by Patrick C. Ryan
7/10/98
|
This table illustrates correspondences among initial consonants
in the principal older
Indo-European languages and Indo-European. For example, Latin initial p
corresponds to Old
English initial f: therefore, Latin piscis, "fish," and Old English
fisc, "fish," may be compared.
These correspondences are regular unless specific factors contravene them. This table shows only the correspondences for initial consonants, the simplest elements subject to sound changes. Medial consonants and final consonants also show regular correspondences also, but often with considerable exceptions due to stress and phonetic environment. |
|
I N D O
-
E U R O P E A N |
H i t t i t e |
T o c h a r i a n |
S a n s k r i t |
A v e s t a n |
O l d
P e r s i a n |
C
h u r c h
S l a v o n i c |
L i t h u a n i a n |
A r m e n i a n |
G r e e k |
L a t i n |
O l d
I r i s h |
C
o m m o n
G e r m a n i c |
G o t h i c |
O l d
E n g l i s h |
O l d
N o r s e |
O l d
H i g h
G e r m a n |
M i d d l e
D u t c h |
| p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | hw | p | p | *- | f | f | f | f | f | v |
| t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | th | t | t | t | th | th | th | th | d | th
/d |
| k | k | k | s' | s | th | s | s | s | k | c | c | h | h(j) | h | h | h | h |
| kw | ku | k | k/c | k/c | k | k
c'/c |
k | kh | p/t
/k |
qu | c | hw | hw
/w |
hw | hv | hw
/w |
w |
| b | p | p | b | b | b | b | b | p | b | b | b | p | p | p | p | p
/pf |
p |
| d | t | t(c) | d | d | d | d | d | t | d | d | d | t | t | t | t | z | t |
| g | k | k | j | z/g | g/d | z | z | c | g | g | g | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| gw | ku | k | g/j | g/j | g/j | g/z'
/z |
g | k | b/d
/g |
v
/gu |
b | kw
/k |
qu | cw
/k |
kv | qu | qu |
| bh | p | p | bh | b | b | b | b | b | ph | f(b) | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| dh | t | t | dh | d | d | d | d | d | th | f(d) | d | d | d | d | d | t/d | d |
| gh | k | k | h | g/z | g/d | z | z | z
(j) |
kh | h | g | g | g | g | g | g | g |
| gwh | ku | k | gh
/h |
g/j | g/j | g/z'
/z |
g | g | ph/th
/kh |
f | g | gw
/w |
w | w | w | w | w |
| s | s | s | s | h | h | s | s | h | h | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| r | r | r | r/l | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| l | l | l | l/r | r | r | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| i/y | y | y | y | y | y | j | j | y | h/z | j | *- | j | j | g
(y) |
*- | j | g |
| w/u | w | w | v | v | v | v | v | g/v | *- | v | f | w | w | w | v | w | w |
*- equals zero:
w was lost in Greek;
y was lost in Old Irish and Old Norse.
the latest revision of this document can be found at
HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/Athens/Forum/2803/IECorrespondenceTable.htm
Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441 * (501)227-9947
PROTO-LANGUAGE@email.msn.com