c-JAPANESE-2_morphology-1.htm

PROTO-LANGUAGE

PHONEMES





in IE and Japanese





by Patrick C. Ryan

(2/12/2001)

PART ONE

(continued on Part Two)

(A1) verbal: -"?A ("I"' = "here"); Japanese a-, copula (-> MJ á-ru, be at, exist; in combination: ni a -> na; de a -> da); (IE in lengthened final vowels: e.g. g[^]he:-; from 1. e/e:, o/o:); (cf. Beng *-:, stative)

(A1) nominal: ?A ("I"' = "here") / ?E ("he/she/it"' = "over there") / ?O ("you"' = " there"); in Ryan (1990), I demonstrated the existence of an early set of deictic elements that were used as personal pronouns for the 1^st (?A), 2^nd (?O), and 3^rd persons (?E); these early pronouns are present in Old Japanese a(re), I; o(:)(re), you; and a(ti) [for *e(ti)], he, she, it; (IE -Ha, 1^st p. sing. perfect; -He, 3rd p. sing. perfect; 3. e- this, he; also in ei- ["?E-$E or ?E-$A {see below}], this, he, listed under 3. e-; and IE 4. au- ["?E-FA {see below}], that); (cf. Uralic e, this); (cf. Beng [Southern Mandé] O, he/she/it - with present tense [<- ?E-FA {imperfective}; cf. IE 4. au-, that]; (cf. Beng E, he/she/it - with past tense [<- ?E-$A {perfective}; cf. IE ei-, this, he]; and è, this is..., here is... [?A-FA ?]).

-(A2) verbal: ?E- ( non-concommitant time); not found in Japanese; (IE e-augment of perfect and imperfect)

(A2) nominal: ?E {see under ?A}

(A3) verbal: ?O {not known}

(A3) nominal: ?O {see under ?A}

(A4) verbal: -"$A (/HHA) ("much [/ many]"= perfective), Japanese -*y(V) - -*Vy -> -e(:)/i; infinitive; (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles); the basis for the infinitive: the idea behind the perfective is successful completion of a verbal activity; the PL assumed that doing something "many" times or strongly ("much") would lead to the successful completion of the activity); cf. Uralic -i, "past tense" marker (cf. Finnish annoin, I gave <- *antaim), which is really perfective; (cf. Beng past *-y (really: perfective).

-(A4) nominal: -$A (/HHA) ("much [/ many]"); not found in Japanese; IE -i, plural in oblique cases and -i in neuter duals of o-stems).

(A5) verbal: $E(-?A) ("say{-here}"), OJ ya, interrogative particle; (IE *a in an, interrogative particle [PL $E-NA, "say-not"]); (cf. AA vocative ya and interrogative particle ?a)

*(A5) verbal: -"$E (verbal differentiation only); -i, non-past indicative of adjectives; (-i in primary verbal endings, e.g. -mi); (cf. Beng *-y)

(A5) nominal: -$E (" -like"); -i/í [from *-ye] in MJ namí, wave; (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root; -i, genitive; in -yo/-iyo, adjectives of possession/origin; locative in -i is probably originally a genitive [if not from subessive $A, under]); (AA -i [from -*ya], genitive); (cf. Uralic -i, relationship of any kind to root); (the -i/ï element of the Altaic forms: [Sino-]Tibetan -yi, genitive [$E-$E], which has been supplemented by -q [QO, *attached]); (cf. Beng *-y); the earliest PL "genitive" is -$E, -like.

*(A5) nominal: -$E-$E ("always-like"), gentilic; (IE -iyo, see above); (AA -iya [Egyptian gentilic -ii {/ya:/}]); ([Sino-]Tibetan -yi, see above [unless from dissimilated HHE-HHE]).

(A6) verbal: -"$O, ("what is held, object"), causative; -y in tate: (<-tatay), erect (cause to stand), from tata, stand; (IE -(e)yo, causative; -n-, causative [from PL NA, "one"]); in language after language, the causative/factitive has been simply formed by adding a formant to the verb which originally designated an inanimate object: factitive* ("I [cause] it {NA} [to be] V... -ed"), and the causative: ("I [cause] he {him} {$O, originally inanimate} to V... it).

*(A6) verbal: -" $O ('hold'), Japanese yo, emphasis for statement or command ["must"] (cf. yu-u, tie, bind = IE 2. yeu-, bind [$O-FA, "holding"]); (IE (-[y]e/o-, subjunctive?)

-(A6) nominal: -$O, ("what is held, object"); not found in Japanese; (IE yo, who, which, listed incorrectly under 3. e-); (cf. Altaic -i/ï, 3rd p. sing.); (cf. Beng yo, another)

(A7) verbal: -"FA [/F[H]A] (imperfective), imperfect -u (imperfective); (IE in nomina actionis in -we/o(n) and Old Indian active present participle in -u for s-desideratives); (cf. Beng -w in bON, black pagne leaf); (cf. also Uralic Nenets -wa (not -*ma!), imperfective infinitive); the idea behind this formant is that a definite small number of repetitions implies activity without completion.

-(A7) nominal: -FA [/F[H]A] (definite inanimate small plural), not found in Japanese; ( cf. Beng -*w in gbO, feces); (IE dual in -o(:)u)

(A7) nominal and verbal -F[H]A {see FA above}

(A8) nominal and verbal -HA {see ?A above}

*(A8) nominal: HA-$E), Japanese hi, error, fault (omission?); hi-, non-; (IE the negative represented by Greek and Old Indian a-, negative (considered incorrectly to be a vocalic reduction of n) and the Egyptian negative element i(i) may be the nominal employment of the non-concommitant time prefix ?E ("there=not here") in verbs as I speculated in the essay on Beng but could also represent the base on which "HA-$E, i.e. HA, "air" or "airy, empty"); (cf. Uralic e, no, not); (Altaic negative e); (Beng (Southern Mandé) é, not (though I reconstructed the PL base as ?E in the essay on Beng, it could represent an unusual response to HA-$E [é <-*E <- *ay?]).

(A9) nominal and verbal -HE {see ?E above}

(A10) nominal and verbal -HO {see ?O above}

(A11) nominal and verbal -HHA {see $A above}

(A12) verbal: HHE ("go"); in HHE(-HHE) ("always going"), (h)e, to (of motion) [cf. also heru, decrease {"go away"; héru, pass}]; (IE -[e]i, dative; 1. ei-, come, go); (cf. Uralic Nenets -ye? [from *-ey?], toward)

-*(A12) verbal: HHE-HHE ("always going"), not found in Japanese but probably present; (IE -ye: {from *-e:y}, optative); (cf. Uralic Nenets -yi?, potential noun: xet-, tell -> xetyiq, possibility to tell {"going to tell"}; HHE-HHE dissimilated to HHE-$E [IE e:y]}; (cf. Nenets 3^rd p. optative -ya; conjunctive -yi).

(A12) nominal: -HHE {see ?E above}

(A13) nominal and verbal -HHO {see $O above}

(A14) verbal: KX[H]E ("fast, busy"), -k-, perfect; (IE in 4. ken-; in -sk[^]-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive; in Greek perfect -k); (cf. Uralic -cha, deverbative)

(A15) nominal: K[H]O, ko-, little, small; ko, child; (IE -ko, diminutive); (cf. Uralic -ka in pos-ka, cheek)

-(A16) verbal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); not found in Japanese; (IE k[^]e / k[^]o, "future particle [Greek]"); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, imperative [cf. Nenets -x, hortative]); (cf. Egyptian sDm.xr.f, he *must hear [cf. xr, with])

(A16) nominal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); ko:(re), used for third person proximate; contrasting with so:(re) [S[H]O-RE], semi-proximate; and ka(re) [K[H]E-RE], remote; (IE ko(m)-; ko-, this, listed under k[^]o, which is properly K[H]E, 'that'; (cf. Egyptian xnti, in front); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, comitative ("with"); (cf. Nenets locative -x-na; xi, near).

(A16) nominal: MA-?A ("full"), ma-, intensive prefix; (IE 2. ma:-)

(A17) nominal: ME ("tongue = speaker"), in Late Middle Japanese mi, I --- corresponding to mi, I, we also have kimi, you, "other speaker" ("K[H]E-$E-"ME-$E); K[H]E is a common formant for the 2^nd person; (cf. Egyptian -k, you[r]); (IE 1. me-; -me, 1^st person verbal inflection); (cf. Altaic in men, I); Beng (Southern Mandé) in mí, you [sg. familiar])

(A18) nominal: M[H]O ("overall"), mo, also, even; (IE -mo, superlative); (cf. Altaic -ma/e, augmentative in kap-kara, entirely black (from *kam-kara); (cf. Uralic -ma, superlative [cf. also Nenets ngar, largeness -> ngarm-, become larger])

(A19) verbal: M[H]A ("hold [off from]"), -m-, negative irrealis; (IE 1. me:-, (that) not, prohibitive)

(A19) nominal: M[H]A(-$E), mai-, prefix meaning each, every; (IE -m, accusative); PL M[H]A is "activity at"; it was originally used primarily with animate nouns to indicate -- in the absence of an expressed animate subject -- that they were targets of the action; obviously, it could also be used as a locative; neuters acquired -m secondarily, originally only as locatives; (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, accusative)

*(A19)nominal: M[H]A (activity), -ma(:), in MJ jama, obstruction, restriction [PL T[?]SO-$A-M[H]A {'held-activity'} = OJ *dyama:]; (IE -mo, formant of locations); (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, deverbal noun [Finnish kuolla, die -> kuolema, death)

-(A20) nominal: M[H]O ("human"), not found in Japanese as a "pronoun"; (IE does not have this use presumably except as a constituent of *men, someone); (AA *man, someone); (Beng mo, my, mine; this word was used for "pronouns" in Amerindian languages.

(A21) verbal: -NA {see N[H]A below}

(A22) nominal: -NA (/N[H]A) (definite singular), na in kana, this (one); na, "copular connective" (?) in shizuka na hito, a quiet man (but perhaps simply the singular definite article [*"the" man of quiet], corresponding to genitive particle no [really the plural {article} {NO}]); (not found in IE as a genitive per se, which has inherited -y [from -$E, -like, an adjectivizer] but -n, nominal suffix; -l, Romance definite article base; -lo, agent; cf. also -ino, secondary adjectives; -ino, pronominal possessive); (AA: Arabic -l [from animate N[H]A]; Egyptian n, genitival particle, shown to be an inflected article by its agreement with the foregoing noun, varying for feminine [n.t] and plural [{i}nw]);(cf. also Uralic -n, genitive; -na/nä, de-nominal/verbal noun [Hungarian vad, wild -> vadon, wilderness]); (Beng in sON\, person).

-*(A22) nominal: NA ("one" = "I/you"), not found in Japanese; (IE: not found as a 1^st or 2^nd p. pronoun); (Beng n, I); a frequent set of pronouns around the world for the first and second person are NA, the one, and K[H]E, the other (Beng ka, 2^nd p. plural and polite); the a of ka (for *ke) and the syllabic n of *na show that these "pronouns" are stress-unaccented.

**(A22) nominal: "NA-$E ("inside-like"), ni, in, into; (IE nei-, listed under 1. en); (cf. Uralic -na/ä, illative ["into"])

***(A22) nominal: NA/N[H]A in ?A+N[H]A(-FE) ("this-animate[-male]"'); (IE in all- for *alw-, listed under 1. al-; 2. an-); (cf. Altaic ol, 3rd p. demonstrative nominative and ?E-NA (that-inanimate), -a/en, 3rd p. demonstrative oblique); Altaic is attempted to preserve the animate-inanimate distinction of N[H]A/NA, the nominative preferring the animate form); (Beng aN, we [past, imperative], us, our).

****(A22) nominal: NA-?A ('being inside, absent'), *na:-> ná-i, there is not; (IE 1. ne/e:)

*****(A22)nominal: NA-"?A-$E ("inside-like=not here=absent"), Japanese -*na:i -> -nai, not --- for this interpretation of the Japanese negative, cf. náibu, inside, interior (NA-?A-$E-P[?]FO-FA); (IE ne:i-, listed under 1. ne/ne:-, negative); (Egyptian (i)n(n), negative); (Beng ní, not).

*****(A22) nominal: NA-$E ('not-say'), nee, particle asking for agreement; (IE nei, listed under 1. ne/e:)

(A23) nominal: -NO (basket), plural -no in ono (see #6), and so(-)no, that, those; properly a marker of the definite plural; (IE -n in -nt, 3^rd p. pl.; -men, 1^st p. pl.); (Egyptian -n pronominal plural); (Uralic -n, plural [originally inanimate])

(A24)verbal: -N[H]A ("start to..."); Millers -n- "perfect" but see p. 326, where it is clearly an inchoative; (IE: not formally recognized but -*l, inchoative [cf. Armenian infinitive in -l {but possibly from R[H]O, "rise to ..."}]); (cf. Uralic -l, inchoative (perhaps this hasbeen weakened to mean only'move'); (Beng -N, inchoative)

*(A24) nominal: -N[H]A-$E ('moving inside-like'), ni, locative (into); (cf. Afrasian *li, [in]to)

(A24) nominal: -N[H]A {see NA above}

(A25) nominal: -N[H]O

continue to Part Two ?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. New York etal. Helix Books. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Klimov, Georgij A. 1977. Tipologija Jazykov Aktivnogo Stroja. Moscow: Nauka

-------------------------1983. Printsipy Kontensivnoi Tipologij. Moscow: Nauka

Miller, Roy Andrew. 1967. The Japanese Language. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press

Nelson, Andrew Nathaniel. 1994. The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company

Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Volume I. Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag

Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1996. The Languages of Japan. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Storm, Hiroko (revision). 1993. Living Language Japanese Dictionary: Japanese-English - English-Japanese. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

the latest revision of this document can be found at

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