in human remains. Broadway Books, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 189 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/catalog/results.pperl?title_auth_isbn=annie+cheney&x=12&y=9 Accessed 30 April 2007 54 Personal correspondence with the author. The writer has not given permission for her name to be published. 55 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p58, 64-74 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 10 May 2007 In McFall v. Shimp Robert McFall, 39, went to the courts because he wanted bone marrow from his cousin, David Shimp, Shimp won and kept his bone marrow. In Curran v. Bosze non-custodial parent Tamas Bosze wanted bone marrow from his twin daughters for their 12-year-old half brother. In Strunk v. Strunk a court decided a 27-year-old man with an IQ of 35 and ward of the state must give a kidney to his 28-year-old brother. In Hart v. Brown the court decided to allow kidney to be removed from a seven-year-old girl and put into her twin sister. All four cases were before courts in the United States of America. 56 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 30 April 2007 57 Kidney Donation by Live Donors. New South Wales Department of Health, 73 Miller Street, North Sydney. Australia. 2004 page 4 www.health.nsw.gov.au Accessed 30 April 2007 What struck me with this guidebook for living kidney donors was the sentence: "Remember that is your decision…It's OK to say NO!" Why would potential donors need to be told this when they had decided to donate a kidney? The only reason I could think of was that the "donor" had been approached for a donation and not volunteered an organ. 58 Donation after Cardiocirculatory Death: A Canadian Forum. Report and Recommendations. The Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation. Sam D Shemie, Chair. Vancouver, Canada. 2005 http://www.ccdt.ca/ Accessed 30 April 2007 59 Brook, N.R. and Nicholson, M.L. Kidney transplantation from non heart-beating donors. The University Division of Transplant Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE1 6GF http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/journal/svol1_6/10600001.html Accessed 30 April 2007 60 Doig, Christopher James and Rocker, Graeme. Retrieving organs from non-heart-beating organ donors: a review of medical and ethical issues. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 50:1069-1076 (2003) http://www.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/10/1069 http://www.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/full/50/10/1069 Accessed 30 April 2007 61 Salerno, Steve. The Heart-Stopping Truth About Organ Donation. Playboy Magazine. Chicago Illinois, USA. October 2002 http://www.oocities.org/organtransplanting/SalernoHeartArticle.html Accessed 30 April 2007 62 Brook, N.R. and Nicholson, M.L. Kidney transplantation from non heart-beating donors. The University Division of Transplant Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE1 6GF http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/journal/svol1_6/10600001.html Accessed 30 April 2007 63 Dr David Wainwright Evans, former cardiologist at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Personal correspondence to the author. Dr Evans says: "Donation after cardiac death" has nothing to do with "brain death" and there is no pretence by the harvesters that they await "brain death" before beginning surgery. They don't confine their search for donors to those who might become candidates on those criteria. Anyone who is expected to die when life-support - meaning mechanical ventilation - is discontinued is a potential candidate, whatever the reason for ventilator-dependence. The transplanters rest their case for protection from charges of surgical assault on the unsupportable notion that waiting for 2 - 10 minutes after the last heartbeat ensures that the body/person is "really" dead - in the old-fashioned, traditional sense of the term. Bad science and sophistry again!" 64 Hepatitis C: An Update. Australian Family Physician. Volume 32, Number 10. October 2003. p 48 http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/ClinicalResources/RACGPGuidelines/HepatitisC/20031029hepc.pdf Accessed 30 April 2007 If link is inactive go to http://www.racgp.org.au/guidelines/hepatitisc then click on Hepatitis C Guidelines 2003 Update (889Kb) 65 Deng, Mario C., Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity. BMJ 2000;321:540-545 ( 2 September,2000 ), Available at British Medical Journal web site at www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7260/540 Accessed 30 April 2007 66 Deng, Mario, C. BBC interview. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/904627.stm Accessed 30 April 2007 67 Intrathoracic organ transplantation in the United Kingdom 1995-99: results from the UK cardiothoracic transplant audit. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11997419&dopt=Abstract Accessed 30 April 2007 The report Abstract concludes that: "This validated database defines the current state of thoracic transplantation in the United Kingdom and is a useful source of data for workers involved in the field. Thoracic transplantation is still limited by donor scarcity and high mortality. Overoptimistic reports may reflect publication bias and are not supported by data from this national cohort." 68 Dr David Wainwright Evans, former Cardiologist, Papworth Hospital, United Kingdom, Personal correspondence with the author. Dr Evans says, “The "hunger for scarce resources" has, indeed, deprived many worthy citizens of the chance of useful extension of life via the tried and tested surgical procedures - valve replacements, coronary bypass grafts etc. - which units like ours at Papworth were set up to provide. Three such patients died in one month for lack of operations which, but for heart transplants, they would have received while with us; as it was, they were sent out to await the availability of facilities (particularly ITU beds) and perished ere they could be re-admitted. In one 18-month period we lost 14 patients similarly.” 69 Personal Correspondence with the author. The doctor was speaking privately and off the record. 70 National Marrow Donor Program (U.S.A.) http://www.marrow.org/PATIENT/understanding_survival_statistics.html Accessed 1 May 2007 71 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. April16-20, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 72 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. April16-20, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 73 The Pharmacy Guild of Australia logo appears twice on the Australian government's 2007 Organ Donor Register consent card and promotion material. Next to one logo the following words appear: "Proudly supported by The Pharmacy Guild of Australia". Glaxo-Wellcome (now known as Glaxo-Smith-Kline) has funded the Victorian Donor Registry in Australia with $400,000. Fujisawa, who manufacture Tacrolimus under the tradename Prograf, fund production of What Every Patient Needs To Know, a publication of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) the world’s largest organ allocation and transplant promotion organisation. UNOS holds the government contracted monopoly on organ allocation for the whole of the United States. The booklet includes finding a transplant team with a high survival rate, maximising government and insurance payments and, if you don’t have enough money, asking for donations from churches, service groups and contacting media to run sad case stories and running charity fundraising campaigns with you as the principal beneficiary. On page one it says, "UNOS gratefully acknowledges Fujisawa HealthCare, Inc. whose generous education grant made possible the production of What Every Patient Needs to Know." But why does Fujisawa so kindly provide funding for UNOS, well, the booklet doesn’t mention this but UNOS owns a shadow organisation called the UNOS Foundation which itself owns something called Transplant Informatics Institute run by UNOS staffers which analyses and sells organ network data to guess who, Fujisawa HealthCare which wants their product, Tacrolimus, to replace the current favourite, Cyclosporin, which is produced by rival drug company, Novartis. Drug companies sponsoring organ allocation and donor promotion organisations isn’t unusual, but perhaps the dubious aspect is UNOS thanking Fujisawa thus creating the impression it is a gift rather than a commercial trade agreement between businesses. And what else does the booklet tell us? Cyclosporin, the most popular anti-rejection drug made by rival company, Novartis, is merely "A drug" which suppresses "the body’s defence system" while the less popular Tacrolimis (Prograf), produced by Fujisawa, is "A powerful immunosuppressant" which "turns down the body’s immune response" It pays to give money to UNOS. (see page 8 and 10 of the booklet) 74 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. 16-20 April, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 Another product is Restylane; a non-animal stabilised Hyaluronic Acid, which is injected into the lips. It is made from culturing in-vitro cells removed from the swollen joints associated with arthritis. Cosmetic technicians inject Restylane into the face causing arthritic swelling, which removes wrinkles. It can also be used to swell thin, cruel lips making them look pouting and attractive. It costs $395 and lasts one year. Yet another wrinkle reducer is made from botulism. It paralyses the facial muscle so the customer can’t smile or grimace nor produce laugh lines. These products are advertised in glossy magazines devoted to the subject of cosmetic surgical procedures and include bum implants for men who want their buttocks to stick out. Much of the transplant industry feeds neurosis and wastes resources that should go to preventative medicine and medical help for poorer people of the world. Who would want a bum implant, anyway? 75 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. 16-20 April, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 76 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. 16-20 April, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 77 Cheney, Annie. Body Brokers: inside the underground trade in human remains. Broadway Books, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 189 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/catalog/results.pperl?title_auth_isbn=annie+cheney&x=12&y=9 Accessed 1 May 2007 78 Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. 16-20 April, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 1 May 2007 79 Grasby, Dallas. Tissue Bank of South Australia. Frome Road, Adelaide. Personal communication with the author. August 2006 80 Adelaide Advertiser Newspaper, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. 7 January, 2002 81 Vowles, Damon. Personal communication with the author. 82 Bell, Sir Peter. Professor of Surgery at the University of Leicester, Plan to offer cash to organ donors, Guardian Weekly, London, United Kingdom. October 24-30, 2002 83 Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas. Revising Brain Death: Cultural Imperialism. Linacre Quarterly. Boston. May 1998 84 Kidney Donation by Live Donors. New South Wales Department of Health, 73 Miller Street, North Sydney. Australia. 2004 page 4 www.health.nsw.gov.au 85 Veatch, Robert M. Why Liberals Should Accept Financial Incentives for Organ Procurement, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Vol. 13, No. 1, 19–36 © 2003 The Johns Hopkins University Press 86 http://www.knesset.gov.il/library/eng/docs/sif032_eng.htm Accessed 1 May 2007 87 Evans, David W. Retired physician, Queens' College, Cambridge, CB3 9E http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/333/7571/746?ehom#144121 Accessed 1 May 2007 88 Chadban, Steve. Manager, ANZDATA Transplant Section. Steve was writing in the ANZOD Registry Report 2005. Australia and New Zealand Organ Donation Registry. Adelaide, South Australia. Editors: Leonie Excell, Graeme Russ, Penny Wride http://www.anzdata.org.au http://www.anzdata.org.au/ANZOD/ANZODReport/anzodreport.htm#2006 Accessed 1 May 2007 89 Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas. Revising Brain Death: Cultural Imperialism, Linacre Quarterly. Boston. May 1998 Nicholas served as health care ethicist for eight years at St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia 90 http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/0539.html Accessed 1 May 2007 91 http://www.drs.org.au/wwwboard/messages/169.html Accessed 1 May 2007 92 http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/ClinicalResources/RACGPGuidelines/HepatitisC/20031029hepc.pdf Accessed 3 May 2007 If link is inactive go to http://www.racgp.org.au/guidelines/hepatitisc then click on Hepatitis C Guidelines 2003 Update (889Kb) 93 Deng, Mario, C. BBC interview. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/904627.stm Accessed 3 May 2007 94 Deng, Mario C., Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity. BMJ 2000;321:540-545 (2 September,2000) Available at British Medical Journal web site: www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7260/540 Accessed 3 May 2007 95 Edmond, Wendy http://www.hepatitisforeningen.dk/enyheder.asp?id=139&aktion=vis Accessed 3 May 2007 96 Time Magazine (Australian Edition), Life Out Of Death by Leora Moldofsky. Sydney, Australia. 26 February 2001 97 Bendle, Stephen, National Manager, Australians Donate Inc, www.australiansdonate.org.au Email exchanges with the author. 98 Bendle, Stephen, National Manager, Australians Donate Inc, www.australiansdonate.org.au Email exchanges with the author. 99 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 100 Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas. Revising Brain Death: Cultural Imperialism, Linacre Quarterly. Boston. May 1998 The author served as health care ethicist for eight years at St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia 101 http://www.oocities.org/organdonate Accessed 3 May 2007 102 http://www.jotnw.or.jp Accessed 3 May 2007 103 OrganKeeperTM is a Trademark name owned by Duane Horton of Rhode Island, U.S.A. who operates www.organkeeper.com Accessed 3 May 2007 104 www.organkeeper.com Accessed 3 May 2007 105 The Australians Donate organisation got a little surprise when they hired the actors for what they thought was a single payment for a series of sessions. They later discovered a small clause in the contract requiring them to pay each actor per media exposure meaning they have an ongoing financial commitment. The actors are still laughing. 106 Letter from Brendan Gibson from the Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government. 27 February, 2007. File Reference:2006/023548 107 Time Magazine (Australian Edition), Sydney, Australia. 26 February 2001 108 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Organ Watch at the University of California, Berkeley http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch/ Accessed 3 May 2007 109 The American states using presumed consent are California, Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 125 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 3 May 207 110 I H Kerridge, P Saul, M Lowe, J McPhee and D Williams. Death, dying and donation: organ transplantation and the diagnosis of death. Journal of Medical Ethics. J Med Ethics 2002;28:89-94 http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/28/2/89 Accessed 3 May 2007 111 Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas. Revising Brain Death: Cultural Imperialism, Linacre Quarterly. Boston. May 1998 112 ANZOD Registry Report 2005, Australia and New Zealand Organ Donation Registry. Adelaide, South Australia. Editors: Leonie Excell, Graeme Russ, Penny Wride http://www.anzdata.org.au http://www.anzdata.org.au/ANZOD/ANZODReport/anzodreport.htm#2006 Accessed 3 May 2007 113 Deng, Mario C., Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity. BMJ 2000;321:540-545 ( 2 September,2000 ), Available at British Medical Journal web site at www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7260/540 Accessed 3 May 2007 114 Evans, David W. "Living organ donation". British Medical Journal Rapid Responses. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/333/7571/746?ehom#144121 Accessed 3 May 2007 115 Organ Transplants From Living Donors (Kidneys) - Israel 2003 Ronit Kedem-Dror http://www.knesset.gov.il/library/eng/docs/sif032_eng.htm Accessed 3 May 2007 116 Finn, Robert. Organ Transplants. O’Reilly and Associates Publishers, Sebastopol, California USA 2000 p90 117 Dowie, Mark; We Have A Donor, St Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue New York. P116 118 Clendinnen, Inga; Tiger’s Eye – A Memoir, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia, 2000 119 Watanabe, Yoshio. "Why do I stand against the movement for cardiac transplantation in Japan"? from the Cardiovascular Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine. Toyoake, Japan July 21, 1994 120 Clendinnen, Inga; Tiger’s Eye – A Memoir, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia, 2000 121 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 4 May 2007 122 Organ Transplants from Living Donors (Kidneys) - Israel 2003 Ronit Kedem-Dror http://www.knesset.gov.il/library/eng/docs/sif032_eng.htm Accessed 4 May 2007 123 Personal correspondence with the author. Dr Robert Claxton was asked by the Sydney Diocese Secretariat of the Anglican Church to respond to questions put to them. 124 His Holiness Pope John Paul II, in his address to the International Conference of the Transplantation Society on 29 August, 2000. The full transcript of the Pope’s address is at: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2000/jul-sep/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20000829_transplants_en.html Accessed 4 May 2007 125 Queensland Right To Life, Personal Correspondence with the author. 126 His Holiness Pope John Paul II, in his address to the International Conference of the Transplantation Society on 29 August, 2000. The full transcript of the Pope’s address is at: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2000/jul-sep/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20000829_transplants_en.html Accessed 4 May 2007 127 Transfusion Alternatives. 2004. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 25 Columbia Heights, New York, United States. 2004 128 Chang, Garma C.C.; The Six Yogas of Naropa and Teaching on Mahamudra, Snow Lion Publications, New York, USA 129 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 4 May 2007 130 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Organ Watch at the University of California, Berkeley http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch/ Accessed 10 May 2007 131 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 4 May 2007 132 South Australian Organ Donation Agency, Legal and Ethical Aspects, circa 1995, Adelaide South Australia 133 Japan Organ Transplant Network. http://www.jotnw.or.jp/english/index.html Accessed 4 May 2007 134 South Australian Organ Donation Agency, Legal and Ethical Aspects, circa 1995, Adelaide South Australia 135 Personal communication to the author from Janine Werneberg of the Church of Scientology in Australia 136 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p132-133 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 137 Australia New Zealand Organ Donor (ANZOD) Annual Reports, editors Karen Herbertt and Graham Russ, ANZDATA Registry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia There site contains ANZOD Annual Reports from 1997 to present. http://www.anzdata.org.au http://www.anzdata.org.au/ANZOD/ANZODReport/anzodreport.htm#2006 Accessed 4 May 2007 138 Australia New Zealand Organ Donor (ANZOD) Annual Reports, editors Karen Herbertt and Graham Russ, ANZDATA Registry, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia There site contains ANZOD Annual Reports from 1997 to present. http://www.anzdata.org.au http://www.anzdata.org.au/ANZOD/ANZODReport/anzodreport.htm#2006 Accessed 4 May 2007 139 Deng, Mario C., Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity BMJ 2000;321:540-545 (2 September,2000) Available at British Medical Journal web site: www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7260/540 Accessed 4 May 2007 140 Anyanwu AC, Rogers CA, Murday AJ; Steering Group. Intrathoracic organ transplantation in the United Kingdom 1995-99: results from the UK cardiothoracic transplant audit. The UK Cardiothoracic Transplant Audit, Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11997419&dopt=Abstract Accessed 4 May 2007 141 Australia and New Zealand Cardiothoracic Organ Transplant Registry 2005 REPORT. Professor Anne Keogh and Ross Pettersson, Editors. ANZCOTR, C/- Level 5 DeLacy Building, ST Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 http://www.anzcotr.org.au/ Accessed 4 May 2007 142 Deng, Mario C., Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity. BMJ 2000;321:540-545 (2September,2000), Available at British Medical Journal web site at www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7260/540 Accessed 4 May 2007 143 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p 26 144 Barnard, Christiaan and Curtis Bill Pepper. One Life. Australasian Publishing Company, Sydney, Australia 1972 145 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p 32 146 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p26 147 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p24-25 148 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p206 149 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000. p 34 150 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p39-40 The authors say the last they heard about him was from The New Indian Express of February 2, 1999. He had gotten out of jail and announced his intention of performing further xenotransplants. 151 Brumm, Judith. This Little Piggy Went to the Biotech Market. Nursing Spectrum Magazine, United States. http://community.nursingspectrum.com/MagazineArticles/article.cfm?AID=8146 Accessed 5 may 2007 152 Cooke, Jennifer, Cannibals, Cows and the CJD Catastrophe, Random House, Milsons Point, NSW 1998 153 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. This independent inquiry was funded by the government after public opinion and victims’ relatives wouldn’t accept the Australian government’s own investigation. A more popular and readable version of hGH and CJD is found in Jennifer Cooke’s Cannibals, Cows and the CJD Catastrophe. 154 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994 155 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. P 75-79 156 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. P71 157 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. P69 158 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. P 392,393,396 159 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. P391 160 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994 161 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. 162 Cooke, Jennifer, Cannibals, Cows and the CJD Catastrophe, Random House, Milsons Point, NSW 1998 163 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Organ Watch at the University of California, Berkeley http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch/ Accessed 5 May 2007 164 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p58, 64-74 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 5 May 2007 165 British Medical Journal. Police uncover large scale organ trafficking in Punjab, Sanjay Kumar, New Delhi. BMJ 2003;326:180 ( 25 January ) http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7382/180/b?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=india+police+organ+trade&searchid=1044231481110_13838&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&volume=326&issue=7382 Accessed 5 May 2007 166 Cheney, Annie. Body Brokers: inside the underground trade in human remains. Broadway Books, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 189 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/catalog/results.pperl?title_auth_isbn=annie+cheney&x=12&y=9 Accessed 5 May 2007 167 Telegraph Newspaper, United Kingdom 23 December 2005. www.telegraph.co.uk 168 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p117-119 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 5 May 2007 169 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 125 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 5 May 2007 170 Campbell, Ronald, Heisel, William and Katches, Mark. Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. April16-20, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 5 May 2007 171 Campbell, Ronald, Heisel, William and Katches, Mark. Orange County Register Newspaper, California. U.S.A. Body Broker Series. April16-20, 2000. www.ocregister.com/features/body/index.shtml Accessed 5 May 2007 172 Cheney, Annie. Body Brokers: inside the underground trade in human remains. Broadway Books, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 149-153 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/catalog/results.pperl?title_auth_isbn=annie+cheney&x=12&y=9 Accessed 5 May 2007 173 Cheney, Annie. Body Brokers: inside the underground trade in human remains. Broadway Books, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p 146 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/catalog/results.pperl?title_auth_isbn=annie+cheney&x=12&y=9 Accessed 5 May 2007 174 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 8 May 2007 175 http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch/pages/cannibalism.html Accessed 8 May 2007 For a precise history of the organ trade see The Global Traffic in Human Organs by Professor Nancy Scheper-Hughes at: http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:lsoqw5NpvmsJ:pascalfroissart.online.fr/3-cache/2000-scheperhughes.pdf+%22doctor+who+routinely+participated+in+removing+kidneys+%22&hl=en&gl=au&ct=clnk&cd=4 Accessed 8 May 2007 176 Matas, David; Kilgour, David. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. 6 July 2006 Download their report as a pdf file http://davidkilgour.ca http://organharvestinvestigation.net http://investigation.go.saveinter.net Accessed 8 May 2007 177 Dr David Filby. Executive Director, Policy and Intergovernment Relations, Department of Health, South Australian Government. Personal correspondence with the author. 1 November 2006 178 Allars, Margaret. Inquiry into the use of Pituitary Derived Hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Australian Govt Publishing Services, Canberra, Australia. 1994. 179 Healey, Kaye, Editor, Organ Transplants, Spinney Press, Balmain, New South Wales, Australia. 1996 180 Australian Broadcasting Corporation http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200608/s1718577.htm Friday, August 18, 2006. 3:48pm (AEST) Accessed 8 May 2007 181 The Adelaide Advertiser. Adelaide, South Australia. 7 February 2007. p 25 www.news.com.au/adelaidenow 182 Ahmad, Rasheed MB; MSc; FRCP. Emeritus Consultant Nephrologist ‘Shalamar’, Woolton Park, Liverpool L25 6DU http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/333/7571/746?ehom#144121 Accessed 8 May 2007 183 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p188 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 8 May 2007 184 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p187-189 http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 8 May 2007 185 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Organ Watch at the University of California, Berkeley http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch Accessed 8 May 2007 La Stampa, 26 November, 1993. STATEMENT OF Professor NANCY SCHEPER-HUGHES, PROJECT DIRECTOR, ORGANS WATCH from THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, United States Congress U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 73452PS2001 ORGANS FOR SALE: CHINA'S GROWING TRADE AND ULTIMATE VIOLATION OF PRISONERS' RIGHTS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 27, 2001 Serial No. 1072 186 South African doctors charged with involvement in organ trade British Medical Journal. BMJ 2004;329:190 (24 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7459.190-a http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7459/190-a Accessed 8 May 2007 187 Hearts and Minds. Christine Toomey. The Weekend Australian Magazine. Published by Nationwide News Pty Ltd. July 22-23 2006 188 Yallop, David; To the Ends of the Earth. Jonathan Cape, London 1993 p286-288. 295-,297. 189 Yallop, David; To the Ends of the Earth. Jonathan Cape, London 1993 p286-288. 295-297 190 Yallop, David; To the Ends of the Earth. Jonathan Cape, London 1993 p286-288. 295-297 191 Doctors charged with planning to kill a patient for his kidneys. Andrew Osborn. British Medical Journal BMJ 2004;328:1092 (8 May), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7448.1092-a http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7448/1092-a Accessed 8 May 2007 192 GM Guiraudon personal communication with Cardiologist Yoshio Watanabe written in "Why do I stand against the movement for cardiac transplantation in Japan". from the Cardiovascular Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine. Toyoake, Japan July 21, 1994 193 Watanabe, Yoshio. "Why do I stand against the movement for cardiac transplantation in Japan". from the Cardiovascular Institute, Fujita Health University School of Medicine. Toyoake, Japan July 21, 1994 194 Cosmetic surgery special: When looks can kill. New Scientist Magazine 19 October 2006 http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19225745.200 Accessed 8 May 2007 194a Plastic surgery linked to more suicide: study. CTV Network, Canada Oct. 8 2006 http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061008/breast_implants_061008?s_name=&no_ads= Accessed 8 May 2007 195 Prasad, K.R. and Lodge, J.P.A.; Transplantation of the Liver and Pancreas; British Medical Journal, United Kingdom 7 April, 2001 196 Hepatitis C: An Update. Australian Family Physician. Volume 32, Number 10. October 2003. p 48 http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/ClinicalResources/RACGPGuidelines/HepatitisC/20031029hepc.pdf Accessed 8 May 2007 If link is inactive go to http://www.racgp.org.au/guidelines/hepatitisc then click on Hepatitis C Guidelines 2003 Update (889Kb) 197 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Organ Watch at the University of California, Berkeley http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/biotech/organswatch/ Accessed 8 May 2007 198 Goodwin, Michele. Black Markets: The supply and demand of body parts. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. 2006 p58, 64-74 See End Note 55 for more details. http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521852803 Accessed 8 May 2007 199 Personal correspondence with the author. The writer has not given permission for her name to be published. 200 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilgais, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 201 Potts, Michael; Byrne, Paul A. and Nilges, Richard, editors. Beyond Brain Death. Kluwer Academic Publications, London, United Kingdom. 2000 202 Barnard, Christiaan; The Second Life: Memoirs, Hodder and Stoughton, Sydney, Australia 1993. P33 203 Scientists from the United Kingdom and Belgium have discovered a woman in a persistent vegetative state who can understand and respond to verbal suggestions. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/healthnews.php?newsid=51473 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/313/5792/1402 http://www.melaniephillips.com/articles-new/?p=449 Accessed 8 May 2007 204 Cooper, D.K.C. and Lanza, R.P. Xeno. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 2000 p134,135 Home |