c-AFRASIAN-3_table.htm

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / AFRASIAN
(Hamito-Semitic with Hieroglyphic Egyptian and Arabic)
CORRESPONDENCES

(Nostratic Hypothesis)

by Patrick C. Ryan

(presently undergoing revision and expansion)
rev. 2 / 28 / 2008

FOR EXAMPLES FROM PIE, HIEROGLYPHIC EGYPTIAN AND ARABIC ———
SEE UNDER NUMBER IN Proto-Language Phonemes in PIE and Afrasian

FOR FULL DICTIONARY ENTRY ON ROOTS FROM AFRASIAN ———
SEE UNDER O&S ROOT NUMBER (#) IN (Hamito-Semitic Etymological Roots: Orel and Stolbova, 1995),

FOR CITATION FORM AND MEANING FROM O&S ———
(WITH PIE COGNATE)
SEE IN ALPHABETIZED AND NUMERICALLY ORDERED LIST BELOW.

number+i=(word) initial; number+m=medial (non-initial);
number+f=(word) final;
*=standard reconstruction; **=reconstructed by author; :=long vowel;
number+?=in Arabic entries, supposes the existence of the phoneme at some earlier period.

PROTO- LANGUAGE

INDO- EUROPEAN

HIEROGLYPHIC EGYPTIAN

ARABIC

AFRASIAN

(H)e(:)/V⁽¹⁾

(H)e(:)/V

j(4,5,7,14/a/b,

15/a,26,70/a/b,

91,142)

j(6,18/a/b,55,78,

80,100)

?(4,5,7,14/a/b,

15/a,26,70/a/b,

91,142)

h(6,18/a/b,55,78,

80,100)

?iª (O&S: ?i - ?)⁽⁹⁾

hi (O&S: hi - ?; h(i) - #565; he - #1171, 1173)⁽⁹⁾

(H)a(:)/V

+

(H)a(:)/V

j(2,9,14/a/b,

15/a,22b-1,

30a,31,32,36,

48,51,52,57/a,

58,77,80,84,

103,104/a,122,

149,154,157)

j(22a/a-1/b/b-1/

b-2/b-3/b-4/c/

c-1,33,79,105a,

112,126,127a,

131,133,145,

155,156)

?(2,9,14/a/b,

15/a,22b-1,

30a,31,32,36,

48,51,52,57/a?,

58,77,80,84,

103,104/a,122,

149,154,157)

h(22a/a-1/b/b-1/

b-2/b-3/b-4/c/

c-1,33,79,105a,

112,126,127a),

131,133,145,

155,156)

?a (O&S: ?a - #2, 23, 319, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1667, 2641; ?(a) - #159, 297, 516, 552, 589, 591, 593, 594, 666, 797, 859, 903, 1128, 1137, 1147, 1148, 1309, 1310, 1400, 1424, 1450, 1492, 1518, 1522, 1631, 1632, 1660, 1677, 1699, 1740, 1765, 1778, 1784, 1787, 1820, 1910, 1911, 1912, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2085, 2142, 2263, 2314, 2343, 2390, 2439, 2490, 2566, 2573, 2589, 2598, 2627; ?i (for ?a) - #2078, 2660; a (from i?a) - #611, 665, 673, 885, 874, 1967, 2224; a (from u?a) - #2099; i (from i?a) - #1930; Øa (from a?a) - #124l, 2350; {?a} - #1761; e (from i?a) - #2378)⁽⁹⁾

ha (O&S: ha - #738, 909, 1137, 1147, 1148, 1154, 1159, 1162, 1165, 1169, 1492, 1670; h(a) - #833, 1420, 1482, 1635 (PIE only), 1736; hV - #364; ho (from awa) - #1191; ū (from uha) - #1024; [ha] ^{(added to root)} - #858)⁽⁹⁾

(H)o(:)/V

h(66,75,120)

h(25,54/a)

?(66,75,120)

h(25,54/a)

?u (O&S: ?u - ?)⁽⁹⁾

hu (O&S: hu - #1192, 1197; ho (for hu) - #1710; hV - #1204)⁽⁹⁾

¿E

HHE

(H)e(:)/V

j(2,4,9,17,

22a-1/b-2,23,

24a/b,26,28,

30b/c,31,32,34a

/a-1,40,44,

45,47/a/a-1,

49,51,52,53,

54/a,55,64/a,

65,66,70,71/a/b

/c,73,81,83,

85,86,87,90,

91,93b,94,96,

104a,105/a,115,

116,117,118,

121,123,126,128,

129,131,134,

135,138,142,

143,145,147,

150,151,152,

153,154)

j(140/a/b)

y(2,4,9,17,

22a-1/b-2,23,

24a/b,26,28,

30b/c,31,32,34a

/a-1,40,44?,

45?,47/a/a-1,

49,51,52,53,

54/a,55,64/a,

65,66,70,71/a/b

/c,73?,81,83,

85,86,87,90,

91,93b,94,96,

104a,105/a,115,

116,117,118,

121,123,126,128,

129,131,134,

135,138,142,

143,145,147,

150,151,152,

153,154)

H(140/a/b)

yi⁽⁹⁾ (O&S: yi - #2589; ya⁽¹³⁾ (for yi) - #2564, 2566; y(i) - #476, 516, 550, 665, 673, 840, 912, 988, 1093, 1102, 1137, 1147, 1148, 1165, 1169, 1173, 1295, 1300, 1338, 1424, 1659, 1752, 1820, 1940, 2036, 2077, 2536, 2542, 2612; ya (for yi) - #1394a; (y)i - #589, 1395; Ø - #620; a⁽¹³⁾ (for *î iyi) - #395, 772, 1669, 2084, 2627; i (from ayi) - #1453; e (from ayi) - #1660, 1761; i (from iyi) - #797, 1771, 1977; a (from iyi) - #2083; a (from ayi) - #886, 2357; ya {from yila} - #1350; yu (from yi) - #1914, 2595; u (for *ü uyi) - #984, 987, 1353, 1798; a (from uyi) - #2193; i (from uyi) - #2193; V (for *e[?] from ayi) - #1518; HV (for ħiyi) - #1572; Ø (for iyi) - #611)

Øi ( ġa + yi) - #1013

in the meaning 'from under/below':

yi (O&S: ¿i (for yi) - #1102)

ħi (O&S: ħi [dotted h] - #1228, 1270; ħ(i) - #1575, 1578, 1798; ħe - #1265; ħV (for ħi) - #1295; HV (for ħe(?)) - #1572)⁽⁹⁾

¿A

HHA

yV / (H)a(:) / V⁽⁸⁾

(H)a(:)/V

j(8,11,12,14/a

/b,17,20,21,39,

47/a/a-1,49,53,

61,62,63/a/b,

65,71/a/b/c,74,

89,94,97,98,128,

129,130,132,

146a,152)

j(24a,27/a/b/c

/d,43,45,56,67,

69,76,83,101/a

/b,108/a,113,

114a,124,127/a,

148,159,160)

¿(8,11,12,14/a

/b,17,20,21,39,

47/a/a-1,49,53,

61,62,63/a?/b,

65,71/a/b/c,74,

89,94,97,98,128,

129,130,132,

146a,152)

H(24a,27/a/b/c

/d,43,45,56,67,

69,76,83,101/a

/b,108/a,113,

114a,124,127/a,

148,159,160)

¿a^*(16)* (O&S: ¿a - #1028, 1029, 1030, 1050, 1062, 1079; ¿(a) - #622; ¿e (for ¿a) - #1093; ¿i/¿u (for ¿a) - #1094); ¿V - #1128)⁽⁹⁾

ħa (O&S: ħa; (dotted h) - #1216, 1217, 1224, 1226, 1232, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1247, 1248, 1266. 2455; ħ(a) - #813, 1288, 1784, 1816, 1989, 2006, 2025, 2241, 2269, 2082, 2091, 2103, 2132, 2241, 2295, 2509; u (from awa) - #1288, 1289; ħV (u from awa) - #1296, 1298, 1300, 1303; ħi (for ħa) - #2456; ya (for ħa) - #2569)⁽⁹⁾

¿O

HHO

(H)o(:)/V

h(29,102,110)

h(123,125,141)

¿(29,102,110)

H(123,125,141)

¿u (O&S: ¿u - #1123, 1124; ¿(u) - #303, 456, 874, 900, 912, 916, 960[?], 1556, 1706, 1742, 1993, 2032, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2270, 2501, 2531; ¿o - #1107, 1109; ¿V (for ¿u) - #1833; ¿a (for ¿u) - #2502)⁽⁹⁾

ħu (O&S: ħu (dotted h) - #1283; ħu [emended from ħa] - #1214)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]E

P[H]E

b(h)/wV⁽⁷⁾

p(99)

p(71c,115,116)

b(99)

f(71c,115,116)

bi (O&S: bi - ?; b(i) - #1573, 1635)⁽⁹⁾

pi (O&S: pi - #1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986; p(i) - #1652, 2254; pe^*(15)* - #1971; pa (for pi) - #1911, 1912, 1914, 1937; pa (for pi?a) - #1967; pe - #1123; pu (for piwa) - #2003, 2006, 2008; pü ( iwa) - #842; pV (for pi) - #2025, 2026)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]A

P[H]A

b(h)/wV⁽⁷⁾

p(131)

p(16,20,28,70b,

77,112,113,114

/a,120,122,125)

b(131)

f(16,20,28,70b,

77,112,113,114

/a,120,122,125)

ba (O&S: ba - #1028, 1578; b(a) - #723, 1670, 2079, 2502)⁽⁹⁾

pa (O&S: pa - #777, 1548, 1910, 1918, 1936, 1930, 1938, 1940, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1966; p(a) - #1576, 2553; pe - #1289; pi (for pa) - #1989; po (for pa) - #1993)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]O

P[H]O

b(h)/wV⁽⁷⁾

f(94,97,104/a)

f(57/a,102,109)

b(94,97,104/a)

f(57/a,102,109)

ḃu [from b^h] (O&S: bu - #338; b[u] - #2, 2631; bü[l] (from bul[i]) - #1030; bo^*(15)* - #303; bV (for bu) - #1124)⁽⁹⁾

fu [from p^h] (O&S: fu - #775, 826, 832, 833, 1830; f(u) - #810, 826, 1828, 1865, 2350, 2413; fu (from fuwa) - #835; fV - #846, 2032; fü (from fu[?]) - #1050; fi (for fu) - #802, 803, 809, 814; fa (for fu) - #1217; fa (from fuwa) #1882)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]FE

PF[H]E

bhV

p[h]V:

b⁽⁵⁾(18/a/b,56,

101a,118,142)

b⁽⁵⁾(76)

b(18/a/b,56,

101a,118,142)

f(76)

bi [from b^?] (O&S: bi - #294, 1192; b(i) - #1008, 1020, 1406, 1577, 1609, 1668, 2569; be - #266; ba (for bi) - #1314)⁽⁹⁾

ḃi [from b^h; devoiced to f] (O&S: fi - #801, 813; f(i) - #1667, 1690; fe - #792; fa - #772; fu (for fi) - #831 (see #801)), 836, 837; fi (for fiyi) - #797)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]FA

PF[H]A

b(h)V⁽²⁾

p[h]V:

b⁽⁵⁾(21,45,79,

98,140a)

b⁽⁵⁾(72)

b(21,45,79,

98,140a)

f(72)

ba [from b^?] (O&S: ba - #159, 226, 1204; b(a) - #1681; bV - #364; bo (for ba) - #1128; bu (from a?awa) - #159; bu (from awa) - #1382)⁽⁹⁾

ḃa [from b^h; devoiced to f] (O&S: fa - #774)⁽⁹⁾

P[?]FO

PF[H]O

bhV

p[h]V:

b⁽⁵⁾(33,140b,

143)

b⁽⁵⁾(19/a,58,

70a,71b,75,

110,123,124,

132)

b(33,140b,

143)

f(19/a,58,70a,

71b,75,

110,123,124,

132)

bu [from b^?] (O&S: bu - #319; b(u) - #2, 858, 1094, 1363, 1488, 1527; ba (for bu?a) - #859; bo - #297, 1029)⁽⁹⁾

ḃu [from b^h; devoiced to f] (O&S: fu - ?; f(V) - #848; f(u) - #1216)⁽⁹⁾

F[H]E

wV:

w(#)

w(87)

w(#)

w(87)

wi (O&S: wi - #2541; w(i) for wi) - #2612; wa (for wi) - #2493)⁽⁹⁾

wi (O&S: wi - #1395; wa (for wi) - #1394)⁽⁹⁾

F[H]A

wV:

w(13/a/b,14/a

/b,29,30/a/b/c,

32,35a,36,40,

44,52,54/a,64/a,

69,71a,72,81,

86,90,92,95,97,

109,119,126,

141)

w(22a/a-1/b/b-1/

b-2/b-3/b-4/c/

c-1,27/a/b/c/d,

80,85,93,101b,

118,132,133,

146b,153,158)

w(13/a/b,14/a

/b,29,30/a/b/c,

32,35a,36,40?,

44,52,54/a,64/a,

69,71a,72,81,

86,90,92,95,97,

109,119,126,

141)

w(22a/a-1/b/b-1/

b-2/b-3/b-4/c/

c-1,27/a/b/c/d,

80,85,93,101b,

118,132,133,

146b,153,158)

wa (O&S: wa - #594, 666, 1079, 1749, 2487, 2502, 2509, 2527, 2529, 2531; w(a) - #516, 664, 905, 906, 1148, 1173, 1224, 1820, 1847, 1893, 2077, 2101, 2142, 2207, 2375, 2379, 2439, 2595, 2598, 2614; wV - #476, 477, 552, 768; *o ( iwa) - #723, 1344; u(:)[Semitic has û] uwa) - #1488, 1492; Ø (should be u) - #630; u (from a?awa) - #159; u (from awa) - #1382; o (from awa) - #1191; a (from awa) - #1406; u (from uwa) - #1799, 1800, 2132; o (from iwa) - #1958, 2129; u (from iwa) - #902, 2631; ü (from iwa) - #1960i wi (from wayi) - #2542; V (for awa) - #832)⁽⁹⁾

wa (O&S: wa - #813, 814, 1165, 2036, 2103, 2490, 2501, 2519, 2536; w[a] - #364, 1162, 1309, 1559, 1631, 1632, 1833, 2100, 2224, 2314; u(:)[Semitic has û] uwa) - #1283; ü ( iwa) - #842; ü (from uwa[?] - #1050; ü (from uwa[f]i) - #1690; Ø (should be wa) - #836, 837; u (from awa) - #1288, 1289, 1639;); u {from uwa} - #826, 835, 1363, 1368, 1375, 1376, 1380; u (from iwa) - #2003, 2006, 2008; i (from iwa) - #2238; V (u from awa) - #1296, 1298, 1300, 1303; a (from awa) - #1639; a (from uwa) - #1882; wo - #909; wu ( wa) - #1022, 1751)⁽⁹⁾

F[H]O

wV:

w⁽⁶⁾(154)

w⁽⁶⁾(10)

w(154)

w(10)

wu (O&S: wu - #2543, 2548, 2573; wü (for wu) - #2552, 2553)⁽⁹⁾

fu (O&S: fu - #840)⁽⁹⁾

T[?]E

T[H]E

d(#)

t(#)

þ (th)(#)

ti (O&S: ti - #2345, 2347, 2405; t(i) - #809, 1289; ta (for ti) - #2362; te (for ti) - #2378; tu (for ti) - #2419)⁽⁹⁾

ti (O&S: ča (for či tyi) - #476)

þi (O&S: či - ?)⁽⁹⁾

T[?]A

T[H]A

d(22c-1,24b,

27a,35a,82,

91,109,114/a,116)

occ. d + j D(?)

d(38)

t(22c-1,24b,

27a,35a,82,

91,109,114/a,116)

þ (th)(38)

ta (O&S: ta - #1989, 2342, 2343, 2350, 2354, 2357, 2364, 2366, 2372, 2373, 2375, 2379; t(a) - #1204, 1751, 1762; ti (for ta) - #2390)⁽⁹⁾

þa (O&S: ča - ?; č(a) - #1769)⁽⁹⁾

T[?]O

T[H]O

dV/dwV⁽¹⁰⁾

tV/twV⁽¹⁰⁾

t(29,36,

37a,60,61,

73,81,131)

t(112,113)

T[dot-t](29,36,

37a?,60,61,

73,81,131);

rarely t(#)

S[dot-s](112,113)

ţu (O&S: ču - ?; ča - #471 [Semitic ču]; č(u) - #1013, 1266, 1382, 1453, 1532, 1669, 1703, 1985; čo - #477, 489)⁽⁹⁾

ţu (O&S: tu - #2413; t(u) - #810, 836, 837)⁽⁹⁾

ţu (O&S: ţu - #2460; ţ(u) - #848, 1380, 1395, 3552; ţV - #1393; ţa (for ţu) - #2439, 2455, 2456. 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2463)⁽⁹⁾

şu (O&S: çu - ?; ç(u) - #1022, 1050, 1197 [emended], 1318, 1319, 1530, 1531, 1980, 2552)⁽⁹⁾

T[?]SE

TS[H]E

dhV

t[h]V:

D(13b,22b-4,

54a,111,115,

119)

D(#)

d(13b,22b-4,

54a,111,115,

119)

dh(#)

di (from d^?) (O&S: di - #711, 718, 1324; d(i) - #692, 1154; de - #678; da⁽¹³⁾ - #589, 591, 593, 594, 611, 630, 637, 639, 640, 645 (de in derived root #678), 659, 673; da (for di) - #664, 665, 1323, 1893; di (for di?a) - #692; do - #723*); du (for di) - #738, 745; dü (for di) - #752⁽⁹⁾

ði [from d^h] (O&S: ĉ.i - ?)⁽⁹⁾

ði (O&S: ži - #2660, 2664; ža (for ži) - #2641)

T[?]SA

TS[H]A

d(h)V⁽³⁾

t[h]V:

D(42?,121,152,

153,154)

D(118)

d(42,121,152,

153,154)

dh(118)

da [from d^?] (O&S: da - #620, 622, 636, 666; d(a) - #1029, 1344, 1368, 1572, 1930, 2083, 2084; de (for da) - #681; do (for da) - #2085; dV - #2573)⁽⁹⁾

ða [from d^h] (O&S: ĉ.a - ?)⁽⁹⁾

ða (O&S:ža - ?)

T[?]SO

TS[H]O

dhV / d(h)wV⁽¹⁰⁾ / ðV⁽¹²⁾

t[h]V:/t[h]wV:⁽¹⁰⁾

'(14a,

15a,39,57a,

59,73,117,122,

143)

'(3,124)

D[dot-d](14a,

15a,39?,57a,

59,73,117,122,

143)

Z[dot-z](3,124)

ḑu (O&S: ĉ.u - ?; ĉ.u [emended from ĉ.a] - #1214; ĉ.(u) - #1296, 1960; ĉ.a (for ĉ.u) - #1384⁽⁹⁾

ḑu (O&S: dV - #768)

żu (O&S: č.u - #456; č.(u) - #842, 2003)⁽⁹⁾

S[H]E

sV:

z(89,90,144)

z(109,111,146/a

/b)

z(89,90,144)

s(109,111,146/a

/b)

zi (O&S: ʒi - #2597, 2623, 2627; ʒ(i) - #1191, 1900, 1967; ʒo {from ʒiwa} - #1344; ʒa (for ʒi) - #2596, 2598, 2607, 2614; ʒu (for ʒiwa) - #2631)⁽⁹⁾

zi + y = ci (O&S: ci - ?; c(i) ( z^y(i))- #611)⁽⁹⁾

zi (O&S: sa (for ʒi) - #2207)⁽⁴²⁾

zi (O&S: sa (for ʒi?a) - #2224)⁽⁴²⁾

si (O&S: si - #1391, 2225, 2238, 2241, 2242, 2254; se - #1247; s(i) - #835, 902, 1337, 1339, 1882, 1887, 1888, 2026; sa (for si) - #1338; so (for si) - #2270; sü(k) (from siku) - #2203)⁽⁹⁾

si (O&S: c(i) ( s^yi[?]) - #1986)

si (O&S: ci ( s^yi) - #395)

S[H]A

sV:

z(88,91,154)

z(5,6,7,22b-3,

147,150,153)

z(88,91,154)

s(5,6,7,22b-3,

147,150,153)

za (O&S: ʒa - #2612; ʒV (for ʒa) - #2639)⁽⁹⁾

za (O&S: sa - #2203)⁽⁴²⁾

sa (O&S: sa - #1300, 2531; s(a) - #1244, 1557, 2366, 2541; sV (for sa) - #2100)⁽⁹⁾

S[H]O

sV:

swV:⁽¹⁰⁾

s(49,92,148,

159)

s(14b,72,95)

z(49,92,148,

159)

s(14b,72,95)

zu (O&S: ʒu - ?)

zu (O&S: c(a)( *ʒ^w[a]) - #862)

zu (O&S: s(u) - #901, 1830⁽⁴²⁾; so - #903, 2263⁽⁴²⁾; s(o) - #1666)⁽⁴²⁾ ⁽⁹⁾

su (O&S: su - #2199, 2294; sa (for su) - #2194, 2198, 2199; si (for su) - #2194, 2198, 2199, 2248, 2251; sa (for suyi) - #2193; si (for suyi) - #2193)⁽⁹⁾

su (O&S: ca(:)( *s^wa) - #386)

K[?]E

K[H]E

g[^]V⁽¹⁰⁾

k[^]V⁽¹⁰⁾

k(24a/b,48,155,

156,160)

k(50)

k(24a/b,48,155,

156,160)

kh(50)

ki (O&S: ki - #1450; ke (for ki) - #1444; ka (for ki) - #1418, 1419, 1420, 1424; k(i) - #2094, 2357)⁽⁹⁾

xi (O&S: xi - #1347, 1930; xa (for xi) - #1323, 1324, 1327, 1334, 1336, 1900; xV (for xi) - #1387)⁽⁹⁾

K[?]A

K[H]A

k(23)

occ. k + j

H(?)

k(57/a)

k(23)

kh(57/a)

ka (O&S: ka - #1295, 1400, 1434; ki (from ayi) - #1453; kV (*e [?] from ayi) - #1518; k(a) - #1790, 2378)⁽⁹⁾

xa (O&S: xa - #1306, 1318, 1319, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1344; x(a) [hook-h] - #630, 2238; xi {from ayi} - #1350; xV - #1394a)⁽⁹⁾

K[?]O

K[H]O

T(90)

T(58,158)

k(90)

kh(58,158)

ku (O&S: ku - #1501; ku (from uwa) - #1492; k(u) - #1247, 1645, 2099, 2303; ko (for ku) - #1474, 1480, 1481, 1482, 2008; ka (from uwa) - #1406; ka (for ku) - #1416)⁽⁹⁾

ku (O&S:q(u) (from *ku[?]) - #1799, 1800)

xu (O&S: xu {hook-h} {from uwa} - #1363, 1368, 1375, 1376, 1380; x[u] - #23, 803; xo {for xu} - #1352, 1353, 1901; xV (for xu) - #1389 ___q(u) - #814)⁽⁹⁾

K[?]XE

KX[H]E

g[^]hV⁽¹⁰⁾

k[^][h]V:⁽¹⁰⁾

H(11,30/a/b/c,

32,93/a/b)

H(37/a,138)

j(11,30/a/b/c,

32,93/a/b)

gh(37/a,138)

gi [from g^?] (O&S: gi - #892, 930, 931, 1896; g[i] - #294, 2639; ge - #917; ga (for gi) - #620, 874, 858, 885, 900, 901, 902, 906; ga (for giha) - #909; gV (for gi) - #2557)⁽⁹⁾

γi [from g^h] (O&S: ġi - ?)⁽⁹⁾

K[?]XA

KX[H]A

g(h)V⁽⁴⁾

k[h]V:

H(19a,27d,29)

H(38,63a,134,

135,139)

j(19a,27d,29)

gh(38,63a,134,

135,139)

ga [from g^?] (O&S: ga - #886, 897; g(a) - #1270, 1637, 1704, 1977, 2129)⁽⁹⁾

γa [from g^h] (O&S: ġa - #1309, 1310, 1314; ġi ( ġa + yi) - #1013)⁽⁹⁾

K[?]XO

KX[H]O

ghV
occ. final gh + y

k[h]V:

x(47a-1,149)

x(1,136,

137,146b)

j(47a-1,149)

gh(1,136,

137,146b)

gu [from g^?] (O&S: gu - #985, 988; gu (should be gü) - #984, 987; g(u) - #832, 1107, 1192; go (for gu) - #958, 960; gi (for gu) - #1767; ge (for gu) - #916)⁽⁹⁾

gu (O&S: q.o (for q.u) - #2069; q.e (for q.u) - #2065; q.a (for q.u) - #2061

γu [from g^h] (O&S: ġu - #1020; ġ(u) - #1639; ġo - #1015; ġū (for ġuha)- #1024; ġa (for ġu) - #1004, 1006, 1007, 1008)⁽⁹⁾

γu (O&S: ķ(u) - #1391)

γu (O&S:qa (for qu) - #2032, 2036; qo (for qu) - #2043, 2044; qu - #2050; q(u) - #1988)

X[H]E

g[^]^w(h)V⁽¹⁰⁾⁽¹¹⁾

k[^]^w(h)V⁽¹⁰⁾⁽¹¹⁾

S(34/a/a-1,129)

S(51)

š (sh)(34/a/a-1,129)

š (sh)(51)

ši (O&S: ĉi - #552; ĉu - #573)⁽⁹⁾

ši (O&S: ŝi - ?; ŝ(i) - #1248, 1960; ŝa (for ŝi) - #2314; ŝe (for ŝi) - #2224)⁽⁹⁾

ši (O&S: ĉ(i) (for ŝi) - #1918)

X[H]A

g^w(h)V⁽¹¹⁾

k^w(h)V⁽¹¹⁾

S(33,35/a,39,

40,41,121)

S(#)

š (sh)(33,35/a,39,

40,41,121)

š (sh)(#)

ša (O&S: ĉa - #516, 2082; ĉe ( *ĉay-) - #550; ĉo - #565; ĉ(a) - #2493, 2543)⁽⁹⁾

ša (O&S: ŝa - ?)⁽⁹⁾

X[H]O

g^w(h)V⁽¹¹⁾

+

k^w(h)V⁽¹¹⁾

X(46,127/a,

128,130)

X(96,117,151)

š (sh)(46,127/a,

128,130)

š (sh)(96,117,151)

šu (O&S: ĉu - ?)⁽⁹⁾

šu (O&S: ŝu)⁽⁹⁾

M[H]E

mV:

m(49,60,65,78,

152)

w(62,63/a/b,84)

m(49,60,65,78,

152)

m(62,63/a/b,84)

mi (O&S: mi - #1698; ma (for mi) - #1296, 1721, 1730, 1736, 1742; m(i) - #550, 1650; me (for mi) - #1762; mV (for mi) - #1816)⁽⁹⁾

mi (O&S: mi - #1764, 1765, 1769; mi (for miyi) - #1771)⁽⁹⁾

M[H]A

mV:

m(59,67)

w(#)

m(59,67)

m(#)

ma (O&S: ma - #1424, 1699, 1704, 1710, 1722, 1723, 1749, 1752, 2108; m(a) - #471, 639, 640, 645, 678, 2242, 2364; mu (for ma[?]) - #1790; me (for mayi) - #1761; mi (for mayi) - #1770; mi (for ma) - #1667; mV (for ma) - #2366)⁽⁹⁾

ma (O&S: ma - #1197, 1703, 1706, 1734; m(a) - #2607)⁽⁹⁾

MO

+

M[H]O

mV

+

mV:

m(34a-1,46,

64a,66,81,93a,

107,138,154)

m(41,47/a/a-1,

83,106,108/a,

137)

m(34a-1,46,

64a,66,81,93a,

107,138,154)

m(41,47/a/a-1,

83,106,108/a,

137)

mu (O&S: mu - #1787, 1790[?], 1795; m(u) - #395, 738, 1232, 1353, 1393, 1678, 2043; mu (*mü for muyi) - #1798; mo (for mu) - #1778, 1784; ma (for mu) - #1740, 1751; V - #1298; mV (for mu) - #1518, 2099; mu (for muwa) - #1799, 1800)⁽⁹⁾

mu (O&S: mu - ?)⁽⁹⁾

N[H]E

l[^]V

l[^]V:

n(148,151)

n(147,159)

l(148,151)

l(147,159)

ni (O&S: ni - ?)⁽⁹⁾

li (O&S: li - #1667, 1669; l(i) - #1030, 1580; la (for li) - #1659, 2025; le (for li) - #1664, 1666; li (for liyi) - #1668; lV (for li) - #1697, 2026)⁽⁹⁾

N[H]A

lV:

n(11,12,65,66,

67,86,100,102,

106,109,127/a,

128,129,145,

155)

n(1,3,10,19/a,

20,21,26,42,43,

44,46,71/a/b/c,

75,76,79,85,

87,98,101/a/b,

105/a,120,130,

133,135,144,

146/a/b,149,157,

158)

n(11,12,65,66,

67,86,100,102,

106,109,127/a,

128,129,145,

155)

l(1,3,10,19/a,

20,21,26,42,43,

44,46,71/a/b/c,

75,76,79,85,

87,98,101/a/b,

105/a,120,130,

133,135,144,

146/a/b,149,157,

158)

na (O&S na - #803, 916, 1288, 1820, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1847, 1865, 2627; n(a) - #620, 681, 711, 745, 752, 777, 802, 892, 1079, 1389, 1444, 1664, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1770, 1771, 1795, 1798, 2065, 2193, 2194, 2198, 2199, 2248, 2251, 2294, 2664; nu (for na) - #1822; nV (for nawa) - #832)⁽⁹⁾

la (O&S: la - #1062, 1102, 1327, 1637, 1645, 1647, 1650, 1652, 1696; 2241; l(a) - #636, 637, 774, 775, 801, 831, 885, 886, 1004, 1028, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1109, 1123, 1124, 1217, 1226, 1228, 1283, 1314, 1347, 1350, 1352, 1387, 1418, 1420, 1474, 1541, 1604, 1631 1632, 1635, 1647, 1896, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940, 2362, 2419, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2519, 2623; la (for lawa) - #1639; le (for lay) - #1660; li (for la) - #1670, 1980; lV (for la) - #1573, 1696, 1816)⁽⁹⁾

N[H]O

LV:

n(55,103,104

/a,160)

n(69,

70/a/b,108/a,

145,150)

n(55,103,104

/a,160)

L[written l](69,

70/a/b,108/a,

145,150)

nu (O&S: nu - ?; nü (for uCi) - #1887, 1888)⁽⁹⁾

lu (O&S: lu - #1681; l(u) - #1419; lo (for lu) - #1677; lü (from uwa[f]i) - #1690)⁽⁹⁾

Q[H]E

(n)g[^]V

(n)k[^]V:

q(8,18b,43,63b,

110)

q(44)

q(8,18b,43,63b,

110)

q(44)

ŋi (O&S: gi (for [n]gi) - ?)⁽⁹⁾

ŋi (O&S: ķ(i) (for [n]gi) - #231 (final[?]); ķa (for ķi {for [n]gi}) = #2664)

ķi (O&S: ķi - #772, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576; ķ(i) - #226, 1958, 2108; ķa (for ķi) - #1527, 1532, 1549, 1552, 1553, 1559; ķu (for ķi) - #1531)⁽⁹⁾

Q[H]A

(n)gV

(n)kV:

q(#)

q(12,18a,139)

q(#)

q(12,18a,139)

ŋa (O&S: ga (for[n]ga) - #912)⁽⁹⁾

ŋa (O&S: ķ(a) (for [n]ga) - #1914 (final[?])

ķa (O&S: ķa - #1530, 1541, 1548, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557; ķ(a) - #1062, 1224, 1327, 1522, 1696, 1697; ķi (for ķaħi) - #1572; ķi (for ķa) - #1577; ķu (for ķa - #1678; ķo (for ķa) - #1591)⁽⁹⁾

Q[H]O

(n)gV

rarely (n)gwV /
(n)g^wV⁽¹⁰⁾

(n)kV:

g(13a)

g(68)

q(13a)

q(68)

ŋu (O&S: gu (for [n]gu) - ?; ga (for gu) - #859, 862, 903, 905)⁽⁹⁾

ķu (O&S: ķu - #1608, 1609; ķo - #1578, 1580, 1604)⁽⁹⁾

R[H]E

rV:

3⁽¹⁴⁾(2,6,7,13/a/b,

14/a/b,34/a

/a-1,35/a,47a

/a-1,40,48,56,

62,64/a,88,91,

95,111,117,

136)

3⁽¹⁴⁾(25,27c,33,39,

73,89,96,100)

r(2,6,7,13/a/b,

14/a/b),34/a

/a-1,35/a,47a

/a-1,40,48,56,

62,64/a,88,91,

95,111,117,

136)

r(25,27c,33,39,

73,89,96,100)

ri (O&S: ri - #1761, 1985, 1986; r(i) - #319, 573, 768, 792, 833, 900, 930, 931, 984, 985, 987, 1007, 1265, 1375, 1376, 1394a, 1416, 1481, 1501, 1552, 1574, 1901, 1950, 1983, 2548. 2557, 2641; re - #1266; ra (for ri) - #1575, 2077; ro (for ri) - #1576; rV (for ri) - #1577, 1742, 1988; ro (for riwa) - #1958, 2129; rü (for riwa) - #1960)⁽⁹⁾

ri (O&S: ri - #231, 1784, 2084, 2094, 2114, 2115, 2116; r(i) - #846, 897, 958, 1323, 1434, 1554, 1591, 1767, 1952, 2061, 2091, 2203, 2527; ra (for ri) - #226, 565, 1556, 1093, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2100, 2103; ra (for riwa) - #2078; re (for ri) - #2108, 2463)⁽⁹⁾

R[H]A

rV:

3⁽¹⁴⁾(4,15/a,37/a,

92,94,119)

3⁽¹⁴⁾(8,16,18/a/b,

27b,38,50,82,

93/a/b,134,140

/a/b)

r(4,15/a,37/a,

92,94,119)

r(8,16,18/a/b,

27b,38,50,82,

93/a/b,134,140

/a/b)

ra (O&S: ra - #2076, 2078, 2085, 2101; r(a) - #477, 1159, 1171, 1173, 1241, 1298, 1334, 1336, 1384, 1549, 1608, 1609, 1982; rV - #294; ru (for ra) - #1008)⁽⁹⁾

ra (O&S: ra - #456, 960, 988, 1020, 2075; r(a) - #1015, 1242, 1480, 1553, 1951, 1971, 1981; ru (for rawa) - #2375)⁽⁹⁾

R[H]O

LV:

r(36,

99,104a,139,

141)

r(17,

28,61,63/a/b,

74,84)

L[written l](36,

99,104a,139,

141)

unidentified dialectal r(#)

L[written l](17,

28,61,63/a/b,

74,84)

ru (O&S: ru - ?; r[u] - #338, 386, 489, 659, 718, 917, 1006, 1024, 1214, 1324, 1394, 1394a, 1482, 1555, 1710, 1730, 1734, 1736, 1749, 1949, 1955, 2044, 2050, 2372, 2373, 2405, 2490, 2529; ra (for ru) - #1740; ra (from ru?a) - #2099; ru (for ruwa) - #2132; rV (for ru) - #2142)⁽⁹⁾

ru (O&S: ru - ?)⁽⁹⁾

LIST OF WORDS REFERENCED IN OREL AND STOLBOVA (1995)

What will surprise many readers, are the startling similarities in responses to Nostratic phonemes displayed by Germanic (IE) and Semitic (AA).

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions used in these essays, press here.

Afrasian

Egyptian

p, f, d, t, k, T(bar-t)

w, z, s, S(hook-s), X(bar-h)

b, D(bar-d), ', H(dot-h), x(hook-h)

m, n, q(dot-k), g

3, r

j, h
Arabic

b, d, dh, f, j, gh, t, th, k, kh

D(dot-d), T(dot-t), Z(dot-z), S(dot-s)

z, s, sh

r, l

m, n, q(dot-k, velar k)

y, ?, h, ¿ (¿ain), H(dot-h, He:)

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications

PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN AFRASIAN

(not included under lexical headings)

press here to see

Summary of Phonological Changes
from Proto-Language to Afrasian

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables (full version) and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan

Summer 1998

AFRASIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

the latest revision of this document can be found at
HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/proto-language/c-AFRASIAN-3_table.htm

Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441 * (501)227-9947
PROTO-LANGUAGE@msn.com

NOTES

ª. In the column headed AFRASIAN, the first equivalent of each PL monosyllable represents the author's expectation of its reflex in Afrasian. The second equivalent, following O&S:, is the notation used by Orel & Stolbova (1995).

1. Nostratic is a reconstructed language derived from the Proto-Language. Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afrasiasn are languages derived from Nostratic.

During the Pontic stage of development, PIE and the Proto-Semitic branch of PA, which had respective vowel systems of *e/*a/*o and *i/*a/*u, lost the vowel quality of all short vowels, which became *e in PIE and *a in PS. Semantic differentiation was temporarily maintained by semi-vocalic glides (^*y,*w), which were subsequently lost. Roots, which had been predominantly biconsonantal, were expanded to triconsonantal forms to maintain semantic differentiation as the semi-vocalic glides were being lost.

These Grundvokale were modified for grammatical purposes: according to the Abautsstufe, PIE *e remained or became *o or *Ø; and PS *a remained or went to *i, *u, or *Ø, according to vowel patterning.

The PA vowel system in the non-PS branches remained *i/*a/*u, inherited from Nostratic.

Prior to the Pontic stage, in PIE, the short vowels (e, a, o), had been modified by compensatory lengthening when adjacent laryngal-pharyngal consonants (*?/*h/*¿/*ħ [which we indicate as *hh]) were lost; for convenience, these lost consonants are usually notated as *H. This process produced the long vowels *e:/*a:/*o:, which, under certain conditions of stress-accent, could by reduced to *Ə, i.e. schwa.

In PS, some root nouns may have retained traces of the vowel qualities inherited from PA, possibly through the influence of former glides (^{*y, *w}), which may have persisted for a time after the vowel quality leveling and institutuion of triconsonantality.

2., 3., 4. Final Early PIE voiced aspirated stops deriving from PL glottalized affricates + -A can become unaspirated: -*bha -*b(a); -*dha -*d(a); -*gha -*g(a).

5. The spirantal component of these affricates had become /w/ so that a velar glide ([C]^w) was phonetically redundant. This explains the lack of an "emphatic" in the labial affricates.

6. Since the labial spirant was /w/, a velar glide ([C]^w) was phonetically redundant. v. 5 supra!

7. It is well-known that *b is rare in IE as an initial and even questioned by some scholars as a root final. I have found that Early PIE *b (from PL P[?]) appears in the stage of IE normally reconstructed as *w or *bh as a root initial though usually as *b as a root final. It is uncertain at this time if the presence of a nearby laryngal-pharyngal (H) was the conditioning factor in P[?] becoming IE initial *bh as opposed to *w since the expected lengthening and retention of Nostratic vowel quality does not seem to occur.

8. The *y of this syllable has been modified initially to *H in, at least, some PIE words such as *ok^w-, ‘eye’, and *e:n- (for **a:n), ‘look!’.

9. I have been unable to develop comprehensive Afrasian correspondences per se because of the, in my opinion, regrettable state of previous attempts at Afrasian reconstruction. However, I will attempt to restore the Afrasian correspondences based on the cognates detailed in Orel & Stolbova: Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary, by indicating numbers of the illustrative root(s) in that dictionary, and their form according to them.

Part of the problem may be in the material rather than in their analyses, particularly in the case of reconstructed vowel qualities. It may be that vowels were in the process of being reduced to *a as early as Hamito-Semitic (Proto-Afrasian) so that we should not be surprised to find *a where we should expect *i or *u because of comparative evidence. Perhaps the inherited vowel qualities of *i and *u were only generally maintained when *C₁aC₂ contrasted with a commmonly occurring *C₁iC₂ or *C₁uC₂.

10. The semi-vocalic glides (^{*y, *w})of the post-Pontic stage of PIE did not disappear without leaving some traces. Dorsals, *g/*gh/*g^w(h)/*k/*k(h)/*k^w(h), which had preceded pre-Pontic PIE *e were palatalized into *ǧ/*ǧh/*ǧ^w(h)/*ǩ/*ǩ(h)/*ǩ^w(h); rarer but still discernible is that apicals, *d/*dh/* t/*t(h), and s(:) (from SHO); and the dorsal nasal (n)g which had preceded pre-Pontic PIE *o were velarized in *d^w/*d(h)^w {can lose its aspiration}/*t^w/*t(h)^w/*s^w, and (n)gw/(n)g^w.

11. The *h in parentheses following the series (*g(^)^w/k(^)^w) formed from velar fricatives (*X/*XH) is thought to be due to a following laryngal-pharyngal consonant (*?/*h/*¿/*ħ) which, through the effect of the stress-accent, came into immediate contact and melded with the preceding velarized stop. Its presence does not affect its correspondence with any other language but does indicate that a laryngal-pharyngal consonant needs to be reconstructed internally following it.

12. This phone (*ð) is an allomoph of *dh(w) when the stress-accent caused it to be in immediate with *ǧh. It is found in PIE *ǧhðem- (for **ǧhdhwem-), 'earth, (foraging/hunting) ground'. Because of its odd reflexes in various IE languages, linguists have infelicitously reconstructed it with 'edh': *ð, which has the pronunciation of English 'th' in 'bathe'. The simplex, PL K?XE-T?SO, 'flesh', can also be seen in PIE *ǧhðu:- (for *ǧhdhwé:-, with -*u:- from *-wé-), 'fish', the poor man's 'flesh'.

13. Ideally, there is a one-to-one relationsip of Proto-Language vowels: *E, *A, and *O with Proto-Afrasian vowels: *i, *a,*u.

The discrepancies between individual correspondences of the root-forms in Orel & Stolbova (1995) are due principally to phonological interactions in PA which we may or may not be able to recapture. A case in point is O&S #589, *da?-, 'baby, child'. Sumray doi and Oromo daa?-ima show us that the form should be reconstructed as *da?i- or *da?(V)y(V).

On this basis and semantic considerations, we choose the latter form; and we can reconstruct the Proto-Language form as T?SE-?A-¿E. From this, the earliest theoretical PA form should be: *di?(a)y(i).

The agent of change here is dissimilation: the first *i has been dissimilated to *a due to the following y(i).

This PA emended form, *di?(V)y(V) perfectly corresponds to PIE *dhe:i- (*dheHy-) 'nurse (vb.)', in which the glottal stop (*?) has lengthened (cf. Oromo daa-) the PIE *e ( Nostratic *i) to *e:, and thereby preserved its frontal quality before disappearing. The stress-accent has reduced *-ye to *-y, which, avocalically becomes *-i.

To make matters yet more interesting, assimilation is also in operatiom. So, with O&S #591, *da?-, 'urinate, ejaculate, perspire', the PL form for this root is T?SE-?A, 'released', which would yield PA *di?a-. Here, the *i has assimilated to the following *a, which was subesequently lost due to the effect of the stress-accent: *di?a-*da?Ø-.

The purported Egyptian cognate, d3, 'ejaculate', is prima facie false because Egyptian 3 corresponds to PA *r not PA *?. Furthermore, it does not mean 'ejaculate' but rather 'copulate', and has as a referent the trembling of sexual arousal; it is PL T?A-RHA, corresponding to PIE *der- (*dra:-), 'tremble'.

To be complete, there is PIE *dher- (*dhre(:)-), 'unclean substance', which might be related to this Egyptian d3 semantically if it represents an earlier Egyptian *D3; this is a slim possibility based on the fact that the Egyptians occasionally confused D and d. This would be PL T?SE-RHE, 'drop excretion'.

14. This letter ([3]), which originally and etymologically was used to indicate /r/ before /a/ or /i/, began in the Middle Kingdom to be used as a simple indication of a long vowel, /a:/, the length of which was compensation for the loss of that /r/ but also /?/, /y/, and /h/ which followed, all of these normally written [j]. To write /ya:/, the convention was [jj].

15. In addition to the remarks in Note 13., it might be mentioned that the variation between expected PA u and attested o along with probably analogous e for expected i may be the result of a process similar to what we see today in many languages: a + y e or ê while a + w o or ô. It should be emphasized that, so far, there is no indication that e or o were long. O&S also reconstruct an ü which is fairly probably the result of u + i or i + u.

It may be possible to reconstruct these lost semi-vowels if PIE cognates can be found that contain ei or eu in the places where PA e or o has been reconstructed.

16. In a short essay written some years ago, I discussed the scant evidence in PIE for an indefinite plural formed by prefixing *ye- derived from PL ¿A- to a noun; this plural went out of use quite early. An archaic plural formed by prefixing j- (derived from PL prefix ¿A-) to a (pro)noun is recognized in Egyptian.

I believe this plural formation extends back to, at least, Nostratic; and we should not be surprised to find it in PA. In the dictionary of Orel and Stolbova (1995), many of the roots listed in the ¿ section are, I believe, plurals so that for comparison purposes, we need to abstract the initial ¿V.

A pertinent example is PA (Hamito-Semitic) 1030. *¿abül-, "leaf", which I believe is transparently a compound of *¿a-, 'many, much' + -bül-, which latter can then be easily related to PIE *bhel-, 'bud, leaf', supposing a PL P?O-NHE, 'swollen-little (one)'. This derivation elucidates a variant PIE form, *bhle:- and accounts for the expected PA u being fronted by the missing *i that followed the final l.

17. This root is a standard-bearing example of the accuracy of the analysis which asserts that PIE *bh/*b/*w were all outcomes of PL P?. It is listed twice in Pokorny (1959): once under *2. bel-, 'strong'; and again under *wal-, 'be strong'; and possibly *3. bhel-, 'be in good health'.

The discrepancy between the two qualities of vowel, *e and *a should be explained. By the theory under which I operate, PIE *a is only possible if it is shortened from *a:; and *a: is only possible if a Nostratic *a has been lengthened (by PIE *H [from PL ?/H/¿/HH]) or is the longrange effect of an aspirated affricate, fricative, nasal, or RH) because all original short vowels go to the Ablaut-vowel *A in earliest PIE, which occurs in subsequent PIE as *e, *o, or *Ø governed by rhe placement of the stress-accent but never as *a.

In the case of *bel-, we have the anticipated result of PL "P?A-NHA, Nostratic *p?alá:-, PA *[¿a]bál(a)-, and earliest PIE *bÁlə-. In some dialects of PIE, this became *bá:l- to compensate for the lost *ə. In these dialects, initial *b- was avoided by changing it to *w- *wá:l-, which was subsequently shortened to *wál-; in other dialects, the *ə was lost without compensation *bél-; and, in most of those dialects, initial *b- was transformed into *bh *bhél-. This may be the basis for Egyptian pns, 'cut off, pull out'.

This interesting root, P?A-NHA, means 'begin to split' = "bud"; contrasting with P?O-NHA, menaning 'begin to swell" = "grow", found in O&S #1030. Srength was considered a function of vigorous young life.

18. I have abstracted the initial ¿u from *¿upel- because it reveals the underlying -*pel-, which is cognate with PIE *pel-i-, 'rock'. Rather than 'mountain', *¿upel- means 'hill', in my opinion, a 'heap of rocks'. I interpret PHE-NHA, 'begin to be thin' = 'shard'; and the ¿O further qualifies it as 'fist(-sized)', i.e. a 'rock'.

19. I have abstracted the initial ¿u from *¿upVl- because it reveals the underlying -*pVl-, which is cognate with PIE *pel-, 'fly'. The first element, ¿O means 'testicle' so we are probably talking about 'crab lice'.

20. I have abstracted the initial ¿V from *¿Vbo?- because it reveals the underlying -*bo?-, which is cognate with PIE *bha:-u-, 'light, shine'. The first element, ¿A means 'much' so we are probably talking about 'bright light'.

21. I have abstracted the initial hu from *hubag-/*hubig- because it reveals the underlying -*bag-/-*big-, which is cognate with PIE *bhe:gh-/*bho:gh-, 'quarrel'. The first element, HO means 'charge' so we are probably talking about 'charge and throw down', PL P?FE-K?XO, '([at] feet-put down'.

22. I have abstracted the initial hu from emended *humaç- because it reveals the underlying -*maç-, which is cognate with PIE *me:-t-, 'mow, stray'. The first element, HO means 'move across to' so we are probably talking about 'move across while mowing', PL MHA-THO, 'bite off-collect[ion]'.

23. I have abstracted the initial hV which I emend to hu from *[hV]bat-/*[hV]bit- because it reveals the underlying -*bat-, which is cognate with PIE *bha:-d-, 'beat', which is theorized but not attested in Pokorny under *bha:t-. The first element, HO means 'move across to' so we are probably talking about 'move across to bruise', PL P?FA-?A-T?A, 'prominence-give'.

24. I have abstracted the initial ħa which I emend to ħu from *[ħa]č.ar- because it reveals the underlying -*č.ar-, which is cognate with PIE *edh-, '(picket) fence' in the extended form *[e]dher-. The first element, HHO means 'sleep' so we are probably talking about 'fence around a sleeping area', PL T?SO-RO, 'arm(s)-raise' = 'hold'.

25. I have abstracted the initial ħa from *[ħa]fal-/*ħafil-, which I emend to *ħufal-, because it reveals the underlying -*fal-, which is cognate with PIE *pel-, 'fill'. The first element, HHA means 'water' so we are probably talking about 'filling with water', PL PHO-NHA, 'inflate-begin' = 'fill up (skin bottle which inflates)'.

26. I have abstracted the initial ħa from *[ħa]ķVw- because it reveals the underlying -*ķVw-, which is cognate with PIE *ank-, 'bend'. The first element, HHA means 'moving underneath' so we are probably talking about a 'joint', PL QHA-FA, 'bent out-dual' = 'humped' = 'pair of hip-joints'.

27. I have abstracted the initial ħa from *[ħa]sek- because it reveals the underlying -*sek-, which is cognate with PIE *seg-, 'sow'. The first element, HHA means 'bluish-white' so we are probably talking about a 'white seed', PL SHE-K?O, 'emit-use arm' = 'throw seed' = 'sow'.

28. I have abstracted the initial xa from *[xa]dar- because it reveals the underlying -*dar-, which is cognate with PIE *dher-, 'unclean substance, gloomy'. The first element, KHE means 'gray' so we are probably talking about a 'gray gloom', PL T?SE-RHE, 'release-drop' = 'faeces'.

There is another root which probably begins with the same first element: *[xa]dir-/*[xa]dur-, 'sleep, be benumbed'. The second element here seems to be PIE 2. *dher-, 'hold fast' (PL T?SE-RO)

Yet another root probably begins with the same first element: *[xa]laķ-, 'clothes'. The second element here seems to be PIE *lenk-, 'hold fast' (PL NHA-QHA, 'move back and forth-hump' = 'thong')

29. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]buč-, 'be angry' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xa, represent PL KHA, 'but'.

30. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]ĉ.ar-, 'be green' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xi, representing PL KHE, 'grey'.

31. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]siķ-, 'cut, pierce' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xa, representing PL KHA, 'but', conveying 'punch through(?)'.

32. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]ţVm-, 'close' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xa, representing PL KHA, 'but', conveying 'push strongly to close(?)'.

33. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]war-/*[xV]yar-, 'be good' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xa, representing PL KHA, 'desire', conveying 'woven together desirably(?)'.

34. I have abstracted the initial xV from *[xV]wiţ-/*[xV]yiţ-, 'sew, tie' but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *xu, representing PL KHO, 'little', conveying 'little knots(?)'.

35. I have abstracted the initial lo from *[lo]ķum-, 'camel', but there is not enough information to replace *o with the appropriate vowel; *o is probably in anticipation of the following *u. A pure guess would be *la, representing PL NHA, 'cattle (in general)', conveying 'domesticated camel(?)'.

36. readers may have noticed that 1554. *ķar-, '(be) cold', has medial *a, and is glossed as a verb whereas 1591. *ķor-, 'cold' (n.), has medial *o, and is glossed as a noun. Some might want to see this as evidence of early vowel patterning but the seemingly sporadic use of different vowels in related words seems not to be able to be subjected to a grammatical rule that I can discover. Of course, another factor is Orel and Stolbova's acumen in reconstructing correct vowel qualities which cannot have been easy. For me, in any case, it is still an open question.

37. I have abstracted the initial nV from *[nV]daw-, 'speak, call', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *nu, representing PL NO, 'feel (emotion)', conveying 'intemperate speech(?)'.

38. I have abstracted the initial nV from *[nV]gil-, 'cut', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *na, representing PL NA, 'nose', conveying 'an excrescence (to be trimmed of)(?)'.

39. I have abstracted the initial nV from *[nV]xaʒ-, 'pierce', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure guess would be *na, representing PL NA, 'nose', conveying 'a pointed tool for puncturing)(?)'.

40. I have abstracted the initial nV from *[nV]xor-, 'snore', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure but likely guess with the semantics involved would be *na, representing PL NA, 'nose', conveying 'noise coming from the nose(?)'.

41. I have abstracted the initial pi from *[pi]rVq-, 'scratch', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure but likely guess with the semantics involved would be *pa, representing PL PHA, 'on', conveying 'deep scratching in a particular spot(?)'.

This is the first time I have been able to identify what I think is a monosyllabic pre-formative adverbial element going back to a PIE-vintage word: namely *pA, 'on', although one might have been expected from the evidence of Hittite , 'go away', from *pA- + *e{:}i-, 'go'.

42. In the case of root 2203. *sar-, I feel strongly that the correct initial derives from PL SA, 'strong', rather than SHA, 'be immobile'; and had serious misgivings about reconstructing 2263. so?-, 'back', with SHO, 'follow', rather than the more natural SO, 'skin'.

I have tentatively concluded that, in several instances, PA replaced ʒ with s at some early date; or that the reconstruction performed by Orel and Stolbova is flawed.

43. I have abstracted the initial wV from *[wV]gVr-, 'dig, cavern', but there is not enough information to replace *V with the appropriate vowel. A pure but likely guess with the semantics involved would be *wu, representing PL FO, 'hole', conveying the end product of 'digging[?])'.

END OF NOTES

WORDS IN HAMITO-SEMITIC ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
REFERENCED ABOVE

Numbers in front of (P)IE cognate roots are from Pokorny (1959)
EMENDATIONS BY AUTHOR ARE IN BRACES ( { . . . } )

PIE vocalic nasals, laterals, and trills are capitalized: M, N, NG, NK, L, R
(?) is a question mark; without parentheses, it is the glottal stop [?]

«?»

2. *?ab-, 'father'; PIE *awo-s, 'maternal grandfather'; PL ?A-P?O, 'family-cheek'

23. *?ax-, 'brother'; PL ?A-KHO, 'family-little'

«b»

159. *ba?/bu-, 'dig, hoe'; PIE in *bha:u-, 'beat, push'; PL P?FA-FA, 'prominent-completely' = 'welt or bruise'

226. *baraķ-, 'lightning'; PIE *bherə{n}ǩ-, 'gleam'; PL P?FA-RHE-QHE, 'prominent-come-pointedly angled' = 'shiny pointedly angled thing'

231. *bariķ-, 'shine, be bright'; PIE *bherə{n}ǩ-, 'gleam'; PL P?FA-RHE-QE, 'prominent-make-juice' = 'shiny oil'

266. *ber-, 'cut'; PIE 3. *bher-, 'cut'; PL P?FE-RE, 'split-make' = 'cut'

294. *birVg-, 'be high'; PIE *bhereǧh-, 'high'; PL P?FE-RA-K?XE, 'extend around-tall-bare' = mountain-peak'

297. *bo?-, 'grass" = PL P?FO-?A, 'plant stalk-stative'

303. *bo¿-bo¿-, 'pour, drink'; PIE 2. *{s}po:(i)-, 'drink'; the s-mobile which devoiced the *b is not attested; PL P?O-¿O, 'swell-cause to' = 'fill up with drink'.

319. *bu?ar-, 'dig'; PIE 3. *bher-, 'cut'; PL P?FO-?A-RE, 'stick-stative-scratch'

338. *bur-, 'boil'; PIE 6. *bher-, 'boil'; PL P?O-RO,

364. *bVhVw-, 'shine'; PIE 1. *bha:-, 'shine'; PL P?FA-HA-FHA, 'prominent-(animate) stative-completely'

«c»

386. *car-, 'elder, chief'; PIE in *stru- (*s-t-ru-: -*t- interposed for ease of pronunciation), 'old'; PL SHO-FHA-RO, 'good-completely-very' = honorable old one'

395. *cim-, 'grass, plant'; in *se:(i)-men-, 'seed', listed under 2. *se:(i)-, 'sow'; PL SHE-¿E-MO, 'self-emitted-like-to a high degree'

«ç»

456. *çura¿- (emended to *č.ura¿-), 'throw'; PIE 3. *ter-, 'turn'; PL TSHO-RHA-¿O, 'move in a circle-fly-cause to' = 'throw (as a boomerang)'

«č»

471. *čam-, 'gather, join'; PIE *(dem6-), 'tame, restrain'; PL T?SO-MA, 'hold-place' = 'cattle pen'

476. *čawVb-/*čayVb-, 'clothes'; basis in PIE *de:i- (listed under *de:-), 'bind'; PL T?E-(FA)-¿E, 'spin around(-completely)-like' = 'wrap(pping)'

477. *čawVr-/*ČVr-, 'bull'; PIE *te:u-ro-, 'bull', listed under *te:u-, 'swell'; initial *t- from *d- is from a attested s-mobile form: *ste:u-ro-; PL T?O-FA-RA, 'lumped-back' = 'zebu'

489. *čor-, 'be strong'; PIE in *deru-, 'hard{ened}, firm'; PL T?O-RO, 'lumped-very' = 'compact(ed)'

«č.»

456a. *č.ura¿-, 'throw'; vide supra 456.

«ĉ»

516. *ĉa?-/*ĉaw-/ĉay-;, 'move upwards'; PIE *g^wa:-, 'go, come'; *g^wei-, 'live'; PL XA-?A/FA/¿E, 'labia majora-stative/completely/like' = 'be born'

550. *ĉe{y}m-, 'go, enter'; PIE *g^w{y}em-, listed under *g^wa:-, 'go, come'; we should expect some residue from the *y we believe was in the PIE form but apparently, it disappeared without a trace; this idea of medial *y is supported, I think, by Arabic šym; PL XA-¿E-ME, 'labia majora-like-expel' = 'give birth to'.

552. *ĉi?-/*ĉiw-, 'darkness'; in PIE *g^weid(h)-, 'mud, semi-liquid filth'; PL XE-?A/FA, 'extends out-stative/completely' = 'covers completely'

565. *ĉorah-, 'swallow'; PIE *g^werə-, listed under 1. *g^wer-, 'swallow'; PL XA-RHE-HE, 'aperture to the )pharynx-fall-move across' = 'swallow'

573. *ĉur-, 'make warm'; PIE *ǧwer- (for *ǧ^wer-, 'illuminate, be hot'; PL XE-RHE, 'extend out-come' = 'radiate'

«d»

589. *da?-, 'child'; PIE *dhe:(i)-, 'nurse'; PL T?SE-?A, 'teat-stative'

591. *da?-, 'urinate, ejaculate, perspire'; PIE *dhe:-, 'set, place, lay'; PL T?SE-?A, 'release-stative'

593. *da?-, 'move'; PIE 3. *dhe:-, 'disappear'; PL T?SE-?A, 'detach-stative'

594. *da?-/*daw-, 'be wet'; PIE 4. *dheu-, 'steam, poach'; PL T?SE-?A/FHA, 'release-stative/completely'

611. *dac-, 'cut, chop'; PIE *dhe:s-, 'in religious matters', which I interpret as 'cut off, taboo'; PL T?SE-?A-SE(-¿E), 'release-stative-separate-like' = 'sacred precinct'

620. *dagan-, 'corn'; PIE *dheiǧh-, 'knead dough'; PL T?SA-¿E-K?XE(-NA), 'long-like-scraped(-thing)' = 'flatten and scraped material'

622. *da¿-/*di¿-, 'look, know'; PIE *dheyə-, 'see, look at'; PL T?SA-¿A, 'long-eye' = 'look hard'

630. *dax-, 'smoke'; PIE *dheuk-, 'light a fire, dark', listed under 4. *dheu-, 'smoke'; PL T?SE-FA-KHA, 'release-completely-strong-smelling'

636. *dal-, 'buttocks'; PIE 1. *dhel-, 'bulge'; PL T?SA-NHA, 'long-cause one's self to be'

637. *dal-, 'be weak, tired'; PIE 3. *dhel-, 'tremble'; PL T?SE-NHA, 'detach-cause one's self to'

639. *dam-, 'blood'; PIE *dhem-, 'dark'; PL T?SE-MA, 'release-place' = 'wound'

640. *dam-, 'flow (of blood)', PIE *dhem-, 'dark'; PL T?SE-MA, 'release-place' = 'wound'

645. *dam-, 'cloud', PIE *dhem-, 'dark'; PL T?SE-MA, 'release-place' = 'dark rain-cloud'

659. *dar-, 'man, master'; PIE 2. *dher-, 'hold fast'; PL T?SE-RO, 'finger{s}-raise' = 'grasp with the fingers'; v. infra 718.

664. *daw-, 'day'; 3. *dheu-, 'polished, gleam'; PL T?SE-FA, 'pluck-completely' = 'clear off'

665. *daw-/*day-, 'arrow'; PIE first element of *dhe:ig^w-, 'stick into'; with s-mobile form: *(s)t{h}ei-, 'pointed'; PL T?SE-?A-¿E, 'pointed-stative-like'

666. *dawa?-/*daya?-, 'be ill'; PIE *dheu{/wə}-, 'become unconscious'; PL T?SA-FA-?A, 'long-completely-stative' = 'laid out on the ground'

673. *day-, 'put'; PIE 2. *dhe:{i}-, 'put'; PL T?SE-?A-¿E

678. *deman-, 'cloud, rain'; PIE *dhem-, 'dark'; PL T?SE-MA, 'release-place' = 'dark rain-cloud'

681. *den-, 'dwell, remain'; 2. *dhen-, 'flat ground'; PL T?SA-NA, 'long-thing' = 'flat stretch of ground'

692. *did{i}-, 'elder'; PIE 1. *dhe:- (*dhe:-dh[e:]), 'older family members'; PL T?SE-?A(-T?SE-?A), 'released-all' = 'freed from normal duties'

711. *din-, 'cloud, rain'; PIE 3. *dhen-, 'beat, *pat'; PL T?SE-NA, 'release-thing' = 'rain-cloud'

718. *dir-, 'learn, remember'; PIE 2. *dher-, 'hold'; PL T?SE-RO, 'finger{s}-raise' = 'grasp with the fingers'; v. supra 659.

723. *dob-, 'water'; PIE basis in 1. *dheu-, 'run, stream'

738. *duham- {metathesized from *dimuh}, 'be dark'; PIE *dhem{ə}-, 'dark'; PL T?SE-MO-HA, 'release-to a high degree-durative' - 'absence (of light)'

745. *dun-, 'sing, murmur'; PIE 3. *dhen-, 'beat, push'; PL T?SE-NA, 'release-thing' = 'musical time{?}'

752. *dün-, 'sound, voice'; PIE 1. dhen-, 'flow'; PL T?SE-NA, 'release-thing' = 'murmuring brook{?}'

768. *dVwVr- {for ĉ.war-, 'turn'; PIE *dhwe/e:r-, 'door'; PL T?SO-FA-RE, 'swing around-leaf-use' = 'use door-leaf'

«f»

772. *faķ-, 'pierce, tear'; PIE *p{h}ei(n)ǩ-, listed under 1. *peig-, 'stick'; PL PFHE-¿E-QHE, 'pointed-like-prick' = 'means for puncturing'

774. *fal-/*fa?Vl-, 'magic word, omen'; PIE *(s)pel-, 'speak loudly, emphatically'; PL PFHA-NHA, 'abrading-cause to be'

775. *fal-/*ful-, 'liver, lungs'; PIE 1. *pel-, 'fill'; in *pl(e)u-mono-, 'lung'; PL PHO-NHA, 'full-cause to be'

777. *fan- {emended to *pan-}, 'look for, watch'; 'flat thing' in PIE *pa/a:n-, 'fabric' = 'face'; PL PHA-NA, 'flat-thing' = 'face'

792. *fer-, 'scratch, peel'; PIE 4. *(s)p(h)er-, 'rip, shred'; PL PFHE-RE, 'split apart-make'

797. *fi?-, 'blow'; PIE in *(s)p(h)ye:u-, 'spit'; PL PFHE-¿E-?A, 'spray-like-stative' = 'saliva (n.)'

801. *fil-, 'skin, rub'; PIE *(s)p(h)el-, 'skin', listed under 1. *(s)p(h)el-, 'split'; PL PFHE-NHA, 'split apart-cause to be'

802. *fin-, 'nose; smell'; PIE in **pen(dh)-, 'nose'; reconstructed by author; cf. Ossetic finĵ, 'nose'; Egyptian fnD, 'nose'; first element in *pneu=, 'breathe'; PL PHO-NA, 'exhale-thing'

803. *finax-, 'opening'; PIE first element in 1. *(s)pen(-d-), 'pull'; PL PHO-NA-KHO, 'stretch one's self-thing-small' = '(remove) covering'

809. *fit- {emended to *fut-}, 'land'; PIE 2. *pe/e:d-, 'floor. place'; PL PHO-T?E, 'stretch one's self-ball of the foot' = 'foot' = 'foundation'

810. *fit-/*fut-, 'jump'; PIE 2. *pe/e:d-, 'go, fall'; PL PHO-T?E, 'stretch one's self-ball of the foot' = 'foot' = 'move on foot'

813. *fiwaħ-, 'smell, blow'; PIE *p(h)uk-, 'exhalation', listed under 1. *pu/u:-, 'blow up', but properly from 2. *pu/u:-, 'decay, stink'; PL PFHE-FHA-HHA, 'split apart-completely-durative' = 'split apart during decomposition'

814. *fiwaq- (emended to *fiwax-), 'blow'; PIE *p(h)uk-, 'exhalation', listed under 1. *pu/u:-, 'blow up'; PL PHO-FHA-KHO, 'exhale-completely-little' = 'exhalation'

826. *fuf-, 'lung, breast'; PIE *pu-p-, 'breast', listed under 1. *pu/u:-, 'blow up'; cf. Old Indian pupphusa-, 'lung'; PL PHO-FHA-PHO(-FHA), 'exhale-completely-all' = '(empty) lungs'

831. *ful-, 'hide, husk'; PIE *(s)p(h)el-, 'skin', listed under 1. *(s)p(h)el-, 'split'; PL PFHE-NHA, 'split-cause to be' = 'split to be removed'

832. *funVg-, 'nose'; PIE *pneu-g-, 'breathe', under *pneu-, 'breathe'; PL PHO-NA-FA-K?XO, 'exhale-thing-collective-cavity' = 'breathing cavity' = 'air passage'

833. *furVh-, 'fear'; PIE 1. *per-, 'snort, puff and blow'; PL PHO-RE-HA, 'exhale-make-stative' = 'snort'

835. *fus-, 'be angry' -AND- *1882. nufas-, 'blow, breathe; PIE *p{h}us-, 'blow', listed under 1. *p{h}u/u:-, 'blow up'; PL (NA-)PHO-FHA-SHE, '(nose-)blowout completely-emit itself' = 'blow nose'

836. *fut-, 'hole, vulva'; PIE *p{h})ud-, under 2. *p{h}u/u:-, 'decay, stink'; PL PFHE-FHA-T?O, 'split-completely-lump' = 'mons Veneris'

837. *fut-, 'vomit'; PIE *p(h)ud-, under 2. *pu/u:-, 'decay, stink'; PL PFHE-FHA-T?O, 'split-completely-lump' = 'vomit'

840. *fuy-, 'chaff, shell'; PIE base in *pe:u-, 'beat'; PL PFHO-¿E, 'stamp-like' = 'crush(ed) seed coating'

842. *füč.-, 'sweep, clean'; *pu/u:-to-, 'pure', listed under 1. *peu-, 'clean'; PL PHE-FHA-TSHO, 'dust-completely-circular motion' = 'swing a broom'

846. *fVr-, 'boil'; PIE 1. *per-, 'spray'; PL PHO-RHE, 'swell up-fall'

848. *fVţ-, 'pull out, take (out)'; PIE *pe/e:d-, 'grasp'; PL PFHO-T?O, 'press down on-put together' = 'grasp with the aim of removing and collecting'

«g»

858. *gab[ah]-, 'front'; PIE first element in *ghebh-el- {for *ǧhebh-}, 'head'; PL K?XE-P?FO(-HA), 'bare-place(-stative)' - 'summit'

859. *gaba?-, 'hand, arm'; PIE *{n}g{h}abh-, 'grasp, take'; PL QO-P?FO-?A, 'balled hand-place-stative' = 'fist'

862. *gac-, 'bank, side'; PIE *ans- (for **NGsV-), 'well inclined towards, be favorable'; PL QO-SO, 'shoulder-skin' = 'shoulder contour'; v. infra 903.

874. *ga¿-, 'be empty'; PIE 1. *ǧhe:-, *ǧe:i-, 'be empty'; PL K?XE-?A-¿O, 'bare-stative-cause to make' = 'excavate(d) permanently'

885. *gal-gal-, 'hunger'; PIE possibly *ghe{:}l-, 'call out, cry'; PL K?XE-?A-NHA, 'bare-stative-cause to be-all' = 'empty out lungs completely groaning'

886. *gal-gal-, 'lightning'; PIE 1. ǧhel-, 'gleam, shimmer'; PL K?XA-¿E-NHA, 'hang-like-cause to be-all' = 'afterglow'

892. *gan-/*gin-, 'go, walk'; PIE first element in *ǧhengh- {partial reduplication}, 'stride'; PL K?XE-NA, 'scraped-thing' = 'saunter'

897. *gar-, 'be angry'; PIE in *ǧhers-, 'stare, shudder, be excited'; PL K?XA-RE, 'hang-make' = 'be immobilized'

900. *gara¿-, 'cut'; ; PIE 2. *ǧher-, 'inscribe'; PL K?XE-RE-¿O, 'scraped-make-cause to' = 'scratch bare'

901. *gas-, 'container'; PIE first element in 1. *ǧhesor-, '[cupped] hand'; PL K?XE-SO, 'bare-skin' = 'cupped hand as container'

902. *gas-/*gus-, 'move'; PIE ǧheu-s-, 'bring into powerful movement', listed under *ǧheu-, 'pour'; PL K?XE-FA-SHE, 'empty out-completely-separate one's self' = 'vacate'

903. *gaso?-, 'antelope'; PIE possibly *ans- (for **NGsV-), 'well inclined towards, be favorable'; ; PL QO-SO-?A, 'shoulder-skin-stative' = 'shoulder contour'; v. supra 862.

905. *gaw-, 'bull, buffalo'; PIE *g^wou- (for **(n)gwou-), 'cattle'; PL QO-FA, 'testicle-pair'^*(10)*

906. *gawVf-, 'interior'; PIE first element of PA is *ǧhe:u-, 'gape'; PL K?XE-FA, 'bare-completely' = 'earthen floor[?]'

909. *gawo-, 'sing'; PIE in *ǧha{:}u-, 'call (to)'; PL K?XE-HA-FHA, 'empty-airs'

912. *gayV¿-, 'work'; PIE *ǧhei- {for *{n}gyei-}, 'impel, move lively'; PL QA-¿E-¿O, 'hump-like-cause to be' = 'bent over at work'

916. *gena¿-, 'hand'; PIE first element in *ghend-, 'grasp, grab'; PL K?XO-NA-¿O, 'put into-thing-cause to be' = 'form a cupped hand for securing something'

917. *gir-, 'dog, cub'; PIE 6. ǧher-, 'small'; PL K?XE-RO, 'lack(ing)-very' = 'deficient'

930. *gir-, 'fire'; PIE 3. *ǧher-, 'gleam'; PL K?XE-RE, 'shiny-make to be'

931. *gir-, 'be hot'; PIE 3. *ǧher-, 'gleam'; PL K?XE-RE, 'shiny-make to be'

958. *gor-gor-, 'plant, leaf'; PIE 3. *gher-, 'protrude, grow'; PL K?XO-RHE(-K?XO-RHE), 'hole-come (from)' = 'grow'

960. *gora¿-, 'throat, neck'; PIE base in 1. *gher-, 'gurgling sound'; PL K?XO-RA-¿V, 'throat-spine-?'

984. *gur-, 'house, place'; PIE *ǧher-, 'encompass'

985. *gur-, 'pull'; PIE perhaps 2. *gher-, 'skim over'; PL K?XO-RE, 'put down-make'= 'bring down'

987. *gur-, 'hole'; PIE *ǧher-, 'empty space', listed under 1. *ǧhe:-, 'be empty, missing'; PL K?XO-¿E-RE, 'throat-like-make'

988. *guray-, 'hen[, rooster]'; PIE base in 1. *gher-, 'gurgling sound'; PL K?XO-RHA-¿E, 'throat-bird-like'

«ġ»

1004. *ġal-, 'kill'; PIE 2. *k{h}el-, 'beat, hew{, butcher}; PL KXHO-NHA, 'cut-cause to be'

1006. *ġar-, 'army'; PIE *k{h}oro-s, 'war, army'; PL KXHO-RO, 'cut-part' = 'spear-blade[?]' = 'spearmen' = 'army'

1007. *ġar-, 'skin'; PIE *(s)k{h}er-, 'shrivel, raw skin'; PL KXHO-RE, 'scrape-make'

1008. *ġarub-, 'darkness'; PIE first element in 6. *k{h}er-, 'dark, dirty, and gray shades'; PL KXHO-RA-P?FE, 'close up-color-place'

1013. *ġič-, 'be bad'; PIE *ǩ{h}a/a:d-, 'hatred, sorrow, emotional discomfort'; PL KXHA-¿E-T?O. 'hurt-like-put together' = 'mental pain'

1015. *ġor-, 'crow'; PIE 1. *k{h}er-, 'hoarse, rough sounds'; PL KXHO-RHA, 'scrape-bird' = 'crow' = 'characteristic cry'

1020. *ġurab-, 'raven, crow'; PIE 1. *k{h}er-, 'hoarse, rough sounds, crow'; PL KXHO-RHA-P?FE, 'scrape-bird-track' = 'crow('s track)'

1022. *ġuwuţ- {emended to *ġuwuç-}, 'dig'; PIE 6. *{s}k{h}e:u-(t-) {for *{s}k{h}o:u-(t-)}, 'cut, poke'; PL KXHO-FHA-THO, 'cut-completely-collection' = 'cutting wounds'

1024. *ġūr-, 'war, plunder'; PIE *k{h}o{:}ro-s, 'war, army'; PL KXHO-HA-RO, 'cut-durative-part' = 'booty removed'

«¿»

1028. *[¿a]bal-, 'be big, be thick'; PIE 2. *bel-, 'strong'; PL P?A-NHA, 'buttock-move back and forth' = 'swagger[?]'^*(16)* ^*(17)*

1029. *[¿a]bod-, 'slave'; PIE **bhed(h)-, Germanic *bot- (unattested), '*body'; PL P?FO-T?SA, 'leg-body' = 'human unit'^*(16)*

1030. *[¿a]bül-, 'leaf'; PIE 4. *b{h}el-, 'bud'; PL P?O-NHE, 'swollen-little' = 'bud'^*(16)*

1050. *[¿a]füç-, 'be bitter'; PIE *pu:-ti-, 'putrefaction', listed under 2. *pu:u-, 'decompose, 'stink'; PL PHO-FHA-THO, 'swell up-completely-collection' = 'swollen carcass'^*(16)*

1059. *¿al-, 'leaf' {emended to *?al-}; PIE 2. *al-, 'grow'; PL ?A-NHA, 'top-cause to be'

1060. *¿al-, 'rise' {emended to *?al-}; PIE 2.*al-, 'grow'; PL ?A-NHA, 'top-cause to be'

1061. *¿al-, 'top' {emended to *?al-}; PIE 2. *al-, 'grow'; cf. *al-t-, 'height'; PL ?A-NHA, 'top-cause to be'

1062. *[¿a]laķ-, 'tie, untie' ; PIE *lenk-, 'bend'; PL NHA-QHA, 'move back and forth-hump' = 'make a knot'^*(16)*

1079. *[¿a]wan-, 'palm tree'; PIE *weni-s, 'pasturage, animal fodder{, leaf}', listed inappropriately under 1. *wen-, 'strive, wish, love, be satisfied'; PL FA-NA, 'leaf-thing' = 'vegetation'^*(16)*

1093. *[¿e]ray-, 'river'; PIE *erei-, 'flow', listed inappropriatly under 3. *er-, set in motion, excite, bring up'; PL RHE-¿E, 'come down-like' = 'flow'^*(16)*

1094. *¿ib-/¿ub-, 'breast, bosom'; PIE in *eibh- {metathesized from **yebh-}, 'copulate{, press bodies together'; PL ¿E-P?FE, 'abdomen-place'

1102. *[¿i]lay-, 'rise'; PIE *la:-, elə-, listed under 6. *el-, 'drive, set in motion, go{, climb up}'; PL NHA-¿E, 'from under-move back and forth-like'^*(17)*

1107. *¿og-, 'shout, call'; PIE *e:ǧ- (for *e:ǧh-), 'speak, say'; PL ¿O-K?XE, 'fist-empty out' = 'use cupped hands to direct loud voice'

1109. *¿ol-, 'be ill'; PIE 7. *el-, 'hungry, bad'PL ¿O-NHA, 'forcedly-move back and forth' = 'be dizzy'

1123. *[¿u]pel-, 'hill, stone'; PIE *peli-s, 'rock{, shard}', a derivative of 1. *(s)p(h)el-, 'split off'; PL PHE-NHA, 'dust-cause to be' = 'pile of rubble'^*(18)*

1124. *[¿u]pVl- {emended to *[¿u]bVl-}, 'insect'; PIE 3. *bhel- {for *bel-}, 'blow up, swell up'; PL P?O-NHA, 'swollen-cause to be' = 'bulbous shape'^*(19)*

1128. *[¿V]bo?-, 'light, shine'; PIE 1. *bha:-, 'gleaming, shining'; PL P?FA-?A, 'prominent-stative' = 'stand out'^*(20)*

«h»

1137. *ha?-/*hay-, 'take'; PIE 3. *a{:}i-, 'give, give out, take'; PL HA-?A/¿E, 'move across-stative/like' = 'exchange'

1148. *ha?-/*haw-/*hay-, 'be, exist'; PIE first element in *a{:}yu-, 'energy{, lung power}'; PL HA-¿E, 'breathe-like' = 'be alive'

1154. *had-, 'thorn'; PIE 1. *edh- (for *a{:}dh-}, 'pointed'; PL HA-T?SE, 'hollow-pointed' = 'thorn'

1159. *har-, 'back'; PIE in *ers- {for *a{:}rs-}, 'backside'; PL HA-RA, 'hollow-spine' = 'lower back(side) or anal crevice'

1162. *haw-, 'want'; PIE 7. *a{:}w-, 'like, want'; PL HA-FHA, 'breathe-completely' = 'pant (for)'

1165. *haway-, 'blow'; PIE 10. *a{:}w(e)-, 'blow'; PL HA-FHA-¿E, 'air-wind-like' = 'blowing wind'

1169. *hay-, 'speak'; PIE 5. *a{:}i-, 'meaningful speech'; PL HA-¿E, 'air-like' = 'whisper[?]'

1171. *her-, 'feline'; PIE *e/e:reb(h)-, 'dark-red, brownish shades'; PL HE-RA, 'smoke-color' = 'orange'

1173. *heraw-/*heray-, 'day'; PIE *ori-, listed under 3. er-, 'bring up'; PL HE-RA-FA/¿E, 'smoke-color-color adj./color adj.' = '(morning) daylight'; N.B. this might also be the result of HO-RA, 'sun-color' = 'golden'.

1191. *hoʒ-, 'sleep'; PIE *a{:}us-, listed under 2. *a{:}u-, 'stay overnight'; PL HA-FHA-SE, 'persist in an activity-completely-apart' = 'be separated by sleep'

1192. *[hu]bag-/*[hu]big-, 'strike'; PIE *bhe/e:gh-/*bho:/ogh-, 'quarrel'; PL P?FE-K?XO, 'come apart-hole' = 'wound'^*(21)*

1197. *[hu]mac- {emended to [hu]maç-}, 'grass, straw'; PIE 2. *me:- {for *ma:-}, *m-e-t-, 'mow, hay'; PL MHA(-THO), 'bite(-collection'^*(22)*

1204. *[hV]bat-/*[hV]bit-, 'throw down'; PIE **bha:d-, '*push over'; *bha:t-, 'beat, push'; 1. *bha:u-, 'beat, push'; PL P?FA-T?A, 'prominence-give' = 'bruise'^*(23)*

«ħ»

1214. *[ħa]č.ar-, 'fence, enclosure'; PIE *ardh- {from *RdhV- [?]}, 'pole?'; PL RO-T?SO, 'raised-branch' = 'picket'^*(24)*

1216. *ħaf-, 'bank'; PIE 2. *a:p-, 'water, river'; PL HHA-PFHO, 'water-stamp' = 'bank, marked by foor and hoof'

1217. *[ħa]fal-/*ħafil-, 'be full'; PIE 1. *pel-, 'fill up'; PL PHO-NHA, 'inflate-case to be'^*(25)*

1224. *[ħa]ķVw-, 'hip, thigh' ; PIE first element in *anku-lo-, listed under 2. *ank- {from *NKV- [?]}, 'bend'; PL QHA-FA, 'humped-round'^*(26)*

1226. *ħal-, 'wash'; PIE 6. *a{:}l-, 'white'; PL HHA-NHA, 'water-move back and forth' = 'rinse'

1228. *ħal-/ħil-, 'go'; PIE 6. *e{:}l-, 'move one's self'; PL HHE-NHA, 'move from under-cause to be' = 'get up and go'

1232. *ħam-/ħim-, 'be black'; PIE *andho- (*M- + -*dhA-),'blind, dark'; PL HHA-MO, 'shiny-to a high degree' = 'black'

1241. *ħar-, 'sky'; PIE *ar(e)-ǧ-, 'whitish{, pale}'; PL HHA-RA, 'water-color'

1242. *ħar-, 'arm'; PIE in *a{:}rə-mo-, 'arm' (Pokorny 1959: 58), listed inappropriately under 1. *ar-, 'fit'; PL HHA-RHA, 'move back and forth-suspend' = 'movable appendage'

1244. *ħas-, 'roast'; PIE *a/a:s-, 'burn, glow' {probably 'bury in live ash'}; PL HHA-SHA, 'bright-condition' = 'ash [?]'

1247. *[ħa]sek-, 'cereal'; PIE 1. *seg-, 'sow'; PL SHE-K?O, 'seed-use arm' = 'throw seed'^*(27)
*

1248. *ħaŝ-, 'cut'; PIE *a{:}k^w- {for *a{:}ǩ^w-}, 'damage'; PL HHA-XHE, 'move back and forth-puncture' = 'perforate [?]'

1265. *ħer-, 'be dry'; PIE 2. *er-, 'earth'; PL HHE-RE, 'smoke-apply'

1266. *reħač- (O&S alternate reconstruction), 'sow (better 'till')'; PIE 2.*re:d-, 'scrape'; PL RE-HHA-T?O, 'scratch-move back and forth-lump' = 'clod produced by tilling'

1270. *ħig-, '[thorny] plant'; PIE *eghi-, 'hedgehog'; PL HHE-K?XA, 'rise-hang' = 'detachable and adhesive bristle'

1283. *ħul-, 'bird{, owl}'; PIE *u{:}l-, 'howl, owl'; PL HHO-FHA-NHA, 'sleep-completely-move back and forth' = '(hoot like an )owl with eyes closed'

1288. *ħunaħ-, 'be afraid'; PIE 9. *a{:}w(e)-, 'wet' + 2. *na:-, 'be afraid, ashamed'; PL HHA-FHA, 'ater' + NA-HHA, 'nose-water' = 'mucus' = 'runny nose'

1289. *ħupet-, 'go'; PIE 9. *aw(e)-, 'wet' + 2. *pe/e:d-, 'go' = 'go over water'; PL HHA-FHA, 'water' + PHA-T?E, 'flat-(ball of )foot' = 'go on foot'

1295. *ħVkay-, 'call'; PIE in 1. *e{:}i-, 'go [up]' + *ge:(i)-,'sing, call, cry'; PL HHE, 'go up' + K?A-¿E, 'jaw-like' = 'call out'

1296. *ħVmaĉ.-, 'be sour'; PIE in 9. *aw(e)-, 'wet' + *médhu-,'honey, mead'; PL HHA(-FHA), 'water' + ME-T?SO(-FA), 'tongue-hold(-completely)' = 'savor' = 'sour[?]/sweet'

1298. *ħVmVr-, 'be red'; PIE in 9. *aw(e)-, 'wet' + 3. *(mer-), 'blacken, dark color, decorative spot' / *moro-, 'blackberry'; PL HHA(-FHA), 'water' + MO-RA, 'blood-color' = 'red dye'

1300. *ħVsaw-/*ħVsay-, 'drink'; PIE in 9. *aw(e)-, 'wet' + (first element) *sa:-,'be satisfied'; PL HHA(-FHA), 'water' + SHA-FHA/¿E, 'be satisfied-completely/like' ='slake thirst'

1303. *ħVw-, 'rain'; PIE 9. *a{:}w(e)-, 'wet'; PL HHA-FHA, 'water'

«x»

1306. *xa{?}-, 'be young'; PIE *ka:-, 'like, desire'; in 2. *ka(:)t-, 'bear young, animal young'; PL KHA(-?A), 'desire(-stative)' = 'desired one'

1309. *xa?-/*xaw- {emended to *ġa?-/*ġaw-}, 'grind, beat'; PIE in *k{h}a:u-, 'hew, beat'; PL KXHA-?A/FHA, 'hurt-stative/completely' = 'caused pain'

1310. *xa?-/*xu?- {emended to *ġa?-/*ġu?-}, 'fire'; PIE in 3. *k{h}a:i-, 'heat'; PL KXHA-?A, 'burn (sensation)-stative' = 'burning pain'

1314. *xabal- {emended to *ġabal-}, 'weakness'; PIE in 3. *k{h}a:i-, 'heat' + in *bheleu-, 'weak'; PL KXHA, 'burning sensation' + P?FE-NHA, 'swing back and forth-cause to be' = 'dizzying fever'

1318. *xaç-, 'axe'; PIE 2. *ǩa{:}t- {emended to *ka{:}t-}, 'fight[, knock down]'; PL KHA-(?A-)THO, 'butt-(stative-)collection' = 'repeated strong pushes'

1319. *xaç-, 'leaf, plant'; PIE possibly 1. *ka{:}t-, 'weave together into chains, cords, wattles'; PL KHA-(?A-)THO, 'wind around-(stative-)collection' = 'tie material together with of of cord'

1323. *[xa]dar-, 'darkness'; PIE in 2. *ǩei-, 'dark colors' + 1. *dher-, 'unclean substance, gloomy'; PL T?SE-RHE, 'release-drop' = 'faeces'^*(28)*

1324. *[xa]dir-/*[xa]dur-, 'sleep, be benumbed'; PIE in 2. *ǩei-, 'dark colors' + 2. *dher-, 'hold fast'; PL T?SE-RO, 'finger-raise' = 'curl fingers around something (in darkness)'^*(28)*

1327. *[xa]laķ-, 'clothes'; PIE in 2. *ǩei-, 'dark colors' + *lenk-, 'bend, thong'; PL NHA-QHA, 'move back and forth-hump' = 'thong [?]'^*(28)*

1334. *xar-, 'excrements' -AND- 1336. *xar-, 'defecate'; PIE s-mobile form: *sker-(d-) {for [s]ǩer-(d-)}*, 'defecate, manure'; without s-mobile: 6. *ǩer-, 'dark, dirty, and gray shades'; the Hittite form šakkar, gen. šaknaš, 'excrement'. This circumtance which might suggest 2. *sek-, 'cut', as the root, is better interpreted through the existence of xar-; the Hittite form is the result of false analysis of the final as indicating the nominative of the r/n declension; PL KHE-RA, 'grey-color'; PIE *su- {from *s^w ^*(10)*}, 'well, 'good', suggests to me that s-mobile may represent PL SHO.

1337. *xas-, 'grass', -AND- 1338. *xasay-, 'grass' -AND- *xas-, 'rub, pound' ; PIE probably *kes-, 'scratch, comb{, heather, tow, rub}'; PL KHA-SHE, 'horn(tool)-separate' = 'comb' or 'separate fiber in strands'

1344. *xaʒod-, 'rot, be rotten'; PL KHA, 'strong smelling' + PIE *seu-d- {for *seu-dh-}, 'dirty', list inappropriately under 1. *seu--, 'juice, wetness'; PL SE-FA-T?SA, 'emitted-completely-body' = 'fecal roll'

1347. *xil-, 'pierce'; PIE probably 3. ǩel-, 'thin shaft, arrow, stiff straw{, spine, thorn}'; PL KHE-NHA, 'cause one's self to puncture' = 'pierce'

1350. *xiyal-, 'be clever'; PIE possibly *ke:l-, 'make a fool out of, misrepresent, flatter, betray'; PL KHA-¿E-NHA, 'cause one's self to be goat-like' = 'take advantage of'

1352. *xol-, 'cut'; PIE 3. *kel-, 'beat, hew{, cut}'; PL KHO-NHA, 'cause one's self to {make} little' = 'chop up'

1353. *xom-, 'be sick, be ill'; PIE 4. *ǩem(ə)-, 'tire one's self, be tired'; PL KHO-¿E-MO, 'little-like-high degree' = 'be diminshed, depleted'

1363.*xub, 'hole, pit'; IE *keu-bh-, 'hole', listed under 2. *keu-, 'hole'; PL KHO-FHA-P?FO, 'indented-place' = 'hole'

1368.*xud, 'cut'; IE *ka-ku-d{h}-, 'cavity', listed under 2. *keu-, 'hole'; PL KHO-FHA-T?SA, 'indented-body' = 'indentation'

1375.*xur, 'cut' -AND- 1376. *xur-, 'hole, pit'; IE in *ske:u-r-, 'cavity', listed under 6. *{s}ke:eu-(t-), 'cut, scratch, put holes in'; PL KHO-FHA-RE, 'indented-scratch' = 'dig hole'

1380.*xuţ, 'dig, scratch'; IE *ka-ku-d-, 'cavity', listed under 2. *keu-, 'hole'; PL KHO-FHA-T?O, 'indented-lump' = '{make} clods'

1382. *[xV]buč-, 'be angry'; PIE possibly *bhu:d-, listed under 1. *bha:/au-, 'beat, push'; PL P?FA-FA-T?O, 'bruises-put together' = 'beat black and blue'; NOTE: in support of this connection semantically, let me mention that I have rarely seen a root designating a mental state that did not choose to indicate it by a concrete observable sign of its outward expression.^*(29)*

1384. *[xV]ĉ.ar-, 'be green'; PIE possibly in *dherəbh-, 'marc (from green grapes?)', listed under 1. *dher-, 'dull shades'; PL T?SO-RA, 'plant limb-color' = 'dull green'^*(30)

1387. *xVl-, 'close, lock'; PIE 4. *ǩel-, 'hold, veil'; PL KHE-NHA, 'gray-cause one's self to be' = 'obscure'; the idea seems to be retaing possession by obscuring the location in addition to protecting from the sun by a shade of some kind.

1389. *xVn-, 'preserve, keep {food}'; PIE 3. *ken-, 'come forth fresh'; PL KHO-NA, 'young-thing' = 'preserve'

1391. *[xV]siķ-, 'cut, pierce'; PIE 2. *se/e:k-, 'cut' ; PL SHE-KXHO, 'separate-cut' = 'cut apart'; for KXHO instead of the dorsal nasal expected from ķ, notice Egyptian zx, 'cut'.^*(31)*

1393. *[xV]ţVm-, 'close'; PIE *dem-, 'put together'; PL T?O-MO, 'put together-high degree' = 'close tight'^*(32)*

1394. *[xV]war-/*[xV]yar-, 'be good'; PIE 11. *we{:}r-, 'show friendship'; PL FHE-RO, 'weave {together}-intensely' = 'close knit'; I believe the second root form is actually a separate root which will be discussed below at #1394a.^*(33)*

*1394a. *{xVyar-}, 'be good'; PIE *ka:-ro-, 'dear, desirable', listed under *ka:-, 'like,desire'; PL KHA-[?A-]/[¿E-]RE, 'desire[d(stative-)]/[-like]-make' = 'set object of desire'; I believe that PA has omitted the ? while PIE has omitted the ¿.

*1395. *[xV]wiţ-/*[xV]yiţ-, 'sew, tie'; PIE *we{:}id-, 'turn, bend{, lace, weave}'; PL FHE-¿E-T?O, 'weave-like-lump' = 'knot'^*(34)*

«k»

1400. *ka?-, 'say, shout'; PIE *ge:(i)-: *go:(i)-: *gi:-, 'sing, call, cry out'; PL K?A(?A), 'jaw, speak (loudly)'; PIE properly *ga:(i)-; *go:(i)- is also a possibility as a separate root from K?O(?A), 'neck, shout'; *ge:(i)- has been formed analogously but cannot be original or it would be **ǧe:(i)-.

1406. *kab-, 'shoe, sandal{, clog}'; PIE *geu-bh-, 'block (of wood)', listed under *ge:u-, 'bend, bend in a curve, arch'; PL K?O-FA-P?FE, 'bowed back-foot' = 'clog sandal/slipper'

1416. *kakar-, 'circle, ring'; PIE unreduplicated: *ger-, 'turn, wind'; PL K?O-RE, 'twist-make' = 'circle'

1418. *kal-, 'go' -AND- 1420. *kalah-, 'go'; PIE in *ǧlei- {for *ǧla[:]i-, 'run up to, storm'; PL K?E-NHA, 'poke-move' = 'run into'

1419. *kal-, 'female in-law'; PIE in *ǧ(_e)lo:w-, 'sister-in-law'; PL K?E-NHO, 'male-avoid' = 'in seclusion'

1424. *kama?-/*kamay-, 'food'; PIE in *ǧem{-}bh-, 'bite, bite apart'; PL K?E-MA(-P?FE), 'pierce-place(-place)' = 'tooth, set of teeth'

1434. *kar-/*kayar-, 'dog; PIE 2. *ger-, 'cry hoarsely' (this PIE root is the basis for English 'cur'); PL
K?A-RE, 'speak loudly-make' = 'growl'

1444. *ken-, 'know, learn; PIE 2. *ǧen-, 'recognize, know'; PL K?E-NA, 'point forward (at)-thing' = 'recognize'

1450. *ki?-, 'man, {male} child' = PL K?E(?A), 'penis'; v. #1419

1453. *kič-, 'bite'; PIE *geid-, 'stick, bite'; PL K?A-¿E-T?O, 'jaw-like-put together' = 'bite down on'

1474. *kol-, 'return, go around'; PIE *gel-, 'something rounded'; PL K?O-NHA, 'twist-cause one's self to' = 'go around'

1480. *kor-, 'ass, donkey'; PIE 2. *ger-, 'cry hoarsely'; PL K?O-RHA, 'neck-high' = 'bray'

1481. *kor-, 'be round'; PIE 3. *ger-, 'turn, wind'; PL K?O-RE, 'twist-make' = 'turn'

1482. *kor{ah}-, 'be angry'; PIE 2. *ger-, 'cry hoarsely'; PL K?O-RO-HA, 'neck-raise-air' = 'grumble'

1488. *kub-, 'house'; PIE *geu-bh-, 'small building', listed under *ge:u-, 'bend, bend in a curve, arch'; PL K?O-FA-P?FO, 'bowed back-place' = 'hut'

1492. *kuha?-, 'speak, shout'; PIE *go:(i), 'sing, call, cry', listed under *ge:(i)-; PL K?O-FA-HA-?A, 'bowed back-breath' = 'call'

1501. *kur-, 'boat{, coracle}; PIE 3. *ger-, 'turn, wind'; PL K?O-RE, 'twist-make' = 'round'

1518. *kVmV?-, 'bind'; PIE ǧem(e{:}), 'marry'; PL K?A-¿E-MO-?A, 'uterus-person-state' = 'bound together'

«ķ»

1522. *ķa?-, 'see' = PL QHA(?A), 'hump'; quite possibly the first element in PIE *{n}kamer-, 'arch', listed under 2/ *(enebh); the idea seems to be shading the eyes with a cupped hand.

1527. *ķab-, 'cold' = PL QHE(P?FO), 'cool-place'; quite possibly the first element in PIE *Mbh- { *NKbh-), 'fog, dampness', listed under 2. *(enebh-); the *NK has been voiced and labialized in contact with *bh.

1530 *ķaç-, 'bone', -AND- 1557. *ķas-, 'bone'; these two roots have been conflated in PIE to *{n}ko{s-}t-. 'bone', and *os{-t}(h)- ( *NKs-t-), 'bone'; PL QHA-THO, 'hard-collect' = 'bone pile'; QHA-SHA, 'hard-state' = 'hardness'

1531. *ķaç-/ķuç-, 'cut{, abrade, scrape}'; PIE *{s}{n}ke:th-/*sk6th-, 'damage'; PL QHE-THO, 'scrape-collection' = 'abrasion'

1532. *ķač-, 'divide; PIE *(s){n}k(h)ed-, 'split apart, strew around'; PL QHE-T?O, 'scrape-put together' = 'distribute'; definitely not an extension of *sek-.

1541. *ķal-/ķawal-, 'speak'; PIE 6. *{n}kel-, 'call, cry out, make noise, ring'; PL QHA-NHA, 'high-cause one's self to be' = 'raise voice'

1548. *ķap-, 'head, occiput'; PIE in *{n}ka{:}p-ut-, 'head'; PL QHA-PHA, 'high-flat' = 'back of head'

1549. *ķar-, 'horn'; PIE 1. *{n}ǩe{:}r-, 'horn'; PL QHE-RA, 'spur(red)-tree' = 'rack of antlers'

1552. *ķar-, 'mountain'; PIE 1. *{n}ǩe{:}r-, 'pinnacle'; PL QHE-RE, 'spur(red)/pointedly angled-scratch' = 'peak'

1553. *ķar-, 'burn, fire'; PIE 3. *{n}ǩe{:}rə-, 'boil, cook'; PL QHE-RHA, 'hiss-fly' = 'sizzle'

1554. *ķar-, '(be) cold' -AND- 1591. *ķor-, 'cold' (n.); PIE 1. *(s){n}ker-, 'shrivel up, dry out, wrinkle{, through coldness: freeze up}'; PL QHA-RHE, 'hard-become' = 'harden (by coldness)'^*(36)*

1555. *ķar-, 'call, shout'; PIE 1. *{n}ker-, 'hoarse, rough sounds'; PL QHA-RO, 'high-raise' = 'raise voice in pitch'

1556. *ķara¿-, 'cut'; PIE 2. *{n}ker-, 'cut', referred for discussion to 4. *(s){n}ker-, 'cut'; PL QHA-RHE-¿O, 'high-become-cause to' = 'cut completely off and separate(?)'

1557. *ķas-, 'bone'; v. supra #1530.

1558. *ķaţ-/*ķuţ, 'cut'; PIE *(s){n}k(h)ed-, 'split apart'; PL QHA-T¿O, 'high-put together' = 'cut completely off and separate(?)'

1559. *ķaw-, 'nail, claw'; PIE 2. *a{:}ǩ(u)-, 'sharp, pointed, angled, and stone'; PL (?A-)QHE-FHA, '(top-)sharply angled' = 'pointed'

1572. *ķiHVd- (for *ķiħid-, 'set on fire'; PIE 2. *{n}ka:/a(i),(-d{h}-), 'heat'; PL QHA-HHE-¿E-T?SA, 'high-rise-like-experience' = 'cause heat to be experienced' = 'heat'

1573. *ķilVb-, 'knee'; PIE 1. *(s){n}ǩel-, 'bend, knee, hip'; N.B. Greek ko:lo:te:s, 'lizard', from this root; PL QHE-NHA-P?FE, 'pointedly angled-cause one's self to be-place' = 'flexible'

1574. *ķir-, 'frog'; PIE 1. *{n}ǩer-, 'hoarse, rough sounds'; PL QHE-RE, 'screech-make' = 'screech'

1575. *ķiraħ-, 'wound' (v.); PIE 4. *{n}ǩer{ə}-, 'damage'; PL QHE-RE-HHE, 'scrape-make-come up' = 'piece scraped off'

1576. *ķirop-/*ķorip-, 'bark' (n.); PIE *(s){n}kerp-, '{flat} fragment', lised under 4. *(s)ker- (for *{n}ǩerp-, 'cut'; PL QHE-RE-PHA, 'scrape-make-flat' = 'flat piece scraped off'

1577. *ķirVb-, 'breast. belly'; PIE *(s){n}kerb(h)-, 'bend, crimp{, girdle}'; PL QHA-RE-P?FE, 'hump-make-place' = '(rounded) stomach'

*1578. *ķobaħ-, 'cloud, sky'; PIE *omb-, '*cloud', listed under 2. (*enebh)-, 'fog, mist, clouds, space, heaven'; PL QHO-P?A-HHE, 'wrap around-piece' = 'enveloping air-borne moisture'

*1580. *ķol-, 'egg{-shell}'; PIE 1. *(s){n}kel-, 'cut{, split = remove shell'; PL QHO-NHE, 'wrap around-shell' = '(egg-)shell'

1591. *ķor-, 'cold' (n.); v. supra #1554.

1604. *ķul-, 'lift, rise'; PIE 1. *{n}kel-, 'tower over, lift high'; PL QHO-NHA, 'hook into-cause one's self to' = 'suspend over'

1608. *ķur-, 'skin, bark'; PIE 1. *(s){n}ker-{bh-}, 'cut'; PL QHO-RA{-P?FE}, 'hard-back{-place}' = 'suspend over'

1609. *ķurab-, 'insect'; PIE 1. *(s){n}ker-(bh-), 'cut'; PL QHO-RA-P?FE, 'wrap around-back-animal' = 'insect'

«l»

1631. *la?-, 'be tired, be sick'; PIE in 1. *lel-, 'move back and forth{, stagger}'; *la:u-, 'take as booty'; PL NHA(-?A/-FHA/-NHA), 'move back and forth'

1632. *la?-/*law-, 'cattle' -AND- 1647. *lal-, 'goat, cattle'; PIE in *la:p-, 'cow'; *la:u-, 'take as booty'; PL NHA(-?A/-FHA/-NHA), 'cattle'

1635. *lab-, 'cow, bull'; PIE *la:p{h}- ( *la:bh- + -*ha, 'female'), 'cow'; PL NHA-P?FE, 'cattle-track' = 'cattle'

1637. *lag-, 'river{,-bank[?]}'; PIE *legh-, 'lie, lay' (in this meaning, properly NHO-K?XO, 'burrow-hole'; PL NHA-K?XA, 'move back and forth-hang' = 'ledge' = 'river-bank{?}'

1639. *laġ-/luġ-, 'neck, throat'; PIE *(s)leuk{h}-, 'swallow', listed under *(s)leug-; *la{:}uk(o)-, 'swallow'; PL NHA-FHA-KHXO, 'moved back and forth-close up' = 'swallow'

1645. *lak-, 'think'; PIE *leg-, 'care about something'; PL NHA-K?O, 'move back and forth-use arm' = 'assist'

1647. *lal-, 'goat, cattle'; v. supra #1632.

1650. *lam-, 'be soft'; PIE 1. *lem-, 'soft'; PL NHA-MHE, 'move back and forth-soft' = 'soft (feeling)'

1652. *lap-, 'beans, corn{, hull}'; PIE 1. *lep-, 'peel off, peel{, hull, shell}'; PL NHA-PHE, 'move back and forth-thin' = 'hull'

1659. *lay-, 'water, pour' -AND- 1674. *lil-, 'water, be wet'; PIE 4. *le:/ei-, 'pour, flow, drip/dribble'; PL NHE-¿E, 'come out of-like' = 'flow'

1660. *le?-, 'shine, pour'; PIE first element in la{:}[i]p, *ləip-, *ləp-, 'illuminate, burn'; PL NHA-¿E-?A, 'move back and forth-like-state' = 'sparkling'

1664. *len-, 'be soft'; PIE in *len-to-, 'flexible, gentle'; PL NHE-NA, 'stretch-thing' = 'flexible, elastic'

1666. *les-, 'tongue'; PIE in *le:s-/*ləs-, 'slack'; PL NHE-SO, 'slack-skin' = 'tongue'

1667. *li?af-, 'fingernail, claw'; PIE possibly *le:p-/*lo:p-/*ləp-, 'be flat, hand, paw'; PL NHE-?A-P?FE, 'be little-foot' = 'pad of the foot'

1668. *lib-/*lub-, 'heart'; PIE *leibh-, 'life, body', listed inappropriately under 1. *leip-, 'smear, stick onto'; PL NHE-¿E-P?FE, 'sheel-like-place' = 'bodily enclosure'

1669. *lič-, 'be weak, be soft'; PIE *le:[i]d-/*lo:p-/*ləd-, 'be sluggish, tired'; PL NHE-T?O, 'little-(male)breast[?]' = 'puny'

1670. *lihab-, 'burn'; PIE *la:[i]p-/*ləip-/*ləp- (*p from *hb), 'illuminate, burn'; PL NHA-HA-P?A, 'moving back and forth-piece' = 'flickering wick'

1674. *lil-, 'water, be wet'; v. supra 1659.

1677. *lo?-, 'breath, soul' = PL NHO(?A), 'who hides' = 'soul'

1678. *[lo]ķum-, 'camel'; PIE 1. *{n}kem-, 'press together{, clump}'; PL QHA-MO, 'hump-to a high degree'^*(35)*

*1681. *lub-, 'be thirsty'; PIE *lo:b-.'hang slackly{, slobber}'; PL NHO-P?FA, 'sticky-be prominent = noticeably sticky = slobber'

*1690. *lüf-, 'cloud, fog'; PIE *leup-.'peel off{, heaven}'; PL NHO-FHA-PHFE, 'become completely sticky-spray = humidity, fog, cloud'

1696. *lVk-/*lVķ-, 'leg'; PIE 2. *le[n]k-, 'bendable body parts, *leg'; PL NHA-QHA, 'move back and forth-hump' = 'knee = leg'

1697. *lVķ-, 'lick'; PIE 2. *leng{/k}-, 'flexible{, tongue, lick}'; PL NHE-QHA, 'slack-hump' = 'tongue'

«m»

1698. *ma-/*mi-, 'mouth' = PL ME, 'tongue'

1699. *ma?-, 'water{, liquid}' = PL MA(-?A), 'breast'

1703. *maç-, 'press, cut'; PIE *me-e-t-, 'mow', listed under 2. *me:-; PL MHA-THO, 'bite-collection' = 'cut with archaic flint-point set sickle'

1704. *mag-, 'be numerous, be big'; PIE *meǧ(h)-, 'large'; PL MA-K?XA(-¿E), 'breast-hand(-like)' = 'full (of liquid)'

1706. *ma¿-, 'grain, cereal'; PIE *ma{:}i-, 'hew, apply a sharp tool'; PL MHA-¿O, 'bite-cause to' = 'mow (product)'

1710. *mahor-, 'slave, soldier'; PIE perhaps in *me{:}ryo-, 'young man'; PL MA-HO-RO(-¿E), 'liquid/milk-odor-very' = '(smelling) very milky' = 'immature'

1721. *man-, 'know, test' -AND- 1772. min-, 'want'; PIE 3. *men-, 'think, be mentally excited'; PL ME-NA, 'converse-thing' = '(internal) conversation'

1722. *man-/*mayan-, 'man'; PIE in *man{-}u-s, 'man, human; PL MA-NA(-FA), 'place-one' = '(fellow) inhabitant'

1723. *man-/*min-, 'house'; PIE 5. *men-, 'remain, stand still reflectively; PL MA-NA(-FA), 'place-one' = 'habitat'

1730. *mar-, 'bind, roll up'; PIE 1. *mer-, 'cane, wattle, bind; PL ME-RO, 'tongue-raise' = 'tuck over' = 'weave through'

1734. *mar-, 'be sour'; PIE *_om-ro-s, listed under *om-, 'raw, bitter; PL (?O-)MHA-RO, '(mouth-)biting-very' = 'sour'

1736. *mar{uh}-, 'be ill, be weak'; PIE *merə-, 'be dying', listed under 4. *mer-; PL ME-RO-HA, 'tongue-raise-state' = 'stuck out tongue'

1740. *mar-/*mara?-, 'man'; PIE *merə-, 'man', listed inappropriately under 4. *mer-, 'die', where 'man' is wrongly characterized as 'mortal' but hopelessly confused; PL MO-RO-?A, 'flesh-raised-state' = 'mature (hu)man'

1742. *marV¿-, 'be right, true'; PIE *(s)mer-, 'remember, recall'; PL ME-RE-¿O, 'agree-make-cause to' = 'true (as recalled)'

1743. *ma-rVķ-, 'stair, staircase'; v. infra 2108.

1749. *mawar-, 'roof, house'; PIE 5. *wer-, 'close up, cover, protect'; PL MA-FA-RO, 'place-around-raise' = 'enclosure'

1751. *mawut-, 'die {better 'dead')'; PIE 1. *meu-d-, 'corruption', listed under 1. *meu-, 'unclean liquid'; PL MO-FA-T?A, 'bleed out-drip' = 'dead-drip' = 'effluvium'

1752. *may-, 'go, come'; PIE 3. *mei-, 'wander, go' -AND- 1770. *min-, 'water, river'; PIE *mein-, 'name for river', listed under 3. *mei-; PL MA-¿E[-NA], 'liquid-like[-thing]' = 'flow[-thing]' = 'go leisurely and windingly/[river]'

1761. *{?a}meri?-, 'see, watch'; PIE **{(s)}{a(:)}meiro-, 'astounding', listed inappropriately under 1 *(s)mei-, 'smile, be astounded'; PL ?A-MA-¿E-RE(-?A), 'forehead-liquid-like-make' = 'turn the forehead leisurely towards' = 'watch relaxedly'

1762. *met-met-, 'speak, shout'; PIE 1. *med-, 'measure, measure off'; PL ME-T?A, 'tongue-give' = 'speak, call out'

1764. *mi(?)-, 'child'; PIE in 7. *me:i-, 'mild, soft, dear' -AND- 1769. *mič-, 'son, child'; PIE *me:i-t-, 'gentle, soft', listed under 7. *me:i-; PL MHE[-THA], 'soft, gentle[-damp]' = '(baby) child[, son]'

1765. *mi?-, 'antelope'; PL MHE(-?A), 'antelope'

1767. *migir-, 'grass'; PIE (*ghre:- :)*ghro:- : *ghrə-, 'grow, turn green'; PL MA-K?XO-RHE, 'place-grow' = 'grassy area'

1769. *mič-, 'son, child'; v. supra 1764.

1770. *min-, 'want'; v. supra 1752.

1771. *min-, 'worm'; PIE in *mi-nu-, 'small', listed under 5. *mei-, 'diminish'; PL MHE-¿E-NA, 'thin-like-thing' = 'anything small and thin'

1772. *min-, 'want'; v. supra 1721.

1778. *mo?-, 'be new' = PL MO(?A), 'flesh' = 'red' = 'fresh' = 'new(ly butchered)'

1784. *mori?-/*moriħ, 'fat, oil'; PIE *{s}meru-, 'fat, salve'; PL MO-RHE-?A/HHA, 'flesh-fall-state/water' = 'fat'

1787. *mu?-, 'man' = PL MO(?A), 'man'

1790. *muk- {for **mak-}, 'suck, drink'; PIE *{s}meg(h)-, 'taste'; PL MA-K?A, 'liquid-put in the mouth' = 'taste liquid'; as opposed to MO-K?A, 'flesh-put in the mouth' = 'taste meat'; this is possibly what *muk- represents or that with which it has been confused.

1795. *mun-, 'be, remain'; PIE 5. *men-, 'remain, stand still reflecting'; PL MO-NA, 'spread over-thing' = 'territory'

1798. *munaĉ-/*muniĉ, 'give'; PIE *moi-no-, 'gift', listed under 5. *mei-, 'exchange (gifts)'; PL MO-¿E-NA-HHE, 'spread over-like-thing-come' = 'display as a gift'

1799. *muq-, 'be wet'; PIE 2. *meug-, 'slippery, slimey'; PL MO-FA-K?O, 'spread over-like-twist' = 'slippery'

1800. *muqeq- (partial reduplication), 'marrow, brain'; PIE moz-g-o- (metathesis from **mog-so-), 'marrow, brain'; though it is unusual for PIE to lose internal semi-vowels, I am inclined to suspect that the original form was **meug-so-; PL MO-FA-K?O(-SO), 'spread over-like-twist(-skin)' = '[all-]slippery(-skin)' = 'brain, marrow'

1816. *mVlVħ-/*mVlVx-, 'be good'; PIE in *meli-t, 'honey{, sweet}'; PL ME-NHA-HHA, 'tongue-move back and forth-water' = 'lick-water' = 'honey'

«n»

1820. *na?-/*naw-/*nay-, 'see'; PIE 1. *na:-, 'help, be of use, protect'; PL NA-?A/FA/¿E, '(turn nose towards' = 'face' = 'see'

1828. *naf-, 'breath' -AND- 1830. *nafus-, 'breath' -AND- 1865. *nif-, 'smell, breathe'; PIE *{s}na{:}p-, 'sniff', listed under *sna:-, 'flow, dampness'; PL NA-PHO, 'nose-exhale' = 'sniff'

1830. *nafus-, 'breath'; v. supra 1828.

1833. *na¿Vw-, 'snake, worm'; PIE *ne:-tr- {from *na:y-tr-}, 'snake, adder'; PL NA-¿O-FHA, 'fear-cause to-predator' = 'fearsome predator'

1847. *naw-, 'be tired'; PIE 1. *{s}neud(h)^*(3)*-, 'sleepy'; PL NA-FA(-T?SA), 'empty lungs of air preparatory to sleep(-suffix indicating bodily parts or functions)' = 'sleepy'

1865. *nif-, 'smell, breathe'; v. supra 1828.

1880. *noħ-, 'tie'; PIE *{s}ne/e:u-, 'turn, fasten together', listed under *sne:u-; PL NA-FA-HHA, 'knot-completely-durative' = 'stay fastened together'

1882. *nufas-, 'blow. breathe'; v. supra 835.

1887. *nüs-, 'woman{, mate}' -AND- 1888. nüs-, 'man{, mate}'; PIE *nes-, 'unite'; PL NO-SHE, 'not-separate him/herself' = 'mated'

1888. *nüs-, 'man'; v. supra 1887.

1893. *[nV]daw-, 'speak, call'; PIE 4. *dheu-, 'be mentally in powerful motion'; cf. also Egyptian Dwj, 'call upon god'; PL T?SE-FA, 'release completely' = 'speak excitedly'^*(37)*

1896. *[nV]gil-, 'cut'; PIE 3. *ǧel-, 'cut'; PL K?XE-NHA, 'bare-cause one's self to be' = 'denude by cutting, prune[?]'^*(38)*

1900. *[nV]xaʒ-, 'cut'; PIE *ǩes-, 'cut'; PL KHE-SE, 'puncture (by biting)-separated' = 'open up by puncturing[?]'^*(39)*

1901. *[nV]xor-, 'snore'; PIE 1. *ker-, 'hoarse, rough sounds'; PL KHO-RE, 'extend to back-make' = 'deep snore[?]'^*(40)*

«p»

1910. *pa?-, 'dig, bury' = PL PHA(?A), 'who burrows (under the skin)' = 'burrow'

1911. *pa?-/*paw-, 'fly, jump' = PL PHE(?A), 'thin' = 'wing/fly'

1912. *pa?-/*paw-/*pay-, 'split, tear' = PL PHE(?A), 'nibble(r)' = 'damage'; PIE *pe:(i)-, 'do harm, damage, abuse'

1914. *pa?uķ-/*payuķ-, 'be thin'; PIE *{s}ping-, 'thin'. listed under 2. *sp(h)ei-, 'pull, stretch'; PL PHE-¿E-QA, 'thin-like-plant-stem?' = 'thin and long'

1918. *paĉ-, 'card, comb' (v.); PIE 2. *pek^{u}- (from **pek^^w-), 'pull up hair or wool{, heckle}'; PL PHA-XHE, 'flat-bristling' = 'pull out snags'

1930. *{pa}xid-, 'fall, throw'; PIE 1. *k^ad{h}-,'fall'; PL {PHA-}KHE-?A-T?SA, 'flat/on-roll around-stative-body' = 'fall flat'

1936. *pal-, 'fall'; PIE *p{h}o:/ol- {for *pelə-}, 'fall'; PL PHA-NHA, 'surface-cause one's self to be (on)' = 'fall'

1937. *pal-, 'break'; PIE 1. *(s)p{h}el- {for *pelə-}, 'split off, splinter off'; *ple:-, *plə-, 'split off'; PL PHE-NHA, 'dust-cause one's self to be' = 'disintegrate'

1938. *pal-, 'cut, divide'; PIE 1. *(s)p{h}el- {for *pelə-}, 'split off, splinter off'; *ple:-, *plə-, 'split off'; PL PHA-NHA, 'flat-cause one's self to be' = 'split off into sheets' (see 1980. below)

1940. *palay-, 'cloth'; PIE 3. b. *pel-, *pelə-, *ple:-, 'cover, cloth'; *pləi-, *pləu-, 'make broad'; PL PHA-NHA-¿E, 'flat-cause one's self to be-like' = 'spread out flat'

1949. *par-, 'house'; PIE 2. B. *per-, 'lead, bring, or come over; set overcover, cloth'; *poro-s, 'entrance'; PL PHA-RO, 'flat-part' = 'threshold'

1950. *par-, 'cattle' -AND- 1961. *parVd-, 'equid'; PIE 2. D. β. *per-, 'cattle'; PL PHA-RE(-T?SA), 'flat-make(-body)' = 'graze (by living creature[?])'

1951. *par-, 'break, thresh'; PIE 1. *per-, *perə- : *pre:-, preu-, 'spray {to all sides}'; PL PHA-RHA, 'surface-fly' = 'spray around'

1952. *par-, 'jump'; PIE 1. *per-, *perə- : *pre:-, preu-, 'jump up'; PL PHA-RHE, 'surface-come' = 'jump'

1955. *par-/*pir-, 'go out {in}'; PIE 2. B. *per-, 'lead, bring, or come over; set overcover, cloth'; *poro-s, 'entrance'; PL PHA-RO, 'flat-part' = 'threshold' = 'enter'

1958. *paroķ-, 'tear, rip' -AND- 1960. parüĉ.-, 'tear'; PIE d. *reu-{n}k-, 'pluck' / c. *reu-dh-, 'root out', listed under 2. *reu-, 'rip up, dig, roil up, rip out'; PL (PHA-)RE-FA-QHE/T?SO, '(surface-)scratched-pointedly angled/tool' = 'router'

1960. *parüĉ.-, 'tear'; v. supra 1950.

1961. *parVd-, 'equid'; v. supra 1950.

1966. *pay-, 'flea'; PIE in *embhi-, em(-)pi-, 'gnat'; PL PHE-¿E, 'wing-like' = 'flying insect'

1967. *paʒ-, 'metal'; PIE 2. *pe:s-, 'dust, sand'; PL PHE-?A-SE, 'thin-state-separate' = '(gold) dust[?]'

1971. *per-, 'bird'; PIE 1. B. *per-, 'fly'; PL PHE-RHA, 'wing-bird' = 'bird'

1976. *pič-, 'spit, spew'; PIE 1. B. *sp(y)u:-t-, 'saliva', listed under *(s)p(h)ye:u-, 'spit, expectorate'; PL PHE-¿E-FA-THE, 'dust-like-completely out-disperse in all directions' = 'expectorate'

1977. *pig-, 'stretch'; PIE *{s}p(h)e:ig{h}-, 'widen', listed inappropriately under 3. sp(h)e:(i)-, *spi:-, *sphe:- : *spə-, 'prolong'; appropriately under 2. sp(h)e:(i)-, *spi:-, *sphe:- : *spə-, 'pull, stretch'; PL PHE-¿E-K?XA, 'thin-like-hang' = 'stretch and hold'

1980. *piliç-, 'divide'; PIE {s}pel-t-, listed under 1. *(s)p{h}el- {for *pelə-}, 'split off, splinter off'; PL PHE-NHA-THO 'thin-cause one's self to be-collection' = 'configuration produced by splitting/division'; (v. 1938. supra)

1981. *pir-, 'fly, soar'; PIE 1. B. *per-, 'fly'; PL PHE-RHA, 'wing-fly' = 'fly'

1982. *pir-, 'lock' (n.); PIE 1. *(s)per-, 'lock'; PL PHE-RA, 'thin-post' = 'door-bar or -bolt' = 'lock'

1983. *pir-, 'fruit, corn'; PIE 2. D. α. *per-, 'bring forth'; PL PHE-RE, 'cut off around-make' = 'bite umbilical cord/stem to separate young/fruit from parent animal/plant'

1985. *piriţ-, 'break, grind'; PIE *{s}pred-, 'spray'; *spreid-, 'spray, shatter'; both listed under 2. *(s)p(h)er-, 'strew, break'; PL PHE-RE-T?O, 'thin-make-lump' = 'shard from broken material'

1986. *piric-, 'fruit, corn'; PIE *pers-,'spray, dust, ash'; PL PHE-RE-SHE(-¿E), 'thin-make-seed(-like)' = 'particle from broken or ground material'

1988. *[pi]rVq-, 'scratch'; PIE in *reǩÞh-, 'damage'; 3. *perǩ-, 'rip, roil, scratch up'; I presume the PIE palatalization is from a lost -*y; PL RE-KXHO, 'scratch-cut' = 'scratch deeply[?]'

1989. *pitaħ-, 'open'; PIE 1. *pet-, *p_et-, *petə-, 'spread out, especially the arms' (I believe -*H has come into contact with expected *(pe)d- and devoiced it; PL PHE-T?A-HHA, 'wing-be at the side (of)-durative' = 'be open (for a while)'^*(41)*

1993. *po¿-, 'give birth'; PIE 1. *pey(ə)-, 'be fat, make to swell, be in good health'; PL PHE-¿O, 'surface-cause to be (on)' = 'deliver/put on fat'

2003. *puč.-, 'urine'; PIE in *pu:/u-ti-, 'foul odor', listed under 2. *pu:/u-, 'stink; PL PHE-FHA-TSHO, 'urinator-completely applied-circle around' = '(pervasive odor of) urine'

2006. *puħ-, 'strike'; PIE *pe:u-, 'beat, sharp, hew cuttingly'; PL PHE-FHA-HHA, 'dust-completely applied-durative' = 'be beating up badly/powerfully, pulverize'

2008. *puk-, 'winnow'; PIE *peug- in MPers. pava:g-, 'pure, clean', listed under 1. *peu-, 'clean, refine, sift'; PL PHE-FHA-K?O, 'dust-completely applied-twist' = 'throw threshed grain up in the air to blow away chaff'

2025. *pVlaħ-, 'split, cut' -AND- 2026. *pVlVs-, 'split, pierce'; PIE basis in *(s)p(h)el-, 'split'; in *ple{:}-s-, 'split off', listed under *ple:-/*plə-; PL PHE-NHE-HHA/SHE, 'thin-come apart-durative/seed' = 'be flaking off/be breaking into grains of material'

2026. *pVlVs-, 'split, pierce'; v. supra 2025.

«q»

2032. *qafV¿-, 'hold'; PIE *kap- (for *k(h)ep-), 'hold, capture'; PL KXHO-PHO-¿O, 'close up-become full-cause to' = 'hold tightly in the clenched fingers'

2036. *qaway-, 'be empty'; PIE base in *keu- (for *k(h)eu-), 'hollow'; PL KXHO-FHA-¿E, 'close up-completely-like' = 'empty by virtue of closed access, unoccupied'

2043. *qom-, 'gather, join'; PIE *kom- (for *k(h)om-), 'with; PL KXHO-MO, 'close up-to a high degree' = 'move together tightly'

2044. *qur-, 'voice, noise' -AND- 2050. *qur-, 'voice. noise'; PIE 1. *ker- (for *k(h)er-), 'hoarse, rough sounds; PL KXHO-RO, 'close up-high degree' = 'speak/sound through compressed air passage'

2050. *qur-, 'voice, noise'; v. supra 2044.

«q.»

2061. *q.ar-, '(kind of) fish'; PIE possibly *gher-, 'stick up out of, bristles, stickers; grow'; cf. ModEng gar(fish); PL K?XO-RHE, 'hole-come' = 'stick up out of'

2065. *q.en-, 'go, walk'; PIE basis in *ghengh-, 'stride, step'; PL K?XO-NA, 'put down into-thing' = 'step'

2069. *q.oq.-, 'throat'; PIE *ǧhegh- {emend to *ghengh(en)-}, 'bend, hollow area{, throat}'; PL K?XO-K?XO, 'all put down into' = 'throat'

«r»

2075. *ra?-, 'sing'; PIE *re:(i)- (emended to *ra:-), listed under 3. rei-, cry out, roar, bark{, warble}; probably in *ra:/as-, 'ring out, cry'; PL RHA(-?A), 'bird-stative'

2076. *ra?-, 'water level{, height}' = PL RA-?A, 'tall-stative'

2077. *ra?-/*raw-/*ray-, 'be, become, make'; PIE in 4. *re:/e(i)-, 'possession, thing{, manufactured object}'; 2. *reu-, 'dig, root up'; 2. *rei-, 'brightly striped'; PL RE-?A/FA/¿E, 'scratched' = 'made'/'scratch-completely' = 'turn up (earth)'/'scratch-like' = 'stripe'

2078. *ra?ib-, 'dirt{y}'; PIE first element in 5. *re:- {emended to *ra:-}, 'dark'; PL RA-?A, 'shaded' = 'dark/dirty'

2079. *ra?ob-, 'rain'; PIE reu-b-, 'throw up, break forth, cloud'; PL RHE-FHA-?A-P?A, 'rain-completely-stative-spot' = 'drenched area'

2082. *raĉaħ-, 'pour, soak'; PIE in reg^wos-, 'darkness'; PL RHE-XA-HHA, 'rain-indefinitely large amount-durative' = 'drenching rain' = 'lasting dark rain-clouds'

2083. *rad-, 'foot, trace' -AND- 2084. *rad-/*rid-, 'go, run'; PIE {s}tre:/ei-dh- ( *s- + (euphonic) *t- + *re:i-dh-), 'stride', listed under 1. *(s)ter-, 'go stiffly'; PL RHE-¿E-T?SA, 'come-like-long' = 'take long steps, stride'

2084. *rad-/*rid-, 'go, run'; v. supra 2083.

2085. *rado?-, 'be bad, be rotten'; PIE in er-dh-, 'separated, loose', listed under 4. *er-, 'loose, unsteady, come apart, decompose'; PL RA-T?SA-?A, 'loose-body-stative' = 'decompose'

2091. *raħ-{/*riħ-, 'hand, arm{, fingernail[s] (pars pro toto)}'; PIE 2. *re:-, 'take apart{, better: scratch apart}', should be listed with 1. *rei-, 'scarify, rip, cut'; PL RE-HHA, 'scratch-durative' = 'scratcher(s)' = 'fingernail(s)' = 'hand/arm'

2094. *rak-/*rik-, 'be thin'; PIE *re{:}ǧ-, 'straight, lead straight, stretch'; PL RHE-K?E, 'fall-point forward' = 'stretch'; the idea here seems to be that allowing gravity to act on something fixed in place will produce a 'straight' line with a 'stretched' object (really just straightened out).

2099. *ramVk-, '(free) man'; PIE basis in *ro:m(a:)-, 'Rome'; PL RO-?A-MO-K?O, 'grow-stative-human-use arm' = 'mature male labor'

2100. *rasVw-, 'death, sleep'; PIE *r-e-s-, 'rest', listed under 2. *erə-, *re:-; PL RHE-SHA-FHA, 'fall-immobile-completely' = 'lie down without moving'

2101. *raw-, 'sky'; PIE basis of *rewə- : *ru:/u-, 'open, space, broad'; PL RA-FA(-?A), 'tall-completely(-stative)' = '(empty) height(s)'

2103. *rawaħ-, 'move, walk'; PIE 3. *reu-, 'hurry'; PL RHE-FHA-HHA, 'come-completely-durative' = 'be coming energetically'

2108. *reķ-/*reķay-, 'climb' -AND- 1743. *ma-rVķ-, 'stair, staircase'; PIE *{s}trenk- ( *s- + (euphonic) *t- + *renk-), 'pull together'; PL (MA-)RHE-QHE, '(place-)come-wriggle' = 'come up a ladder by bringing one foot higher followed by the second foot'

2114. *ri¿-, 'break'; PIE *{s}tre:- ( *s- + (euphonic) *t- + *re:[y]-),'spread out{, throw down}', listed under 5. ster-; PL RHE-¿O, 'fall-cause to' = 'throw down to break'

2115. *ri¿-, 'drive, chase'; PIE *reyə-, *ri:/i-, 'move, flow'; PL RHE-¿O, 'fall/come-cause to' = 'throw down into pit/invite to come'

2116. *ri¿-, 'friend'; PIE *reyə-, *ri:/i-, 'move, flow'; PL RHE-¿O, 'come-cause to' = 'invite to come'

2129. *rog-, 'cereal{, rye[?]}'; PIE in *rughyo-, 'rye'; PL RE-FA-K?XA, 'scratch-completely-hair' = 'sharp awns'

2132. *ruħ-, 'breath, soul'; PIE *ru:/u-, listed under 1. *reu-, 'roar, expel harsh sounds'; PL RO-FA-HHA, 'lip(s)-completely-durative' = 'groan/last gasp'

2142. *rV?-/*rVw-, 'speak'; PIE 1. *reu, *re:u-, *ru:-, 'roar, expel harsh sounds, grumble'; PL RO(?A), 'lip'

«s»

2193. *san-/sin-, 'brother'; PIE *swein-, 'brother-in-law', listed inappropriately under *se, 'to one side, separated, for itself'; should have its own listing: *swe-, 'clan'; complicated by the fact that at least some PIE *sw is a rare survival of a glide from the Pontic period: *s^w; PL SHO-¿E-NA, 'clan-like-one' = 'fellow clan-member' = 'brother'

2194. *san-/*sin-, 'nose';
2198. *san{iH}-/*sin{iH}-, 'know, remember';
2199. *san-sun-, 'smell' (v.);
2248. *sin-, 'tongue';
2251. *sin-, 'smell' (v.);
2294. *sun-, 'know';
*sunaħ-, 'know, imagine'; though there may be some fledgling attempts at uncoordinated vowel patterning here, I believe the fundamental root is *sun-; PIE in *sen{-}t-, 'feel, become aware of'; PL SHO-NA(-HHA), 'follow-thing(-durative)' = '(be perceiving by )scent'

2198. *san{iH}-/*sin{iH}-, 'know, remember'; v. supra 2194.

2199. *san-sun-, 'smell' (v.); v. supra 2194.

2203. *sar-/*sayar-, 'go'; PIE 1. *ser-, 'strean, move fast and powerfully'; PL SA-RHE, 'strong-come'^*(42)*

2207. *saw-/*su?-, 'go, run'; PIE 1. *seu-, 'press out jiuce, rain'; PL SE-FA, 'emit-completely' - 'cause to flow vigorously'

2224. *sew-/*ŝew-, 'be dry'; PIE *sau{-}s{au}- {partial reduplication}, 'dry, desiccated'; no PIE equivalent for second root; PL SE-?A-FA, 'emit-stative-completely' - 'empty of what can be emitted' -AND- PL XHE-FHA, 'curl up-completely' = 'shrivel from dryness'

2225. *si-, 'go, come' = PL SHE, 'separate one's self'; PIE possibly *se-, 'to one side, separated by itself, but this may be SE

2238. *six-, 'milk'; PIE possibly *seu-k-, 'whey', listed under 3. *seu-, 'bend'; PL SHE-FHA-KHA, 'separate itself-completely-strong-smelling' = 'whey'

2241. *silaħ-, 'sharp weapon'; PIE first element in *sla{:}k-, 'beat, hammer{, slay}'; PL SHE-NHA-HHA, 'separate itself, cause one's self to-durative' = 'be splitting'

2242. *sim-, 'meet'; PIE possibly *sem-, 'one, together in one'; PL SHE-MA, 'alone-place' = 'private meeting'

2248. *sin-, 'tongue'; v. supra 2194.

2251. *sin-, 'smell' (v.); v. supra 2194.

2254. *sip-, 'blow [off]'; PIE base probably 1. *se:(i)-, 'sift'; *seip-, *seib-, 'pour out, sift'; PL SHE-(¿O-)PHE(/-P?FO), 'separate itself-(cause to-)dust(/place)' = 'winnow by blowing or fanning rather than tossing up into the wind'; I think we may have a conflation here of 'sift' and 'winnow'.

2263. *so?-, 'back' = PL SO, 'skin'^*(42)*

2270. *so¿-, 'cereal'; PIE 2. *se:(i)- : *səi- : *si:- : *se:- : *sə-; *sei- : *si-, 'send out, throw, sow{, seed}; PL SHE, 'separate one's self'

2294. *sun-, 'know'; v. supra 2194.

2303. *sük-, 'sow'; PIE *seg-, 'sow'; PL SHE-K?O, 'seed-twist' = 'throw seed'

«ŝ»

2314. *ŝa?-/*ŝaw-, 'wish, like'; PIE in 1. *k^wei-(t-) (for *ǩ^wei-(t-)), 'pay attention to{, highly value}'; cf. also *kwoi- {for *ǩ^woi-}, 'want, invite'; PL XHE-?A/FHA, 'pay attention to-stative-completely'

«t»

2342. *ta?-, 'gate, house'; PIE in 1. *der-, 'handspan'; PL T?A, 'hand'

2343. *ta?-, 'eat'; PIE in 1. *da:-, 'cut, rip apart'; PL T?A-?A, 'torn off for' = 'eaten'

2345. *ta?-/*taw-/*tay- {for *ti?-}, 'go, run'; PIE in 3. *(der-), 'run, step' (see #2405); PL T?E, '(ball of the) foot'

2347. *tab-/*tib-, 'foot, heel'; PIE first element in 3. *(der-), 'run', PL T?E + P?FE

2350. *taf-, 'clap'; PIE possibly *da:p-, 'make short, awkward movements', listed inappropriately under *da:-, 'divide'; PL T?A-?A-PHO, 'press down-stative-blow' = 'clap (forcing release of small puffs of air)'

2354. *ta¿-, 'flow'; PIE *da:{y}-, 'liquid, flow'; PL T?A-¿O, 'seep-cause to'

2357. *tak-, 'fly, moth'; PIE *deiǧ{h}-, 'tingle, tickle, nip'; PL T?A-¿E-K?E, 'seep-like-pierce' = 'suck blood' = 'tick'

2362. *tal-/*tul-, 'speak'; PIE 1. *del-, 'aim at, calculate, count, tell'; PL T?E-NHA, 'spin around-cause one's self to' = 'recount items'

2364. *tam-tam-, 'strike, press'; PIE *dem-, 'build, fit together'; PL T?A-MA, 'press down-place' = 'place of fit'

2366. *tamVs-, 'pound, squeeze'; PIE *dens- ( *dem-s-), 'dense; PL T?A-MA-SHA, 'press down-place-state' = 'compacted material'

2372. *tar-, 'tear, cut' -AND- 2373. *tar-, 'pull, draw'; PIE 4. *der-, 'flay, split (off)'; PL T?A-RO, 'side-raise' = 'pull off skin'

2373. *dar-, 'pull, draw'; v. supra 2372.

2375. *taruw-, '{kind of }tree'; PIE *deru-, 'tree'; PL T?A-RA-FA, 'hand=lobed leaf-trees' = '(oak-)forest'

2379. *taw-, 'forget'; PIE possibly 1. *deu-, 'sink, slip into {under[?]}, penetrate'; PL T?A-FA, 'hang at the side-completely' = 'unaccessible/unrecoverable'

2388. *tek-, 'take'; PIE *de:g-, 'grab, take'; PL T?E-{?A-}K?A, 'spun around-cup' = 'hold in cupped hand'

2390. *ti?-/*tiw-, 'bread, flour'; PIE *{s}ta:i- ( *s- + *da:-), 'thicken, press together {after moistening}'; the *d was devoiced to *t by the prefixation of s-mobile; PL *T?A-?A(-¿E), 'drip-stative' = 'damp, wet'

2405. *tir-, 'run'; PIE 3. *(der-), 'run, step' (see #2345); PL T?E-RO, '(ball of the) foot-raise' = 'run'

2413. *tuf-, 'spit'; PIE *deup-, 'give forth a dull sound'

2419. *tul-, 'pierce'; PIE 3. *del-, 'split, carve, cut artfully'; PL T?E-NHA, 'spin around-cause one's self to' = 'carve shapes, lathe[?]'

«ţ»

2439. *ţa?-/ţaw-, 'fold, spin'; PIE 2. (*deu- or *dou-), 'spin, make'; PL T?O-?A/-FA, 'put together-stative/-completely' = 'spin, make'

2455. *ţaħan-, 'grind, forge' -AND- 2456. *ţaħin-, 'tooth'; PIE 2. (*deu- or *dou-), 'spin, make'; PL T?O-HHA-NA(-THO), 'put together-durative-thing(-collection) = '(set of) grinder(s)'

2456. *ţaħin-, 'tooth'; v. supra 2455.

2457. *ţal-, 'give birth'; v. infra 2460.

2458. *ţal-, 'young animal'; v. infra 2460.

2459. *ţal-, 'dew, drop'; v. infra 2460.

2460.*ţal-/ţul-, 'flow, pour' -AND- 2457. *ţal-, 'give birth' -AND-2458. *ţal-, 'young animal' -AND- 2459. *ţal, 'dew, drop'; PIE 4. *del-, 'drip, wet'; PL T?O-NHA, 'lump-cause one's self to be' = 'bead up with moisture'

2463. *ţarer- {partial reduplication}, 'drip'; PIE 3.(der-), 'patter'; PL T?O-RHE, 'lump-fall' = 'drip'

«w»

2487. *wa-, 'burn, roast' -AND- 2528. *war-, 'burn, flame'; PIE first element in 12. *wer-, 'burn, burn up, blacken'; 12. *wer-, 'burn, burn up, blacken' PL FA(-RE), 'around(-make)' = 'rotate on spit'

2490. *wa?ar-, 'dance'; PIE 3.we{:}r-, 'turn'; PL FHA-?A-RO, 'circle around-state-very' = 'be in a large circle'

2493. *waĉ-, 'man'; PIE *weg^w-, 'wet. sprnkle{, msculine}'; PL FE-XA, 'strong-large amount' = 'potent'

2501. *wa¿-, 'beast of prey'; PIE *wa{:}i-, 'woe'; PL FHA-¿O, 'wail-cause to' = 'predator as source of alarm'

2502. *wa¿ab-/*ya¿ab-, 'wash'; PIE *weip-, *weib-, 'tutn, turn one's self, move in a swinging motion{, wipe}'; PL FA-¿O-P?A, 'around-cause to move-piece' = 'rag for wiping with a circular motion'

2509 *waħ-, 'break'; PIE *wa:-, 'apart'; PL FA-HHA, 'around-durative' = 'scattered'

2519. *wal-, 'lamentation, weep'; PIE *wa:l-, 'wail', listed under -*wai-, 'woe'; PL FHA-NHA, 'wail-cause one's self to' = 'lament'

2527. *war-, 'bull, cow'; PIE possibly in*w_er{en}-, 'ram, sheep, lamb'; PL FA-RHE, 'around-come' = 'herd-animal'

2528. *war-, 'burn, flame'; v. supra 2487.

2529. *war-/*?ur-, 'be big, strong'; PIE 9. *wer-, 'far, broad'; PL FA-RO, 'around-very' = 'large circle'

2531. *wasa¿-, 'be big'; PIE first element in *wazdh- (better *wozdh-), 'far, broad'; PL FA-SHA-¿O{/T?SA}, 'around-stative-cause to be{/body}' = 'disperse(d) spatially'

2536. *way-, 'be far'; PIE 1. *wei-, 'turn, bend'; PL FA-¿E, 'around-like' = 'circuitous (route)'

2541. *wisan-, 'sleep'; PIE first element in 1. *wes-, 'linger, dwell, stay overnight'; PL FE-SHA, 'green (fresh brush)-be immobile' = 'lie around fire [?]'

2542. *wiy-, 'tree'; PIE 1. *wei-, 'turn, bend'; first element in *widhu-, 'tree'; PL FA-¿E, 'leaf-like'

2543. *wuĉ-, 'urine'; PIE *weg^w-, 'wet, sprinkle'; PL FO-XA, 'hole-press together' = 'urinate'

2548. *wur-, 'pit, hole'; PIE 7. *wer-, 'rip open'; PL FO-RE, 'hole-make' = 'open forcefully'

2552. *wüç-, 'send, order'; PIE possibly 1. *wa:t- (better *wo:t-),'be mentally exited'; PL FO-THO, 'ear-press against' = 'speak insistently'

2553. *wüp-, 'open'; PIE *upo {from *wep-, 'door'; cf. OK Egyptian wp, 'door' [?]},'up from below'; PL FO-PHA, 'hole-move through' = 'house-opening (roof-entrance[?])'

2557. *[wV]gVr-, 'dig, cavern'; PIE 2. *ǧher-,'scratch, score, scrape'; PL (FO-)K?XE-RE, '(hole-)bare-make' = 'excavate'^*(43)

«y»

2564. *ya{h}-, 'call, speak'; PIE *ya:-, 'speak excitedly'; PL ¿E(-HA), 'voice-air' = 'forced speech'

2566. *ya?-, 'go, come, run'; PIE *y-a:-, 'go', listed under 1. *ei-; PL ¿E-?A), 'come from under-stative' = 'come up'

2569. *yab-/*?ib{/emended to *Hab-}, 'thirst'; PIE possibly *abh-, 'fast, powerful'; PL HHA-P?FE, 'agitated-feet' = 'desperate speed to water-source'

2573. *yada?- {emended to *wVdV?-}, 'know, think'; PIE *2. *w(e)d{h}i-, 'catch sight of, see{, earliest: hear}'; PL FO-T?SA-?A, 'ear-being long' = 'hearing'

2589. *yi?-, 'back{, waist}' = PL ¿E-?A, 'abdomen-stative'; PIE first element in *yebh-, 'copulate' (PL ¿E-P?FE, 'abdomen-place'

2595. *yuw-, 'cow, bull'; PIE 2. *yeu-, 'bind,{, yoke}'; PL ¿E-FA, 'come from under-completely' = 'bind by looping under neck and arms'

«z»

2596. *ʒa- {emended to *ʒi-}, 'man{, individual}'; PIE *se-, 'to one side, separated, for itself{, individual}'; PL SE

2598. *ʒa?-/*ʒaw-, 'go, come {slowly}'; PIE 2. *se:(i)-, 'linger, late, slow'; PL SE-?A/-FA, 'creep-stative/completely' = 'slowed'

2607. *ʒam-, 'think, remember'; PIE perhaps 1. *sem-, 'scoop {out}, pour'; PL SE-MHA, 'draw out-tool' = 'scoop'

2612. *ʒaw-/ʒay-, 'rope'; PIE 3. *seu-, 'turn, bend, drive, cord'; *sei-, 'bind, cord', listed under *se:(i)-; PL SA-FE/¿E, 'sinew-vine/like' = 'cord'

2614. *ʒaw-/ʒuw-, 'rain'; PIE 1. *seu-, 'rain, run'; PL SE-FA, 'emit-completely' = 'rain'

2623. *ʒil-, 'go, come {slowly, shuffle}'; PIE 5. *sel-, 'slip, creep'; PL SE-NHA, 'creep-cause one's self to' = 'creep'

2627. *ʒina?-, 'urine'; PIE first element in *sei-, 'drip, run, wet'; PL SE-¿E-NA-?A, 'excrete-like-thing-stative' = 'excretion'

2631. *ʒub-, 'pour {down throat}'; PIE *seub-, 'drip, run, wet, sip, suck', listed under 1. *seu-; PL SE-FA-P?O, 'emit-completely-stative-cheek' = 'place of pouring down'

2639. *ʒVg-, 'marry, join'; PIE *seǧh-, 'hold fast'; SA-K?XE, 'strong-yearn' = 'covet'

«ž»

2641. *ža?ar-, 'insect{, termite}'; PIE 6. *t{h}e{:}r- , 'boring insect'; TSHE-?A-RE, 'bristle-stative-use' = 'puncture'

2660. *ži?ib-, 'beast of prey'; PIE first element in *ta:- (for *t(h)e:-), 'decay, mold{, animal musk}'; TSHE-?A-P?FE, 'exude-scent-stative-track' = 'glandular scent-producing animal'

2664. *žiķan-, 'old man'; PIE first element in Germanic *{s}tinkwan (em>unattested), 'stink'; TSHE-QE-NA, 'exude-scent-juice-one' = 'musky-one' = 'malodorous (old man)'

c-AFRASIAN-3_table.htm

TABLE OF PL / IE / AFRASIAN (Hamito-Semitic with Hieroglyphic Egyptian and Arabic) CORRESPONDENCES

(Hamito-Semitic with Hieroglyphic Egyptian and Arabic)

LIST OF WORDS REFERENCED IN OREL AND STOLBOVA (1995)

What will surprise many readers, are the startling similarities in responses to Nostratic phonemes displayed by Germanic (IE) and Semitic (AA).

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions used in these essays, press here.

Afrasian

PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN AFRASIAN

press here to see

Summary of Phonological Changes from Proto-Language to Afrasian

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

AFRASIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES

END OF NOTES

WORDS IN HAMITO-SEMITIC ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY REFERENCED ABOVE

Numbers in front of (P)IE cognate roots are from Pokorny (1959) EMENDATIONS BY AUTHOR ARE IN BRACES ( { . . . } )

PIE vocalic nasals, laterals, and trills are capitalized: *M, *N, *NG, *NK, *L, *R (?) is a question mark; without parentheses, it is the glottal stop [?]

«?»

«b»

«c»

«ç»

«č»

«č.»

«ĉ»

«d»

«f»

«g»

«ġ»

«¿»

«h»

«ħ»

«x»

«k»

«ķ»

«l»

«m»

«n»

«p»

«q»

«q.»

«r»

«s»

«ŝ»

«t»

«ţ»

«w»

«y»

«z»

«ž»

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / AFRASIAN
(Hamito-Semitic with Hieroglyphic Egyptian and Arabic)
CORRESPONDENCES

Summary of Phonological Changes
from Proto-Language to Afrasian

WORDS IN HAMITO-SEMITIC ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
REFERENCED ABOVE

Numbers in front of (P)IE cognate roots are from Pokorny (1959)
EMENDATIONS BY AUTHOR ARE IN BRACES ( { . . . } )

PIE vocalic nasals, laterals, and trills are capitalized: M, N, NG, NK, L, R
(?) is a question mark; without parentheses, it is the glottal stop [?]