Prepared for the nomination of the Vienna Depot to the
National Register of Historic Places
May 3, 2002
Rebekah K. Wood
Copyright 2002
All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form without prior
written permission of the author.
DESCRIPTION
(Floor Plan and Elevations available in Appendix, Sheets A & B)
The Vienna Depot stands on its original site adjacent to the former railroad
right-of-way and is
located at the modern-day intersection of Dominion and Ayr Hill Roads in
Vienna, Virginia, 12.9
miles west of Washington, D.C. After its construction in 1859, the
depot remained in continuous
operation as a railroad station until the abandonment of rail service in
1968.1 Originally
constructed by the Alexandria, Loudoun & Hampshire Railroad, subsequent
railroad owners
modified the structure over the years. In the 1970s, the Town of
Vienna used the structure for
storage until it was remodeled in 1977 as a meeting place for the Northern
Virginia Model
Railroaders, Inc. as well as a showcase for their model trains and railroad
memorabilia.2 In
addition to continuing the model railroad displays, plans for the future
include a Washington &
Old Dominion Railroad Museum to be incorporated in the waiting room.
Although the Northern
Virginia Regional Park Authority (NVRPA) now owns the building, the Town
of Vienna and the
Model Railroaders share responsibilities for keeping it well maintained
and perpetuating its
unmistakable identity as a railroad station beside the Washington &
Old Dominion Railroad
Regional Park Trail (known as the “W&OD Trail”, also owned and maintained
by NVRPA.)3
Exterior Appearance
The depot originally measured sixty feet long and was part of a complex,
complete with
woodsheds and a water tank for replenishment of the steam trains.4
The water tank and
woodsheds no longer exist, but the one-story, gable-roofed, wood-framed
depot as it
appears today measures twenty-two feet, three inches wide by seventy-six
feet, ten inches
long. The exterior vertical board-and-batten siding is painted in
a color scheme of yellow
and green, with the doors and plain-milled door- and window-trim painted
white. Patched
areas of the board-and-batten siding reveal locations of former door and
window openings.
The windows are four-over-four double-hung sash windows protected from
vandalism by
wire mesh, except for one opaque single-light window protected by wire
mesh on the south
side of the building. The south freight door at platform height and
the double sliding doors at
grade level on the north side of the building retain their original exterior
appearances but are
fixed into place and are no longer operable. The north freight door
retains its original exterior
appearance above grade at a small wood platform, but is modified to conceal
a fire-exit door.
The roof is finished with modern asphalt shingles, but
an older brick chimney and wood-framed
louvered “cupola” project from the ridge line. Modern brick pavers
extend between the north/front
façade of the building and the W&OD Trail, and a water fountain
located at the east end of the
building services trail users. The south/back façade of the
building is separated from Dominion Road
only by a guard rail and narrow drainage ditch. The most notable
features of this otherwise
simple structure, however, are the decorative Victorian style wood brackets
supporting the five-foot
deep overhanging eaves, the rectilinear bay window projecting from the
station agent’s office,
and the semaphore extending above the roofline.
East-End Waiting Room
The east-end waiting room was a 1904 addition to the building and was constructed
at the same
time as the bay window, as evidenced by a distinctive triple-beaded wood
paneling that finishes
the interior wall surfaces of the bay window projection, the interior wall
and ceiling surfaces of
the waiting room addition, and the soffits of the overhanging eaves of
the addition. The interior
of the room measures twenty-one feet, three inches by sixteen feet, with
a twelve feet, seven inch
ceiling height. The walls and ceiling are painted cream color.
Evidence remains of the partition
that subdivided the room into two rooms during the years 1935 to 1939.
Two ticket windows
still penetrate the west wall into the station agent’s office. The
north and south entry doors remain
functional and are topped by glazed transoms. The east end door has
been fixed shut, with the
transom boarded up and a window-size air conditioner unit installed in
the transom panel. The
door and window trim, consisting primarily of one width of the triple-beaded
paneling, are painted
brown. The south door opens onto a platform, measuring four feet
by eight feet with an eight inch
riser, inside the room. Although the natural-finished wood flooring
in the waiting room appears to
be old, it is not clear whether it is the original flooring. Incandescent
light fixtures and a ceiling fan
are suspended from the ceiling.
Station Agent’s Office
The interior of the station agent’s office measures eight feet, six inches
by twenty-five feet, with a
twelve feet, five and one-half inch ceiling height. The ceiling,
as well as east and south walls, are
finished in the original single-beaded wood paneling. A distinctive
triple-beaded wood paneling
finishes the west wall and the interior of the bay window projection, as
well as conceals the brick
chimney flue projecting into the room. The walls and ceiling are
painted cream color. The door
and window trim, consisting primarily of one width of the triple-beaded
paneling, are painted brown.
The two ticket windows, one for servicing “coloreds” and the other for
“whites,” remain in the east
wall. Circuit- and alarm-panels are wall-mounted next to the “coloreds”
ticket window at the south
end of the room. The Model Railroaders’ central control panel for
their model railroad takes up a
significant portion of the west wall. Behind this panel, seams in
the triple-beaded wood paneling
indicate the prior existence of a former doorway and ticket window in the
wall. A modern door,
with plain-milled trim painted brown, penetrates the west wall at the south
end of the room to access
a restroom installed in the freight room as part of the 1977 renovation.
The original station agent’s
built-in desk remains in the bay window, as do the levers for operating
the semaphore. Near the
desk, a door accesses the freight room through the west wall. A framed
opening, from which the
door has been removed, accesses the waiting room through the east wall.
Although the natural-finished
wood flooring in the station agent’s office appears to be old, it is not
clear whether it is the original
flooring. A fluorescent light fixture is suspended from the ceiling.
Freight Room
The interior of the freight room, as it exists today, measures approximately
fifty feet, six inches by
twenty-one feet, five inches and is significantly altered from its original
appearance. Photographs
taken by the Model Railroaders during the 1977 renovation reveal that the
inside faces of the exterior
walls consisted of exposed wood framing and the unpainted backside of the
exterior board-and-batten
siding. Heavy wooden floor joists, bearing on a brick foundation
at the western-most third of the
freight room, once supported a raised wood-plank floor at platform height.
The railroad station’s
raised freight room floor and exterior platform facilitated easier loading
and unloading of freight and
baggage to and from wagons and railroad cars. The remaining two-thirds
of the freight room has a
foundation consisting of three courses of crude concrete masonry blocks,
which are still visible along
the exterior walls underneath the staging for the railroad model.5
The existing concrete floor was poured
atgrade-level during renovations in the 1970s.6
The walls, which are finished with a combination of
drywall and faux-wood paneling, conceal the interior faces of the original
south freight door, the north
double sliding doors, and half of the north freight door. As noted
previously, this north freight door
was modified to incorporate a fire-exit door. The interior wall finishes
also conceal three of the four
windows in the north wall. A black acoustical tile ceiling, with fluorescent
light panels, and two ceiling
fans are suspended above the railroad model that literally fills the room.
A raised wood-framed
platform, from which to view the model, measures approximately three feet
wide and extends along
the north wall for nearly the entire length of the room. Underneath the
staging for the model,
archaeological evidence remains of the partition that was part of the 1935
reconfiguration of the
freight room to accommodate the installation of three transformers inside
the building.
Current Setting
The Vienna Depot’s current setting consists of a mix of one- to two-story
masonry commercial
structures, street parking, a restored caboose, the Washington & Old
Dominion Regional Regional
Park Trail, and a few nearby historic structures. (See Appendix,
Sheets F & G) A large mural on the
back of the concrete and brick masonry office building across the trail
from the depot colorfully
recalls the era of the steam railroad. Although the Vienna Depot
will never function again as a
freight and passenger station, conscientious maintenance plus the thematic
use of the building
by the Model Railroaders perpetuate its character as a railroad station
from the early days of
rail transportation in America.
The Vienna Depot meets National Register Criterion A in two categories.
Under the category
of Transportation, the depot represents how the arrival of the railroad
directly influenced the
development of Vienna between 1859, the date of its construction, and 1939,
the date marking
a significant decline in passenger traffic and the beginning of the rapidly
waning days of rail service
on the line. The depot also relates to the historic context of American
Black Heritage, as major
alterations to the structure during its years of significance took into
consideration compliance with
Virginia’s “jim crow” laws. In addition, the Vienna Depot has historic
Architectural significance
under Criterion C. The necessity of sheltering freight, baggage,
and passengers gave rise to a new
architectural form for which there was no precedent in America. During
its period of significance,
the Vienna Depot evolved into the form of the classic southern American
railroad station as
modifications to the building upgraded its functionality.
Vienna’s roots in northern Virginia go back to the mid 1700s, when the
first county sheriff
settled in this area just south of the first Fairfax County Courthouse
built in 1742.7 As the
rural village first began to take shape, it was called Ayr Hill after a
homestead built by a
Scottish immigrant in 1767.8 “[F]or
almost a century after Ayr Hill was built, there were
scarcely more than eight houses in the ‘village’ of Ayr Hill.”9
During these early years, as
in all of Fairfax County, the over-cultivation of tobacco and poor farming
practices depleted
the soil and devalued the land. Attracted by cheap land prices and
milder climate, northerners
began settling into Fairfax County, including the Ayr Hill/Vienna area,
between 1840 and
1860. Through means of deep plowing, fertilization, and crop rotation,
these northern farmers
rejuvenated the soil and prospered in the production of corn, wheat, and
other grains to
supply market demands.10 In 1858,
it was one of these northern immigrants who changed the
name of the village from Ayr Hill to Vienna.11
Upon the arrival of rail transportation and construction of the depot 1859,
the railroad began
contributing to Vienna’s growth and development and dramatically changing
the character of
this small agricultural community.12
Throughout America, railroadtransportation revolutionized
the shipping of agricultural products. Not only could farmers get
produce to market faster and
cheaper, but also supplies, dry goods, and manufactured items could be
easily shipped to rural
communities from the cities. The Alexandria, Loudoun & Hampshire
(AL&H) Railroad constructed
a rail line arcing northwestward from Alexandria to Leesburg, with the
lofty intentions of extending
into coal country beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains. Capitalizing upon
the efficiency of shipping
products and supplies along this new rail line, stores and businesses began
to spring up in Vienna.13
However, the momentum of the early success of the AL&H Railroad was
halted by the outbreak
of the Civil War. Due to Confederate destruction of rails and bridges
west of Vienna, the Vienna
Depot functioned as the western terminus of the line for the duration of
the war. The rail line between
Vienna and Alexandria was “kept open to serve the various military camps
scattered around
Washington’s southern environs and to bring food and wood to the capital.”14
As a matter of fact,
it was the United States Army that took the earliest known photograph of
the Vienna Depot in 1864.15
(See Appendix, Sheet C)
Reconstruction after the Civil War ushered in a resurgence of growth in
the Vienna area. After the
AL&H Railroad restored commercial rail service through Vienna in 1866,
the railroad resumed its
influence upon the development of the community.16
Many northerners who had passed through
Fairfax County during the war, returned to settle in the Vienna area.17
A number of freed blacks
also settled in the Vienna area, as the northerners not only tolerated
their presence, but also made
the purchase of land available to them on easy terms.18
As before the war, these incoming farmers and
businessmen depended upon the rail service for shipments of produce and
supplies. Throughout the
1870s and 1880s, increased agricultural productivity, combined with the
economy and efficiency of
shipping by rail, prompted many of Vienna’s farmers to expand into the
profitable dairy industry to
meet the increasing market demands for fresh milk and dairy products in
Washington, D.C. and
Alexandria.19
It was during this same time frame that a trend of establishing residences
in rural communities and
utilizing available rail transportation to commute to jobs in the cities
became popular in America.20
As early as 1884, realtors began advertising the benefits of living in
Vienna in close proximity to
Washington, D.C. and Alexandria, with all the conveniences of the local
depot and available rail
service spelled out prominently in their maps and brochures.21
Initially, just one eastbound and
westbound “‘accommodation’” train ran per day, but by 1893, four weekday
trains ran eastbound
and westbound, with three of the trains running on commuter schedules.
By 1904, five weekday
trains ran eastbound and westbound on commuter schedules, not including
the trains bearing travelers
escaping the heat and pollution of the city to visit country resorts along
the line.22
Commuter traffic increased to the point that it was profitable for the
Washington, Arlington, &
Falls Church electric trolley to extend service through Vienna in 1904.
To the convenience of
commuters, the trolley ran cleaner, faster, and cheaper on a more frequent
schedule than steam rail
service. Since the trolley station was located only a block away
from the Vienna Depot, the competition
for passenger traffic between the two facilities was stiff.23
The unwillingness to lose passenger revenues
may have been what prompted the 1904 up-grades to the Vienna Depot.
To begin with, the addition
of the east-end waiting room provided additional space and comfort for
passengers.24 Also, the addition
of the bay window to the station agent’s office improved safety and functionality
by allowing the
agent to better observe the increased train traffic.25
Another possible motivation for the addition
may have been compliance with Virginia’s “jim crow” laws, as the waiting
room addition was
designated for use by “whites,” and the west waiting room for “coloreds.”
It was thus that the
Vienna Depot evolved into the floor plan of two “separate but equal” waiting
rooms separated
by the station agent’s office, with a freight room at one end of the building.
This configuration was
typical to other depots located along the same line.26
(See Appendix, Sheets A & D)
With promises of also being cleaner, faster, and more efficient on a more
frequent schedule, the
new railroad management electrified the line in 1912. By 1913, fourteen
westbound and fifteen eastbound
electric trains ran through Vienna Station competing for commuter patronage.27
With both trolley
and electric rail service available, Vienna commuters benefited tremendously.
A 1924 survey
concluded that “‘the numerous Government clerks and other employees of
Washington who largely
compose the 800 or more of Vienna’s population, find convenient [rail]
transportation to their
places of business.’ The town had become ‘primarily a residential
community.’”28
Electrification of the line not only benefited Vienna’s commuters, but
also had physical impacts
upon the depot as well. Although permanent electrical substations
were constructed at four other
stations along the line, portable electric substations mounted on rail
cars were used as needed to
supplement power. One such portable substation was “mostly based
at Vienna” until three
transformers were permanently installed inside the depot in 1935.29
Since the installation of the
transformers required a large amount of space, the “coloreds” waiting room
was removed and
the freight room reconfigured to accommodate a space approximately thirty-five
feet long.
Associated alterations included installation of a shed-roofed dormer to
protect the electrical
insulators projecting above the roofline, a wood-framed louvered “cupola”
at the ridge to ventilate
the transformer room, and double sliding doors in the north façade
for moving the transformers
into the building.30 (See Appendix,
Sheet B, North Elevation)
Although functional requirements dictated the 1935 alterations that eliminated
one of the two
waiting rooms, apparently the “jim crow” laws still had to be considered.
Therefore, the east-end
waiting room was subdivided by a partition into two separate “whites” and
“coloreds” waiting rooms.
Although Vienna was known for its tolerance of blacks, this new arrangement
was anything but equal,
as the resulting “coloreds” waiting room was much smaller (eight feet,
six inches by sixteen feet) than
the “whites” (twelve by sixteen feet) and had no access to the chimney
flue for heat. (See Appendix,
Sheet A) However, Donald Leith, a railroad employee from 1935 to
1969, does not recall seeing many
blacks in the Vienna Depot, a factor that may have contributed to the removal
of the partition in 1939.31
Although the train schedule dropped off to nine eastbound and westbound
trains by 1913 and then to six
trains in each direction by 1918, Vienna continued to flourish as a commuting
suburb of Washington, D.C.
(See Appendix, Sheet E for appearance of the depot at this time.)
The six-train schedule remained stable
through the mid-1930s. However, only four eastbound and westbound
trains ran in 1939, and by 1940 the
schedule dropped off to two.32
By 1941, passenger service was discontinued, due to the fact that the
railroad was no longer able to compete with automobiles, buses, and improved
highways for commuter
traffic. Wartime gas and tire rationing prompted a short-lived return
of passenger service in 1943, but
by 1951, passenger service was permanently abandoned. Freight service
continued until 1968, and in
1969 the line was abandoned altogether.33
Since Vienna’s commuters were no longer reliant upon the
railroad for transportation by then, the suburban community was unaffected
by the railroad leaving town.
In the declining days of the railroad, maintenance of structures and facilities
was neglected, and by the
late 1950s the Vienna Depot had fallen into a state of disrepair.34
After abandonment by the railroad,
Virginia Electric Power Company (VEPCO) purchased a significant portion
of the right-of-way for
the installation of their overhead power lines.35
In the 1970s, the Town of Vienna began leasing the
depot from VEPCO, making modest repairs to the building to maintain it
as a storage facility. In 1976,
The Town of Vienna subleased the depot to the Northern Virginia Model Railroaders,
Inc., who had
plans “to renovate the building and turn it into a railroad museum.”
In 1977, the group restored the
east-end waiting room, made minor modifications to the station agent’s
office, removed the shed-roof
dormer, and altered the freight room to accommodate a large model railroad.
In February 1978, the
Model Railroaders began opening the depot to the public on select weekends
to display their model
railroad and railroad memorabilia.36
In June 1978, the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority (NVRPA) purchased
the Vienna Depot,
but to this day continues to sublease the building to the Model Railroaders.
The NVRPA’s goals for
the building are to “raise money to renovate the building [further] and
open a museum in the waiting area.
The Railroaders would still have their trains and the town would help keep
the building open for viewing.”37
Not only is the on-going preservation of the Vienna Depot motivated by
a desire to preserve a novelty,
but also by a need to preserve a unique architectural form. The advent
of rail transportation gave rise to
the need for sheltering freight, baggage, and passengers, requiring a building
form for which there was no
architectural precedent in America. Although large terminal stations
were built in grand architectural styles,
for the most part depots were simple, economically built wood-framed structures
designed and built by the
railroad company’s in-house engineer and construction crews.38
Such was the case for the Vienna Depot,
designed by Richard Randolph, First Division Engineer for the AL&H
Railroad.39 Although the Vienna
Depot
started out as a simple rectangular structure, through modifications it
evolved into a typical example of a
southern American railroad station, with two “separate but equal” waiting
rooms divided by a station agent’s
office, a projecting bay window, a freight room at one end, vertical board-and-batten
siding, and wide
overhanging eaves.40
Although it will never function again as a freight and passenger station,
the well-maintained Vienna Depot
retains its character as a railroad station from the early days of rail
transportation in America. It is a tangible
reminder of how the railroad shaped the community of Vienna, Virginia into
a commuting suburb of
Washington, D.C. The archaeological evidence of “separate but equal”
waiting rooms bears witness to a
passing era in American Black Heritage. Furthermore, these two areas
of significance combine to give
the depot the distinction of being a surviving example of mid-nineteenth
century/early twentieth century
railroad architecture in the American South for which there was no precedent
and there is no counterpart today.
1.Herbert H. Harwood, Jr. Rails to the Blue Ridge: The Washington
and Old Dominion
Railroad, 1847-1968 (Fairfax Station, Virginia: Northern
Virginia Regional Park Authority,
April 2000), 105; Richard Randolph, “Reports of Engineers:
First Division,” Seventh Annual
Report of the Board of Directors of the Alexandria, Loudoun, & Hampshire
Railroad Company
(Alexandria, Virginia: Alexandria Gazette Steam Job Rooms,
15 November 1859), 12.
2.“Facelifting Set For Old Depot,” The Globe, 11 April
1974, 2 (Located in the “Vienna
Railroad Station” clippings file in the Virginia Room of the Fairfax Regional
Library); Carl Hilinski,
“Ghosts of Past Clatter Along the Tracks,” Northern Virginia Sun,
09 December 1975, 5
(Located in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings file in the Virginia
Room of the Fairfax Regional
Library); Carol Stevens, “Model Railroaders Restore Full-Size
Station,” Northern Virginia Sun,
29 November 1977, 3 (Located in the “Vienna Railroad Station”
clippings file in the Virginia Room
of the Fairfax Regional Library).
3.Paul McCray, Manager of the W&OD Trail, Conversations with
the author, Spring 2002.
4.Richard Randolph, “Engineer’s Report – First Division,”
Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire
Rail Road [sic] Company: Proceedings of Stockholders, Alexandria,
Virginia, 30 October 1860,
(page 391 of “Doc. No. 17” on file at the Library of Virginia, Richmond,
Virginia).
5.Photographs of Renovations to the Vienna Depot, Vienna, Virginia,
Irving Bialick, photographer,
1977, various interior and exterior views, Photographs have
been digitized and stored on compact disc
on file with the Washington & Old Dominion Trail Office in Ashburn,
Virginia; Not knowing what the profile
of these blocks are, it is difficult to determine their age, but it is
interesting to note that “concrete masonry
units were first made in the mid-1800s as better quality cements were developed,”
from Robert G. Drysdale,
Amad A. Hamid, and Lawrie R. Baker, “History of Masonry Materials,”
Masonry
Structures, Behavior
and Design, Second Edition (Boulder, Colorado: The Masonry
Society, 1993), 5.
6.Irving Bialick, member of the Northern Virginia Model Railroaders, Inc.,
Conversation with the
author, 02 April 2002; “Facelifting Set For Old Depot.”
7.Elizabeth Burke and Catherine Onesty, Vienna Remembered (1610 –
1900) (Vienna, Virginia:
Historic Vienna, Inc., 1980), 4 – 5; Nan Netherton, Donald
Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin, and
Patrick Reed, Fairfax County, Virginia:A History (Fairfax County,
Virginia: Fairfax County board of
Supervisors, 1978/1991), 10 – 11, 690; Connie and Mayo
Stuntz, This Was Vienna, Virginia: Facts
and Photos (Vienna, Virginia: By the authors, 1987),
3 – 5, 8.
8.Burke and Onesty, 6 – 8; Stuntz, 20 – 25.
9.Burke and Onesty, 14.
10.Netherton, et al, 177 – 178, 251 – 260; Stuntz,
94 – 96.
11.Burke and Onesty, 20; Netherton, 432; Stuntz,
102 – 103.
12.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 15; Randolph, 1859
Engineer’s Report.
13.Netherton, et al, 266; Stuntz, 95 – 98.
14.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 16.
15.Photograph of the Vienna Depot, Vienna, Virginia, U.S. Military
History Institute, 1864,
Northeast view, Photograph #177 on file with the Washington &
Old Dominion Trail Office in Ashburn,
Virginia.
16.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 19.
17.Burke and Onesty, 26 – 30; Netherton, et al, 395.
18.Burke and Onesty, 30 – 31; Andrew Ting and Mark Brzezinski,
Black
Settlement in Forestville,
Vienna, and LewinsvilleAfter the Civil War (Fairfax County, Virginia:
Langley High School, May 1982),
3 – 5.
19.Netherton, et al, 407 – 418.
20.Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization
of the United States (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1985), 63 – 66.
21.Richard W. Stephenson, The Cartography of Northern Virginia:
Facsimile Reproductions of Maps
Dating From 1608 to 1915 (Fairfax County, Virginia: History
and Archaeology Section of the Office of
Comprehensive Planning, March 1983), 103; Stuntz, 184
– 186, 231, 235.
22.Herbert Harwood, W&OD Train Service at Vienna: Selected
Years, 1869 – 1944, Typed up
and mailed to author, 16 April 2002 (Hereinafter labeled “Harwood
schedules”).
23.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 31, 33; Netherton,
et al, 487 – 489; Stuntz, 245 – 254.
24.Archaeological evidence supports that the east-end waiting room was
added at the same time as
the bay window, as seen in the distinctive triple-beaded wood paneling
finishing the interior wall surfaces
of the bay window projection, the interior wall and ceiling surfaces of
the east-end waiting room, and the
soffits of the exterior overhanging eaves of the addition.
25.August Henning, “As Heard and Seen,” Fairfax Herald,
05 February 1904, 2.
26.Guide to the Herndon Depot Museum, Historical Society of Herndon,
February 2001; August
Henning, “As Heard and Seen,” Fairfax Herald,
18 January 1907; Donald Leith, employee of the
railroad from 1935 – 1969, Telephone interview with the author, 23
April 2002; Postings of railroad plans
and plats on the Internet, http://www.oocities.org/pem20165/PlatRoundHill8.html
,
http://www.oocities.org/pem20165/PurcellvilleStationDrawingssmall.html,
http://www.oocities.org/pem20165PlatClarkesGap22.html, Web addresses
provided by Paul McCray,
Manager of the W&OD Trail, accessed 22 April 2002.
27.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 46; Harwood
schedules; August Henning, “As Heard
and Seen,” Fairfax Herald, 01 November 1912, 2.
28.Netherton, et al, 488.
29.Roxanne Bilyeu, “Vienna Depot Plays a Part in History,” The
Globe, 18 March 1976 (On
file in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings file in the Virginia Room
of the Fairfax Regional Library);
Harwood, 48 – 49; Herbert Harwood, E-mail to author,
09 April 2002.
30.David Guillaudeu, E-mail to author, 13 April 2002;
Herbert Harwood, E-mail with attachment
to author, 21 April 2002; Roy King, E-mail to author,
18 April 2002.
31.Donald Leith interview; Mike Steely, “Former Vienna Station
Master Remembers When…,”
Fairfax County Sentinel, 06 November 1969, 2.
32.Harwood schedules.
33.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 83 – 95, 101 –
106.
34.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 105; Photograph
of the Vienna Depot, Vienna, Virginia,
David Marcham, photographer, 1959, View of station agent’s
bay window and diesel engine on the
tracks, Photograph #024 on file with the Washington & Old Dominion
Trail Office in Ashburn, Virginia;
Photograph of the Vienna Depot, Vienna, Virginia, Dr. James
Chapman, photographer, 1966, Northwest
view, Photograph #229 on file with the Washington & Old Dominion
Trail Office in Ashburn, Virginia.
35.Harwood, Rails to the Blue Ridge, 106.
36.Guillaudeu; “News Release,” Town of Vienna,
Virginia: Office of Public Information,
30 January 1978 (On file in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings
file in the Virginia Room of the
Fairfax Regional Library); Photographs of Renovations to the Vienna
Depot; Carol Stevens, “Model
Railroaders Restore Full-Size Station,” Northern Virginia Sun,
29 November 1977, 3.
37.Paul McCray, E-mail to author, 06 March 2002.
38.Janet Greenstein Potter, Great American Railroad Stations
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1996), 11 – 12.
39.Randolph, 1860 Engineer’s Report.
40.H. Roger Grant and Charles W. Bohi, The Country Railroad Station
in America (Boulder,
Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company, 1978), 62 – 62.
Bialick, Irving, member of the Northern Virginia Model Railroaders, Inc.
Conversation with the
author. 02 April 2002.
Bialick, Irving. Photographs of Renovation to the Vienna Depot.
Vienna, Virginia. 1977.
Photographs have been digitized and stored on compact disc on file with
the Washington & Old
Dominion Trail Office in Ashburn, Virginia.
Bilyeu, Roxanne. “Vienna Depot Plays a Part in History.” The
Globe. 18 March 1976.
Located in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings file in the Virginia
Room of the Fairfax Regional
Library.
Burke, Elizabeth and Catherine Onesty. Vienna Remembered
(1610 – 1900). Vienna, Virginia:
Historic Vienna, Inc. 1980.
Drysdale, Robert G., Ahmad A. Hamid, and Lawrie R. Baker.
“History of Masonry Materials.”
Masonry Structures, Behavior and Design, Second Edition.
Boulder, Colorado: The Masonry
Society. 1993.
“Facelifting Set For Old Depot.” The Globe. 11 April
1974. Located in the “Vienna Railroad
Station” clippings file in the Virginia Room of the Fairfax Regional Library.
Grant, H. Roger and Charles W. Bohi. The Country Railroad Station
in America. Boulder, Colorado:
Pruett Publishing Company. 1978.
Guide to the Herndon Depot Museum. Historical Society of Herndon. February 2001.
Guillaudeu, David. E-mail to author. 13 April 2002.
Harwood, Herbert H. E-mail to author. 09 April 2002.
Harwood, Herbert H. E-mail with attachment to author. 21 April 2002.
Harwood, Herbert H. Rails to the Blue Ridge: The Washington and
Old Dominion Railroad,
1847 – 1968. Fairfax Station, Virginia: Northern Virginia Regional
Park Authority. April 2000.
Harwood, Herbert H. W&OD Train Service at Vienna: Selected Years, 1869 – 1944. 16 April 2002.
Henning, August. “As Heard and Seen.” Fairfax Herald. 05 February 1904.
Henning, August. “As Heard and Seen.” Fairfax Herald. 18 January 1907.
Henning, August. “As Heard and Seen.” Fairfax Herald. 01 November 1912.
Hilinski, Carl. “Ghosts of the Past Clatter Along the Tracks.” Northern
Virginia Sun.
09 December 1975. Located in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings
file in the Virginia Room
of the Fairfax Regional Library.
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of
the United States.
New York: Oxford University Press. 1985.
King, Jr., Roy. E-mail to author. 18 April 2002.
Leith, Donald, employee of the railroad from 1935 – 1969. Telephone
interview with the author.
23 April 2002.
McCray, Paul, Manager of the W&OD Trail. Conversations with the author. Spring 2002.
McCray, Paul, Manager of the W&OD Trail. E-mail to the author. 06 March 2002.
Netherton, Nan, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia
Hickin, and Patrick Reed. Fairfax County,
Virginia: A History. Fairfax County, Virginia: Fairfax County
Board of Supervisors. 1978/1991.
“News Release.” Town of Vienna, Virginia: Office of Public Information.
30 January 1978. Located
in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings file in the Virginia Room of
the Fairfax Regional Library.
Photograph of the Vienna Depot. Vienna, Virginia: Dr. James
Chapman, photographer. 1955.
Photograph #229 on file with the Washington & Old Dominion Trail Office
in Ashburn, Virginia.
Photograph of the Vienna Depot. Vienna, Virginia: David Marcham,
photographer. 1959.
Photograph #024 on file with the Washington & Old Dominion Trail Office
in Ashburn, Virginia.
Photograph of the Vienna Depot. Vienna, Virginia: United States
Army. 1864. Photograph #177
on file with the Washington & Old Dominion Trail Office in Ashburn,
Virginia.
Postings of railroad plans and plats on the Internet. Accessed 22
April 2002. Online. Available from
http://www.oocities.org/pem20165/PlatRoundHill8.html,
http://www.oocities.org/pem20165/PurcellvilleStationDrawingssmall.html,
http://www.oocities.org/pem20165PlatClarkesGap22.html.
Potter, Janet Greenstein. Great American Railroad Stations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.
Randolph, Richard. “Engineer’s Report – First Division.” Alexandria,
Loudoun and Hampshire Rail
Road [sic] Company: Proceedings of Stockholders. Alexandria,
Virginia. 30 October 1860.
Randolph, Richard. “Reports of Engineers: First Division.” Seventh
Annual Report of the Board of
Directors of the Alexandria, Loudoun, & Hampshire Railroad Company.
Alexandria, Virginia:
Alexandria Gazette Steam Job Rooms. 15 November 1859.
Steely, Mike. “Former Vienna Station Master Remembers When…” Fairfax
County Sentinel.
06 November 1969.
Stevens, Carol. “Model Railroaders Restore Full-Size Station.” Northern
Virginia Sun.
29 November 1977. Located in the “Vienna Railroad Station” clippings
file in the Virginia Room
of the Fairfax Regional Library.
Stevenson, Richard W. The Cartography of Northern Virginia:
Facsimile Reproductions of
Maps Dating From 1608 to 1915. Fairfax County, Virginia: History
and Archaeology Section
of the Office of Comprehensive Planning. March 1983.
Stuntz, Connie and Mayo. This Was Vienna, Virginia: Facts and
Photos. Vienna, Virginia:
By the authors. 1987.
Ting, Andrew and Mark Brzezinski. Black Settlement in Forestville,
Vienna, and Lewinsville
After the Civil War. Fairfax County, Virginia: Langley High School.
May 1982.